Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for ...

Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual *1

T. Mantoro, 2M. Akhtaruzzaman, 3M. Mahmud, and 4M. A. Ayu Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Siswa Bangsa International, Jakarta, Indonesia, E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE), IIUM, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Computer Science, Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology (KICT), IIUM, Malaysia, E-mail: [email protected]; 1,4

Abstract This paper represents an interactive and cost effective monitoring system for positioning and localization of Hajj Pilgrims during Hajj Ritual. The system circumscribes three major areas from the customer perspectives and accumulates together as an integrated and interactive monitoring system to apply in pervasive conglomerating environment during Hajj. During the holy activity a huge number of people gather together and missing pilgrims, locating lost, injury, health problem etc. are repeatedly encountered. These situations create sorrowfulness in their relatives’ minds as well as the responsible Hajj committee members. To reduce these problems and also to provide helps to the pilgrims, this paper presents a panoptic view of the proposed Hajj Pilgrims Monitoring System with its architecture, design and implementation techniques. The architecture is designed based on two major sections, one: the uses of smart phones as a common platform with a connection server for active pilgrims, and two: the monitoring system with database server. Again the monitoring system is designed to provide support for both of the passive users, the administrative users of Hajj committee and the general people all over the world. The paper also represents some experimented and comparative results to establish the reliability, usability, user friendliness, and easy to use of the interactive monitoring system.

Keywords: Hajj Pilgrims Tracking, Interactive Monitoring System, Hajj Tracking System. 1. Introduction The Hajj is one of the most important activities for Muslims. It is also one of the five pillars in Islam which is mandatory, if some important conditions are satisfied, for Muslims and has to perform at list a single time in their whole life by visiting the Holy Ka’aba in Makkah with some holy activities. A vast congregation of Muslims is Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, which occurs only once in a year organized in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Millions of Muslims from various countries of the world gather to perform Hajj. In 2006 there were 73% Muslims of total 2,130,594 pilgrims who came from overseas. In 2007 and 2008, the non Saudi pilgrims were 1,707,814 and 1,729,841 respectively. Among the 2.8 million pilgrims, 64.27% (1,799,601) came from outside of Saudi Arabia in 2010 [1]. In 2011, non Saudi pilgrims were 1,828,195 (62.44% of total pilgrims) [2, 29]. The pilgrims from Malaysia, one of the Muslim countries in Asia, are increasing every year and the Hajj quota is increased to 28,000 in 2011 from 26,000 last year [3]. Because of the increasing number of pilgrims from all over the world, the challenges to provide better facilities, helps and supports become more arduous and provocative not only for the Ministry of Hajj, KSA but also for the Hajj Control Authority in every participating countries. Though a number of mobilized and polyglot Scouts, Guards, Rescue Teams, Maps and Directions are engaged and placed in distributed manner to provide helps and guide to the pilgrims, still those steps are not sufficient to handle the massive crowd situation. Missing people, death, localization problem, losing directions, health problem, injury, going out of certain area or boundary are common problems during Hajj. There are around thousands of pilgrims who lose their ways or become separated from their spouses or groups during the challenging holy ritual every year. One statistics shows that about 2,500 pilgrims got lost while performing Hajj in 2006 [4]. Because of these uncertainty and problems, many Muslims

Journal of Convergence Information Technology (JCIT) Volume 10, Number 1, January 2015

