Deficit irrigation strategies for improving crop water

College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

March 9, 2018

Deficit irrigation strategies for improving crop water use efficiency under semiarid climate By

Koffi Djaman, Ph.D. Agricultural Science Center at Farmington Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University E-mail: [email protected] The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community development in New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and extension programs.

Presentation outline  Background  Introduction  Deficit irrigation strategies  Some Results for corn and rice  Some Recommendations  Conclusion

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My Background • Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering (Soil & Water and Irrigation Engineering), University of NebraskaLincoln, 2011. Advisor: Prof. Suat Irmak

• Master of Sciences in Irrigation and water management, I.A.V. Hassan II, Morocco, 1999. Advisor: Prof. Essafi Boubker

• Agronomy studies, College of Agronomy, University of Lomé, Togo, 1997. Advisor: Prof. Mawuena Gumedzoe All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Research interest • Water resources and irrigation engineering: design, installation and management of irrigation systems • Crop response to irrigation and fertilization under irrigation and rainfed settings • Crop evapotranspiration measurement and modeling • Cropping systems, crop physiological/biophysical parameters and soil water characteristics • Water resources management under changing climate • Abiotic stresses management strategies to increase crop productivity and fertilizer use efficiency All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Professional experience • September 2017 to present: Assistant Professor, NMSU • 2014 - 2017: Agronomist at Africa Rice Center (Senegal) • 2012 - 2014: Postdoctoral Sci., University of Nebraska-Lincoln • 2008 - 2011: Graduate Assistant, University of Nebraska-Lincoln • 2005 - 2014: Lecturer, College of Agronomy, University of Lomé • 2001 - 2004: High school physics teacher (Togo) • 1998 - 1999: Graduate R. Assistant I.A.V. Hassan II (Morocco) • 1999 - 2008: Consultant at SARTORY, Togo • 1996 - 1997: Pest management at IITA (Benin)


Selected journal articles Djaman, K., S. Irmak, W.R. Rathje, D.L. Martin, D.E. Eisenhauer. 2013. Maize evapotranspiration, yield production function, biomass, grain yield, harvest index, and yield response factors under full and limited irrigation. Trans. ASABE 56 (2): 273-293. Djaman, K., S. Irmak. 2012. Soil water extraction patterns, crop-, irrigation-, and evapotranspiration water use efficiency under full and limited irrigation and rainfed conditions. Trans. ASABE 55(4): 1223-1238. Djaman, K., S. Irmak. 2013. Actual crop evapotranspiration and alfalfa- and grass- reference crop coefficients of maize under full and limited irrigation and rainfed conditions. J. Irrig. Drain Eng. 139:433-446.

Djaman, K., S. Irmak, D.L. Martin, R.B. Ferguson, M.L. Bernards. 2013. Plant nutrient uptake, grain nutrient content, and soil nutrient dynamics under full and limited irrigation and rainfed maize production. Agron. J. 105: 527-538. Djaman K., S. Irmak. 2018. Evaluation of critical N and P models for maize under full and limited irrigation conditions. Italian Journal of Agronomy. Doi: 10.4081/ija.2017.958. Irmak, S., K. Djaman, D. Rudnick. 2016. Effect of full and limited irrigation amount and frequency on subsurface dripirrigated maize evapotranspiration, yield, water use efficiency and yield response factors. Irrig. Sc. 34(4):271-286

Irmak S., Djaman, K. 2016. Effects of planting date and density on plant growth, yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity of subsurface drip irrigated and rainfed maize. Trans. ASABE 59(5): 1235-1256. Rudnick, D., Irmak, S., Ferguson, R., Shaver, T., Djaman, K., et al. 2016. Economic Return versus Crop Water Productivity of Maize for Various Nitrogen Rates under Full Irrigation, Limited Irrigation, and Rainfed Settings in South Central Nebraska. J. Irrig. Drain Eng. 142 (6): 4016017 Sharma V., S. Irmak, K. Djaman, V. Sharma. 2015. Large-Scale Spatial and Temporal Variability in Evapotranspiration, Crop Water-Use Efficiency, and Evapotranspiration Water-Use Efficiency of Irrigated and Rainfed Maize and Soybean. J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 142(3):04015063

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Koffi_Djaman/contributions All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

