Feb 18, 2007 - SPENT ENGINE OIL IN AMENDED POLLUTED SOIL ... of crude oil (COIL), automotive Gasoline Oil (AGO), and spent Engine oil (SEO) were.
Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society (JNES), 2007, Vol. 4 No. J page 55
DEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL, AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE OIL AND SPENT ENGINE OIL IN AMENDED POLLUTED SOIL
Adcdokun,
Olutayo M. And * Ataga, A.E.
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Port Harcourt PMB 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Accepted 18th Feb., 2007
ABSTRACT The effects of soil amendments with sawdust and waste cotton; and bioaugmentation with Pleurotus pulmonarius (Pp) all the degradation of crude oil (COIL), automotive Gasoline Oil (AGO), and spent Engine oil (SEO) were investigated on soil spiked with these pol/utants. Oil degradation was highest in bioaugmented - polluted soils with PP when compared with samples treated alone with sawdust and waste cotton and the control (polluted soil without sawdust, cattail waste or PP). After one month of incubation, polluted soils' treated with sawdust and PP degraded the coil by 52.8 .:':.5.5%, AGO by 78.8.:':. 7.5 and SEO by 79.3.:':...9.2%. Amendment of polluted soils witli cotton and PP degraded the Coil by 46.3.:':.4.7, AGO by 71.1.:':.10.4 and SEO by 78. 6.:':.8.7%. The role 01 amendments all polluted soils with sawdust and cotton waste and bioaugmentation with Pleurotus pulmonarius are discussed.
INTRODUCTION The pollution of the environment by crude oi I and products has been widely accepted .as a social menace that has to be controlled and properly managed. Bioremediation is a process that attempts to accelerate natural biodegradation processes. Two main approaches to oil spill biodegradation that are also known as bioremediation agents are bioaugmentation and biostimulation (XueqingZhu et. al.,2004). The U.S. EPA defined bioremediation agents as "microbiological cultures, enzyme additives, or nutrient additives that significantly increase the rate of biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge" (N ichols, 2001). Soil amendment is any material added to a soil to improve its physical properties, such as water retention, permeability, water infiltration, drainage, aeration and structure (Davis and Wilson, 2005). Sawdust and waste cotton are organic soil additives. Overtime, researchers have used sawdust as
~a,
soil amendment to improve soil fertility and to clean up oil polluted soil (Starbuck, 1994; Leejong- et al 2002; Davis and Wilson, 2005). Reports of findings on waste cotton have proved its usefulness as a good soil amendment (Seiber et. al., 1990; Evanylo, 1996; Hight and Lyon 1995). Other soil treatments such as dispersants, surfactants and poultry manure have also been used to hasten the process of bioremediation (Okolo et. aI., 2005, Cunningham et. aI., 2000, lindstron et. aI., 2002). Usage of dispersants however must be with caution especially in mangrove areas because of their adverse effects on the environment. This study investigates the effects of sawdust, waste cotton and bioaugmentation with Pleurotus pulmonarius on the degradation of crude oil, automotive gasoline oil and Spent engine Oil in soil polluted with the oil products.
A. E. et.al- T?egrac!!:!JonafCrude oil ...~~_~~~_~~
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Journal of Nlgerian Environmental Society (JNES), 2007, Vol. 4 Nu.l
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sample and sample collected Soil sample was collected randomly with a shovel at a depth of about 15em from a site in the University of Port - Harcourt, Nigeria. Samples were homogenized, sieved and stored in polythene bags at room temperature (28±2Q) in the laboratory. The crude oil was a Nigerian Bonny light , "" blend obtained from Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) Limited Port - Harcourt, Nigeria. Automotive Gasoline oil (/\GO) was purchased from a filling station in Port Harcourt and spent engine oil was collected form mechanic workshop in Port Harcourt. Sawdust
and
waste
cotton
(secondary
page 56
spent engine oil respectively. Ten percent sawdust and waste cotton were added to the polluted samples and thoroughly mixed with it. The samples were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes and after cooling, the samples were inoculated with 10% spawn of Pleurotus pulmonarius. Incubation was done
at room temperature
(28 ±2°C) for one month. Determination
of Oil Content
Oil content was determined spectrophotometricatIy according to the toluene extraction method. This was modified by using chloroform as the extraction solvent. One gram of air-dried and homogenized soil was weighed into 50ml conical flask and IOml of chloroform added to extract the crude oil in the soil.