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

have to suffer during the holy ritual thus arise sadness and sorrowfulness for the relatives of the pilgrims who are not performing Hajj. RFID based tracking system, wireless mobile access points, video monitoring systems, observing and monitoring by using helicopter and crowd control strategies are implemented to run the huge gathering of the holy ritual smoothly, but still there needs to provide a robust and reliable solution regarding the problems. The difficulty level to manage people during Hajj is presented in a recent research with some important characteristics of pilgrims [5]: · Majority of the pilgrims are over 45 years old and require more healthcare. · Some pilgrims are very young or even child. · Almost 3 million people come from various places to perform Hajj. · Varieties of languages of different people increase the challenges to communicate. · Pilgrims are from different cultural backgrounds with different educational environments. · The holy ritual is once in a lifetime opportunity for most of the pilgrims that creates emotions and unexpected behaviors. To provide a solution to manage the difficulty in easier way, this paper presents an interactive monitoring and pilgrims tracking system as the initiative not only to solve the problems but also to reduce worrying among the pilgrims, their peers or group members and relatives. The paper also describes the system architecture, design and control strategies which are reliable, robust, easy to use and cost effective both for the general and admin users of the system. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides preliminary studies on some related research of the system. Some technological research and implementations for the Hajj ritual are also presented in this section. The proposed system structure and design strategies are introduced in section 3. Experimentation of the system and result analysis are presented in section 4. Finally, section 5 abridges the writings.

2. Preliminaries A number of researchers are interested in this area and still there are a lot of scopes in this field of research. Various tracking and monitoring systems are designed and implemented for various purposes all over the world. Navigation, vehicle tracking, person tracking, crowd monitoring and control, inventory tracking and monitoring system etc. are some of the areas where various techniques are implemented to provide some particular facilities. Human tracking and monitoring in a conglomerating ubiquitous environment, like Hajj, is really a challenging task. Some important factors should be considered to face this challenge, such as, large scale system, dense environment (more than 6 persons in a squire meter), operational security, user privacy, hybrid indoor-outdoor environment, mobility, integration with different wireless technology, accurate positioning, self localization and guidance, affordability and reliability [5].

2.1. Tracking and Monitoring Strategies for Hajj Pilgrims RFID based tracking system is one of the most recognized techniques and widely used for various purposes. An RFID based framework for improved Hajj management is proposed in 2008 [6, 7]. At the same time another system was proposed as pilgrim identification system which was also based on RFID technology [8]. The both systems were designed for person identification and crowd event management and not suitable for pilgrim monitoring in Hajj ritual. Personal identification and crowed control using Passive RFID tag based system is proposed in [9]. Passive RFID tag is smaller in size, easy to carry, does not need battery power thus low cost. But the tracking system is not much robust as it needs tag reader with a large size of database. Moreover it is much difficult to identify a person from the huge crowd. Again the range of the RFID tag is shorter, less than 10 meters [9]. To design and develop an automatic monitoring system to serve this massive gathering using RFID needs to design a complex sensor network which involves immense financial support. Fixed node Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based architecture which is similar to ZebraNet strategy is proposed to monitor the pilgrims during Hajj where each subscribed pilgrim will carry a matchbox size mobile unit [10]. The mobile unit having Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver and IEEE 802.16.4 ZigBee radio will send the user information to the fixed sensor of the WSN. The

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

information will be updated in a base server by routing the data from one node to another node and finally through a gateway node of the WSN [10]. The proposed system was tested in the real environment during Hajj ritual but still some factors, such as, range limitation, processing power, total power consumption, processing and storage memory of each node and larger cost should highly be considered to avoid the failure of the system architecture [10, 12]. Mobile phones or cell phones are widely in use by a large number of people all over the world. Mobile phones are allowed in Hajj ritual with some useful packages offered by several Saudi Telecom Companies (STCs) [11]. The holy place around Holy Makkah is under the sophisticated 3.5G network services offered by several service providers [12]. Regarding this facilities, pilgrim identification and tracking system is proposed in recent years that uses cell phone information through mobile network [12]. The system updates user location (latitude and longitude values) in a database server and tracking facilities are provided through web application with some basic options. Basically to acquire this type of system, a vast number of applications for mobile should be developed. Again the design of web service to monitor the updates should accumulate many user friendly features by ensuring reliability and security. Moreover the system architecture and design should be robust enough with secured and unique update methods. Tracking and crowd control are the interesting research area where a number of research units are concentrating on. A client-server based network architecture for tracking and trip planning of shuttlebus was proposed to provide a safe pilgrim journey [13]. The system combines GPS and RFID technologies and suitable for tracking the journey to perform Hajj but not suitably design for tracking and monitoring the Hajj Pilgrims during the ritual. A three tire based architecture having network infrastructure and application of several services is proposed as a pilgrim tracking system that includes Geographic Information System (GIS) and Location Based System (LBS) [14]. The strategy proposes to provide mobile devices to the pilgrims through which the tracking system will update the necessary information into a distributed database system.