INTRODUCTION • Irrigated agriculture is the primary user of diverted water globally, • > 70–80% of the total in the arid and semiarid zones • Southwestern USA, 92% of the crop land is irrigated • Climate change • Competition for water • Decrease in available fresh water • Increasing population • Sustainable water management • Improve water productivity • Deficit irrigation All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Deficit Irrigation: DI • The application of water below the ET requirements • DI is sometimes referred to limited irrigation or as incomplete supplemental irrigation or regulated DI. • The correct application of DI requires thorough understanding of the yield response to water and the economic impact of reductions in harvest. • The saved water can be used to irrigate extra units of land or for other purposes • Under restrictive water resources DI aims at stabilizing yields and at obtaining maximum crop water productivity rather than maximum yields All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Deficit irrigation strategies • Reduce irrigation during non sensitive plant growth stage • Partial root zone irrigation • Reduce irrigation depth throughout the growing season • Leaf water content • Stomatal morphology • Photosynthesis and respiration • Plant hormones • Antioxidation enzymes • Non-enzymatic substances All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Water Production function

Generalized relationships between applied irrigation water, ET, and crop grain yield.

Relationship between harvest index (HIR) as a function of biomass production (BR) in response to water deficits. Source: Fereres and Soriano, 2006


Deficit irrigation evaluation indices

• Deficit irrigation stress index (DISI) (Yield of unstressed treatment − Yield of stressed treatmemt) DISI = ∗ 100 Yield of unstressed treatment

• Maize response factor to deficit irrigation (Ky) 𝐾𝑦 = 1 −

𝑌𝑎 𝑌𝑚

/ 1−

𝐸𝑇𝑎 𝐸𝑇𝑚

• Harvest Index (HI) HI=

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠


Water use efficiencies • Crop water use efficiency (CWUE) 𝐶𝑊𝑈𝐸 =

𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑢𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐸𝑇𝑐)

𝑌 = 𝐸𝑇𝑎

• Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌𝑜) 𝐼𝑊𝑈𝐸 = 𝐼𝑖

• Evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETWUE) (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌𝑜) 𝐸𝑇𝑊𝑈𝐸 = (𝐸𝑇𝑖 − 𝐸𝑇𝑜) All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Selected key research Achievements


Deficit irrigation strategies in maize (Zea mays L.)  The objectives: • measure maize water and nitrogen uptake • Develop maize production function under deficit irrigation

 Treatments:  Rainfed  50% FIT  60% FIT  75% FIT  100% FIT  replications: 3  Experimental Unit: 1 ha All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Weather, soil moisture, and plant monitoring

Watermark Granular Matrix sensors

BREBS and ECS All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Model 4302 neutron probe

Sap-flow 4 meter

Maize plant status under different irrigation settings 134 days after planting in 2009.

Rainfed

50% FIT

75% FIT

100% FIT


60% FIT

Soil water dynamics and seasonal soil water extraction 450

g- 2009 FIT 75%FIT

300

60%FIT 50%FIT

250

55% TAW 200

FC

150 6-Jun

WP 1-Jul

2009

0

26-Jul

20-Aug

14-Sep

0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180


Rainfed 50% FIT 60% FIT 75% FIT FIT

60

Rainfed FIT

•

350

75%FIT 60%FIT

300

50%FIT 250

55% TAW FC

200

WP 150 6-Jul

9-Oct

Soil water extraction (%) 10 20 30 40 50

SOIl water (mm/120cm)

Rainfed

350

Soil depth (cm)

Soil water (mm/120cm)

400

g- 2010

400

26-Jul

2010 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180

Soil depth (cm)

450

0

15-Aug

4-Sep

24-Sep

14-Oct

Soil water extraction (%) 10 20 30 40 50

Rainfe d 50% FIT 60% FIT

60

Maize crop coefficients as function of irrigation regime https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29IR.1943-4774.0000559


Maize response to irrigation 18

y = -0.0001x2 + 0.0431x + 11.291 R² = 0.3704

Grain Yield (tons/ha)

16 14 12 10

y = -0.0002x2 + 0.0621x + 9.2908 R² = 0.7845

8 6 4

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2 0 0

50

100 150 200 Seasonal Irrigation (mm)

250

300

Conclusion: Deficit irrigation at 75 % FIT is safe water saving strategy All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Relationship between maize yield and seasonal ET


y = 0.4632x + 182.83 R² = 0.7472

550

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

650 750 850 950 1050 Total water supply (mm) 0.6

Maize response factor Ky


2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0

[1-ETa/Etm] 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.5

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

y = 1.8753x R² = 0.9229

50 100 150 200 250 300 Seasonal irrigation (mm) 0.1

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

[1-Ya/Ym]

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

IWUE (kg/m3)

Seasonal ETa (mm)

Relationship between Crop ET and water supply

Effect of full and limited irrigation amount and frequency on subsurface drip-irrigated maize water use and productivity This study evaluated the effects of subsurface drip irrigation amount and frequency on maize production and WUE.