wastes from the mechanical processing of raw cotton prior to spinning) used as amendments in this study, were collected from a sawmill in Port Harcourt and Atlantic textile Mills I(ATM), Lagos, Nigeria respectively. Sawdust was a
After repeated shaking vigorously, the mixture was allowed to stand for 10min and filtered through what man No 1 filter paper. The extracted oil was diluted appropriately with fresh chloroform and the absorbance read at 420n01 with AT-135
mixture of wood (Khaya species and He lea ciliate) and 3-111onth-old when used for the study. Pleurotus pulmonarius used was obtained from the federal lnstitute of Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO) and
filter photo colorimeter spectrophotometer. Determination
was maintained in Potato Dextrose agar
degradation
(PDA). Soil was characterized before pollution and one month after pollution. The determination of soil pH was by a pH meter (Jenway, 3015 model). Total organic matter was determined by combustion method (Walkcy and mack, 1934), total nitrogen by kjcldhal method (Robinson, 1968) while soil phosphorus was evaluated following the molybdenum blue method using stannous chloride as a reducing agent (Wegwu and Ibiene, 2006). One kilogram of sandy loam soil was weighed into transparent polythenc bags. The samples were treated with 10% crude oil, AGO and
sawdust and crude oil. The modified method of cornfield (196 t) and stotxky (1960) as used by Okolo ct. aI., (2005) was used to measure carbon dioxide evolution during degradation. The soil treatments containing mixture of lOOg soil, 1g sawdust and O.Sml crude oil was inoculated with O.2g spawn of Pleurotus pulmonarius in 100ml airtight Buckner flasks. Rubber tubes were connected to airtight 100ml vials containing SOml 0.00200m NaOII. Controls were set up without the fungus. The vials were withdrawn at 0, I, 2, 4, 6, and 8weeks intervals during the
*Ataga,
A E. et al - Degradation of Crude oil ...
of carbon dioxide
evolution Carbon
dioxide evolution during was examined using mixture of
pages 55 -61
Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society (JNES), 2007, Vol. 4 No.1
degradation study. The amount of CO2 absorbed was determined by titration the sodium carbonate formed with 0.00200M Hydrochloric acid. Results and Discussion Pollution of the sandy loamy soil by crude oil led to an increase in soil organic carbon from 0.24±0.03% to 2.04±0.79%, a reduction in total nitrogen 0.29±0.08% to 0.14±0.06% and a decrease in organic matter from 5JO±1.0 to IJO±0.3 after one month of pollution. However, available Potassium was not really affected (Table 1). After one month of incubation at room temperature (28 ±2°C) amendments of polluted soil with sawdust and waste cotton increased the soil organic matter from 1.03±OJ to 7 J± IJ% (sawdust) and 9.5±1.4% (cotton waste) respectively. There was a decrease in pH, total nitrogen and available phosphorous. The increase in soil nutrients created a suitable environment for the activities of the fungus thereby enhancing degradation. This trend is similar to the observations of Okolo et al (2005) that incorporation of different soil amendments enhanced oil degradation. Cotton waste has high water retentien capacity, sufficient carbon-to-nitrogen ratios, and low heavy metal content. These characteristics make cotton waste viable for direct land application as well as for composition (Height & Lyon, 1995). Cotton wastes have also been reported to be economical in treating problem soils (Seiber et ai, 1990). When cotton was used as a soil amendment as reported by Evanylo, (1996), it was found to increase soil concentrations of most soil nutrients above that of commercial fertilizers. Sawdust has been found to be a good soil amendment because of its abil ity to
*Ataga, A. E. et al- Degradation of Crude oil ...
page 57
improve soil properties (Davis and Wilson, 2005; Starbuck, 1994). The production of hydrolytic extra-cellular enzymes by P. pulmonarius must have been responsible for the degradation of pollutants as observed in this study. Degradation of pollutants in all the samples was highest when bioaugmented with PP and gave significant values (p UJ
oo
3
2 1
I
o 4
6
8
Duratio~W1Ii_
Figure 1: Carbon dioxide evolution during crude oil degradation for a period of eight weeks. Evanylo, G.K. (1996). Effects of organic and chemical inputs on soil quality. Crop
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