2.2. Related Research on Tracking System To provide a better quality life for elderly people in Hong Kong, a research was conducted in 2009 to establish an elderly tracking system which was based on Assisted Global Positioning System (AGPS) technology [15]. The system proposed a wearable AGPS terminal having High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) connectivity with wireless network. GPS Reference Station (GRS) sense the signal from the observable satellites and pass the data to the AGPS storage server and the updated data is accessed through web application to monitor the elderly people. Goo-Tracking, a GPS and GPRS based realtime vehicle tracking system for fleet planning, is proposed in 2008 where Google Map or Google Earth based monitoring interface is presented as web service [16]. Almost the same technique is found in Ambulance Monitoring System which is established on GPS, GPRS and Google Map APIs [17]. A cost effective object tracking system based on GPS and GPRS technology also proposed by Hasan et al. where Google Map based interface was implemented [18]. These systems follow the same strategies to design a tracking system where a particular embedded devices are used to receive the GPS signals and transmit the information to the server of the own system. Basically to propose Person Tracking and Monitoring System in large gathering like Hajj, there needs to come up with a better solution of network architecture, communication and update protocols, network availability, reliable software architecture and user friendly system interface. Moreover the tracking devices should be portable, cost effective, reliable, prestigious, multipurpose and widely in use.

3. Proposed System The monitoring system is designed having three principle objectives. One, promoting accessibility by selecting a common platform, such as mobile phones or cell phones which are largely used by majority of people. Two, allowing network availability and accessibility for the mobile devices, where two types of connectivity, Internet for HTTP request and Mobile network for SMS, are focused to update the information to the server. Three, development and implementation of a system having a better use of tracking means and corrective measures in increasing the accuracy of GPS system used.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

3.1. System Architecture and Design The system architecture is designed by focusing on two major divisions: (a) The mobile devices with a connection server. (b) The monitoring system with a database server. Mobile devices with GPS tracking facilities will be carried by the Mobile Users and the necessary information with sensed location will be updated to the database server. The monitoring system provides reliable indoor and outdoor user tracking and monitoring facilities through the web services. The server system has Distributed Database Architecture (DDA) to avoid the bottleneck of the processing capabilities. Mobile applications access the wireless network infrastructure and SMS service in terms of connectivity and data communication between the mobile devices and the system server. To update any information for a certain moment, the first priority goes to the available Internet connection such as Wi-Fi, GPRS or 3G network services. Beside these, SMS service is also used as the alternative communication media to update necessary data to the server. This solves the network availability issues. The mobile devices without any Internet connection such as, GT300, uses only SMS service to update the information. On the other hand, the web services of the monitoring system allow the Admin and Home Users to monitor pilgrims’ activities. Two facilities are provided on the Admin side web application. Firstly, Google Map based Monitoring (MBM) system. Secondly, Text based Monitoring (TBM) facility in case of inaccessibility of the Google services. Home users will get only map based monitoring facilities. Figure 1 presents the block diagram of the proposed monitoring system with data flow indications. The Database Cluster (DC) is the center of the system that communicates with the Management Cluster (MC) and Application Cluster (AC). The MC manages all the update information from the Mobile Devices (MD) through the Communication Media and executes processes to update data to the database. The Mobile Devices maintains the calibration with the Satellites by using Satellite Communication (SC) protocol to identify the location of the device and sends to the MC. The mobile devices are categorized into two, Integrated and Independent. Smart phones are considered as the Integrated devices where the mobile applications are executed. The Independent devices include the GPS tracking devices such as, GT300.

