Decision Support Information System for Water Source Evaluation and Management in Narava Basin V. Valli Kumari Dept of CSSE College of Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530003 India
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A.B.V Satyanarayana Dept of CSSE College of Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530003 India
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Abstract— In the recent years due to over exploitation and over dependence on ground water resources in agricultural sector an unprecedented drought conditions in the state has occurred. At this critical juncture, effective evaluation and management strategies to utilize the ever-depleting water resources in an optimum way with the help of a decision support information system for water resource evaluation and management would be a fitting answer. This paper discusses the main functionalities performed by the Decision Support Information System (DSIS) designed and developed by us. They are analysis of data, information processing to enable decision making on issues like cropping pattern, availability of water resources in time and space, domestic use of water in Narava Basin, Visakhapatnam. Keywords- DSIS, Groundwater Balance Equation, Inference Rules.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Many parts of India are covered with hard rock terrain with the prevalence of inherent complex heterogeneity in natural resources including water resources. In the recent years due to over exploitation, over dependence on ground water resources in agricultural sector has resulted in an unprecedented drought conditions in the state. This paper discusses our decision support information system for water resource evaluation and management. A knowledge base and rule set were implemented to build DSIS. Appropriate interfaces to suit variable requirements, knowledge of people using it and their skills along with necessary knowledge representations of target users like farmers, general public and administrators like revenue officials, ground water departments, panchayat raj, irrigation department etc. are the main components of the DSIS. The main functionalities of the DSIS [1,2,4] are convenience in data and information inquiry, Analysis of data, Information processing to enable decision making. The DSIS discussed in this paper mainly computes the decision on issues like cropping pattern, availability of water resources in time and space, domestic use of water in Narava Basin, Visakhapatnam. This system is intended to be placed in web as part of a portal facilitating the understanding of water problems and water management. This would result in cumulative advantages of
D.V.S Chakradhar Dept of CSSE College of Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530003 India
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R.A.S Kumar Dept of CSSE College of Engineering Andhra University Visakhapatnam-530003 India
[email protected]
i) Studying the flooding often experienced during rainy seasons, ii) Study the surface-ground water interactions to understand regional water availability, iii) Climate changes availability. II.
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PROBLEMS INTENDED TO BE ADDRESSED BY PROPOSED
DECISION SUPPORT INFORMATION SYSTEM The main objective of the DSIS is to provide the basic information on the cropping pattern and water resources requirement, their availability and management in time and space domains. The core component of the DSIS is based on a system being developed [1] for the assessment of surface and ground water resources and their dynamic behavior in time and space in hard rock regions. A few other objectives identified are: •
Finding the optimum level of exploitation and well spacing for efficient use of water
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Providing an effective system to monitor and regulate water quality and the associated environmental problems.
•
To implement an efficient repository and retrieval system for future needs.
•
Finally to organize/model web based interactive awareness and training sessions for the user communities, planners and managers.
III.
APPROACHES/METHODOLOGIES FOR WORK PLAN
We have developed a prototype of the proposed DSIS. The architecture of DSIS for water evaluation and management is given in figure 1. The process of evaluating water resources and management decisions would involve a series of questions and sub questions through which the DSIS would take the user, in a stepwise process, through all the considerations necessary and would give the information enquired for or would help him in making a decision. Finally the DSIS will compile all the information and produce detailed reports. A. Models and Parameters The models and parameters along with the training data for the programs were provided by Andhra University Geo-Physics Department (AUGP). These include values like availability of
Water, recharge models, hydrogeology, humidity, temperature, potential evapo-transpiration, saturation vapor pressure, actual vapor pressure and other necessary parameters. These parameters were used for assessing the water quantity and quality oriented decisions. A data model was created for the said DSIS. Examples of classes chosen are agricultural land, forest etc. And each of these classes was further refined to have subclasses and additional properties like geometry type, attribute fields, field type, mandatory and area. B. DSIS and Modeling Platform The DSIS core components are shown in figure 1. Surface,sub-surface water levels acquifier Rain Gauge stations, HM Stations
Hydrometeorological data
Satellite data, DGPS
Thematic mapping using RS data, field information
Rain , HM Stations
Ground water assessments
Water quality Recharge, discharge measurements Figure 1. DSIS & Water Evaluation Management System
1) Ground Water Assessment: For a sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation of the available water resources. For this, the first task would be to make a realistic assessment of the surface water and groundwater resources and then plan their use in such a way that full crop water requirements are met and there is neither water-logging nor excessive lowering of groundwater table. It is necessary to maintain the groundwater reservoir in a state of dynamic equilibrium over a period of time and the water level fluctuations have to be kept within a particular range over the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons [3]. Groundwater is a dynamic system. The development and over-exploitation of groundwater resources in certain parts of the country have raised the concern and need for judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. 2) Ground Water Balance Equation (GWBE): Considering the various inflow and outflow components in a given study area, the groundwater balance equation
can be written as they are part of a sentence, as in [3] Rr+ Rc + Ri + Rt + Si + Ig = Et + Tp + Se + Og + ΔS
where
Rr=recharge from rainfall, Rc=recharge from canal seepage, Ri=recharge from field irrigation, Rt=recharge from tanks, Si =influent seepage from rivers, Ig=inflow from other basins, Et=evapo transpiration from groundwater, Tp = draft from groundwater, Se = effluent seepage to rivers, Og= outflow to other basins; and ΔS = change in groundwater storage.
It is not always possible to compute all individual components of the GWBE[3] separately. Sometimes, depending on the problem, some components can be lumped. The resultant discrepancy in GWB is defined as a residual term in the balance equation, which includes errors in the quantitative determination of various components and their values that are not accounted in the equation. The complexity of the computation of the water balance tends to increase with increase in area due to a related increase in the technical difficulty of accurately computing the numerous important water balance components. Recharge and Discharge Measurements, The various in/outflow components of the GWBE may be estimated through appropriate empirical relationships suitable for a region, Groundwater Estimation Committee (GWEC) norms [5] (1997), field experiments or other methods. 3) Thematic Maps [7]: Thematic map is a kind of chart or map that is used to represent a particular theme like rainfall range, temperatures in a particular region, for a particular period. It separates the regions based on the range of values with different colors. 4) Satellite Data and DGPS [6]: Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) an Enhancement to the GPS uses a reference stations on the ground, network of fixed to broadcast the variations between the positions indicated by the satellite systems. These stations broadcast the difference between the values measured by satellite and actual pseudo ranges. The stations receiving signals may correct the pseudo ranges by the same amount. Using VHF radio modem the corrected signal is broadcast. 5) Water Quality: Water in general is considered for Drinking, Agriculture and Industrial purposes mainly. The term ‘quality’ means the suitability of water for a specific purpose. The water quality is normally computed based on
information from drinking water standarrds, water requirements for agricultural use based on totaal dissolved salts and water for industrial use based on conncentrations of various salts due to chemical and mechanical activities involved.
1. Estimation of groundwater draft [irrigation,domestic,industrial uses]
2 . Recharge from other uses [Rc+Rsw+Rgw+Rt+Rwc] n-Monsoon Season Non
Monsoon Season 3a.Normal rainfall recharge [RIF method]
3b.Normal non-monsoon rainfall rechaarge [RIF
4.Rainfall recharge[WLF method]
5.Normalization of rainfall recharge[WLF method]
Yes
6.Is percent difference(PD) [WLF and RIF]