• Site: South Central Nebraska • Factors:  Irrigation regimes: 125 % FIT, FIT, 75 % FIT, 50 % FIT, 25 % FIT, rainfed  Irrigation frequency: low, medium and, high frequencies • Study area: South Central Nebraska


Maize response to irrigation under SDI 16

y = -0.0012x2 + 0.0709x + 12.974 R² = 0.6691

Grain yield (tons/ha)

14 12 10 8

y = -0.0001x2 + 0.0666x + 5.7024 R² = 0.8081

6 4 2

2005 2006 2007 2008

0 0

30

60

90 120 150 180 Seasonal irrigation amount (mm)

210

240

270

Conclusion: Deficit irrigation at 75 % FIT is a safe water saving strategy; Deficit irrigation at 60% FIT is an option during wet years All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Maize response to Crop ET

16


14 12 10

y = -0.0002x2 + 0.2083x - 45.272 R² = 0.8983

8

2005 2006 2007 2008

6 4 2

0 250

300


350 400 450 500 550 600 Seasonal evapotranspiration (mm)

650

IWUE and Ky 10

IWUE (kg/m3)

8

2005

2006

2007

2008

6 4 2 0 0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

Seasonal irrigation amount ( mm) 0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

[1-ETa/ETm] 0.3 0.25 0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 0 0.1 0.2

y 2008 = 0.8014x R² = 0.8305 ypooled = 1.1434x R² = 0.65 y 2005 = 1.6542x R² = 0.8311

2005 2006 2007 2008

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

[1-Ya/Ym]

y 2006 = 0.9111x R² = 0.6194

y 2007 = 0.9144x R² = 0.5347

0.7 0.8 0.9

Conclusion: Deficit irrigation at 75 % FIT is a safe water saving strategy; Deficit irrigation at 60% FIT is an option during wet years

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Effect of plant density and planting date on growth and productivity of subsurface drip irrigated maize


Results • Grain yield increased with increasing PPD relative to the 1st planting under irrigation and rainfed conditions • 10-day delay in planting date in a dry year resulted in a substantial increase in ETa • The impact of planting date on grain yield varied with the PPD and year and with rainfed or irrigated conditions. • In general, delaying the planting date by every 1 day resulted in yield increase of 43 kg/ha in a wet year in 2011 and 56 kg/ha in dry year 2012. https://elibrary.asabe.org/azdez.asp?JID=3&AID=47490&t=2&v=59&i=5&CID=t20 16&redir=&redirType=&downPDF=Y All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Irrigation water saving strategies to increase water productivity in the paddy field • The objectives: investigate water saving strategies in the paddy field • Site: Fanaye in the Senegal River Valley in 2014-2015 • Factors: Irrigation regime: continuous flooding, irrigation at 30 kPa (AWD-30), irrigation at 60 kPa (AWD-60) Genotype: NERICA-S 21, NERICA-S 44, Sahel 210, Sahel 202, Hybrid AR032H Nitrogen fertilizer rates: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N/ha All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Rice plant status under continuous flooding and two water saving regimes

(a) continuous flooding


(b) AWD30

(c) AWD60

Rice yield as function of irrigation regime and nitrogen fertilizer rate 14

14

HDS-CF

10 8

6

Nerica S-21 Nerica S-44 Sahel 210 Sahel 222 AR032H

4 2 0 0

25

50

HDS-AWD30

12



12

75

100

125

150

10 8 Nerica S-21 Nerica S-44 Sahel 210 Sahel 222 AR032H

6 4 2 0

175

200

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Nitrogen rates (kg/ha)



14

HDS-AWD60

12

10 8

Conclusion: AWD 30 kPa under 150 kg N/ha

Nerica S-21 Nerica S-44 Sahel 210 Sahel 222 AR032H

6 4 2 0 0

25

50

75

100

125



150

175

200

Some Recommendations for improving WUE under changing climate

• • • • • •

Adoption of the good agricultural practices Precision agriculture Diversification of production: food crop and cash crop Resilience and adaptability Capitalizing on diversity-based dynamics collaboration throughout the entire food sector and its stakeholders • Various levels of engagement • Rules, regulations and bye-laws • Capacity building:  Producers networking  Class teachning and groupe training  Undergraduate and graduate students supervision All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

Conclusion • Better understand crop water-production function • Irrigation scheduling • Soil water monitoring • Weather data collection • Good agricultural practices • Crop choice, adaptation and resilience • Precision agriculture => Boost sustainable crop production with improved water productivity All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu

THANK YOU FOR your attention All About Discovery! ™ New Mexico State University aces.nmsu.edu