Figure 1. Block Diagram of the System.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 2. Architecture of Pilgrims Monitoring System. The Application Cluster (AC) maintains the communication between the Interface Cluster (IC) and the Database Cluster (DC) of the web application. The two types of subscribed users, Home User and Admin User, are permitted to access the web application facilities through available Internet Communication Media by sending request to the IC with several security permissions. Figure 2 presents a panoptic view of the Pilgrims Monitoring system Architecture.

3.2. Hardware and System Setup The Monitoring System follows two phases development strategy, firstly the development of the various applications for the various mobile devices, and secondly, the interactive web application to represent the information with various user friendly features. For the mobile application, several mobile platforms, such as, iPhone4, Android Mobile (Samsung Nexus S), HTC mini 555, BlackBerry, Nokia C7 are used and tested. GT300, one of the interactive devices for GPS tracking, is also tested using Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) modem where Wevcom M1306B GSM model is used as the SMS get-way for the monitoring system main server. To develop the web application, the common powerful open source tools, PHP, Javascript, AJAX and DHTML are used as scripting language. MySQL is working in the back end as Database Management System (DBMS) with the support of the Apache Server. The test server is running under normal PC with AMD Phenom 9600B Quad-Core Processor 2.31 Ghz with 1.75 GB of RAM. To represent the data with various facilities on Google Map, Google APIs were used. Figure 3 represents the setup of the Monitoring System with test server and testing devices.

Figure 3. Setup of the test Monitoring System.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Wavecom M1306B GSM Modem [19] allows Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card and used to communicate over the mobile network for Personal Computer (PC). GSM modems are mostly used to provide mobile internet connectivity and can also be used to exchange Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) messages. For the monitoring system, the Wavecom M1306B GSM Modem is used having 88 x 54.5 x 25.5 mm. (≈3.465 x ≈2.146 x ≈1.004 in.) in overall dimension and weight about 80 gm. (≈2.822 oz.). The operating voltage range of the modem is 5.5v to 32v and maximum current 480 mA (average) to 2.1 A (peak) at 5.5v. The modem supports 900 MHz for GSM and 1800 MHz for DCS with E-GSM compliant facility. The system provides Sub D high density 15-pin connector for, a) RS232 serial communication, b) Audio line connection both for microphone and speaker and c) Boot and Reset signal connection. The modem also has Class 10 GPRS with PBCCH support, 3v SIM interface, OpenAT interface for embedded application and other supplementary services such as call forwarding, call barring, call waiting and hold, calling line identity and Multiparty. GT300 GPS Phone [25] is a personal tracking device based on GPS system. The device can communicate with its back end server based on the embedded tracking protocol through GPRS network. Various features such as SOS (both the SMS and Phone Call) for emergency, own Geo-Fence boundary crossing alert, Low battery alert, Turn on and off alert, motion speed alert are provided with this system. The device dimension is 78 x 44.5 x 17mm. (≈0.266 x ≈0.146 x ≈0.056in.) and weight is 75 gm. (2.64554oz.). The system uses standard Li-po 850 mAh battery with 3.7v and life time is 120 to 150 hours for standby mode without reporting activity. Reporting for every 5 minutes, the system life time is 50 to 60 hours and for every 10 minutes the system runes about 70 to 80 hours. 1.3 inch display of the system has 128 x 96 pixel resolution of white OLED. The GT300 GPS phone uses CPU as Silicon Lab C8051F330 and it has built in 3D motion sensor to detect the motions of the device in 3 dimensions. Table 1 represents the system specifications of other five mobile devices which are used in this project. Table 1. System specifications of mobile devices used in the project. Testing devices System specifications iPhone4 [20] Google Nexus HTC HD mini BlackBerry Nokia C7 [24] S [21] t555 [22] 9800 [23] Operating system

iOS 4

Processor

Apple A4 chip with 1 GHz.

Memory

32 GB

Display

Multi-Touch retina display (3.5 inch diagonal)

Windows Symbian3 Mobile 6.5 BlackBerry-OS operating system Professional with HTC Sense ARM Cortex Marvell ARM 11 processor 600 MHz speed PXA940 with A8 1GHz (680 MHz.) processor 624 MHz. 512 MB RAM, 16GB of storage 8 GB mass MicroSD as capacity and ROM is 512 MB memory and Extr. Memory 512 MB of RAM is 384 MB MicroSD card up and 4GB Intr. RAM to 32GB Memory Super 3.2 in. with 16M AMOLED color and Thin 3.5 in. display with capacitive and 3.2 in. TFT-LCD Film Transistor AMOLED slightly curved touch screen capacitive touch (TFT) LCD touch-screen screen. display with 16M color technology (4.0 inch) Android OS (v2.3 Gingerbread)

960 x 640 pixel 480 x 320 with 326 Pixel Usable screen 360 x 480 pixels 640 x 360 pix. HVGA per Inch (PpI). 800 x 480 pixels resolution resolutions Contrast ratio 8000:1 4.5x2.31x0.37 4.09x2.27x0.46 4.37x2.44x0.57 4.8x2.4x0.42 in. 4.62x2.236x0.41in. Dimension in. in. in.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Weight Battery

4.8 oz. Li-ion rechargeable battery

4.55 oz. Li-Ion 1500 mAh

300 hours for 713 hours to standby mode 428 hours for Standby mode for both of 2G uses of 2G and and 3G 3G services

Talk time

7 hours for 3G 6.4 hours and 14 and 14 hours for hours for 3G 2G and 2G services.

3.88 oz. 5.679 oz. 4.586oz. Li-ion polymer 1300 mAh Li-ion type batter battery 1200 rechargeable Li- has 1200mAh mAh ion battery capacity 500 hours and 340 hours for 432 hours 23 to 27 days. WCDMA and GSM connectivity 6.7 hours 5 hours to 9.5 connecting with hours over 5.5 hours WCDMA and WCDMA and 7.25 hours for GSM. GSM

6 hours for 5.5 hours and 6.5 5.5 hours for 3G using 3G 5 hours on GSM hours for 7 hours. Browsing time service and and 11 hours for WCDMA and and Wi-Fi use. Wi-Fi use. 10 hours for GSM use. Wi-Fi use GPS using AInternal GPS GPS is Single chip GPS A-GPS type GPS antenna with GPS receiver integrated with receiver as receiver and Proximity and preloaded GPS Broadcom supports Ovi maps sensor, Ambient A-GPS BlackBerry BCM4750. 3.0. light sensor and Maps G-Sensor application

3.3. Software Architecture and Design The applications are designed based on three module architecture having multi layered configurations as shown in Figure 4. Visual Module contains the Interface Layer. Application and DBMS modules are integrated in the Obscure Block. Application Module is split into Business Layer and Support Layer where Business Layer is responsible for all necessary data processing and maintains communication between the Interface Layer and DBMS. Support Layer is designed to accelerate the Business Layer processing and will manage the communication with external requests such as location updates from mobile devices and independent data services such as Google APIs. Figure 4 shows the basic software architecture designed for Hajj Pilgrims Monitoring system. 3.3.1. Concept of Grouping and Peers The monitoring system has two types of end users, Mobile User and Home User. The main target of the system is to monitor the Mobile Users who are performing the Hajj. The admin control panel has the reliable, secured and interactive monitoring facilities where limited facilities are provided to the Home Users ensuring reliability, security and easy to use. Figure 5 presents the relations between the Home Users and Mobile Users as well as the relations among the group members of the Mobile Users.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 4. Multi Layer Architecture of Web Application development for the proposed monitoring system.

Figure 5. Concept of groups, relation among the group members, and relation of Mobile Users with Home Users. Mobile Users are characterized by several groups. Each group has several members including a group leader. All the group members of a particular group are peers to each other, which means, there are strong relations among the members of a group. Member of a particular group has neither a relation with any members of the other groups nor be considered as peers of any other group members. Also, there are no accesses to any of the Home Users from the Mobile User side. One-to-many relation is considered from Home User side to the Mobile User side. A home user is permitted to keep relations with many Mobile Users from different groups. Only the connected Mobile Users are the only peers for a Home User. The system provides some extra features to change leadership and group depending on Mobile User interest. According to Figure 5, there could be ‘n’ numbers of Home Users (1, 2, 3, ……, n). Each Home User is related to many members of mobile groups, for example, Home User 1 has three peers from a single group, Group a; Home User 2 has four peers from three different groups, MUa1 from Group a, MUb1 and MUb2 from Group b; and MUcp from Group c. There are five peers for Home User 3 and four peers for Home User n from multiple groups of Mobile User. The Mobile Users are arranged into ‘m’ numbers of groups (1, 2, 3, ……, m), as shown in Figure 5, Mobile Users. Each group may have ‘p’ numbers of members (1, 2, 3, ……, p), presented in Group c of Figure 5. Each group will contain a group leader marked as asterisk (*) and may have several members. Each member of a group is a peer of the other members of the same group. For example, Group a has three members where MUa1* is the group leader; MUa2 and MUa3 are other two members of that group. All these three members are peers to one another. For this monitoring system, the peers for Home Users are limited to 9 members, which means, a Home User can hold 1 to 9 members from the Mobile Users.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

3.3.2. Web application for Home User A conceptual data flow diagram for Home User web application is presented in Figure 6, which is designed to provide an interactive monitoring facility to the home user subscribers. The subscription process is controlled by the service provider through offering some attractive packages of the Pilgrims Monitoring system both for the long and short terms. After the subscription process, a Home User can access the web application through the login process. To recover any forgotten password, the user is allowed to send a request to the admin with the subscribed user name and e-mail address. At the successful login to the Home User web services, the user will be brought to the profile page where a link of the monitoring facility will be visible with the basic user information and peers’ list. The peers of a Home User are the Hajj Pilgrims who are performing the holy ritual and considered as the relatives to the Home User. Each Home User is allowed to monitor the peers only. Google Map based monitoring environment is provided to the user where several facilities are available such as, Locate Peers, Peers Distribution, View History and several Filtering options. Locate Peers will show the last update of the selected peer of the home user with several information such as, Name, Update type, Location, Update time etc. Update types are indicated with several colors, for example, green is Time based update, red is SOS update, blue is Distance based update, yellow is User Request or Manual update and red inscribing with green is for SOS Saved indication. Geo-fencing is another feature provided to the Home User access with interactive facilities. The activities on the Geofencing facility are directly controlled by admin control panel of the system to avoid redundancy and fence overhead. Finally Logout process will take the user to the home page of the monitoring system by destroying the current session. The overall process of the Home User web services of the Pilgrim Monitoring system is presented in Figure 6. 3.3.3. Admin User web application Admin control panel for the proposed Pilgrim Monitoring system is designed carefully to provide the best, reliable and secured monitoring facilities. All the admin users have different and limited access permission to ensure the proper and reliable user of the system. The permissions are handled with a Permission String, especially designed and maintained carefully by the Super Admin. The Super Admin is only the admin user who has the highest degree of permission to access and control all the facilities and user access. Figure 7 presents the conceptual access flow diagram for Admin Panel web application. The login process of the control panel will fetch all the necessary data and security string to ensure the access permission of the admin user. As the end users are split into two parts, Home User and Mobile User, there needs to entry the new user information separately based on the different packages of the monitoring system. A new Mobile User will be the leader if he/she wants to create a new group; otherwise the user will be included in an existing group as a member. The peer assignment among group members will be rearranged automatically for every new member of that group. For a new Home User, the peer search facility is included to the system so that every Home User can choose their relatives to monitor.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 6. Data flow diagram for Home User web application.

Figure 7. Data flow diagram for Admin Panel web application. Profile update facility also includes two options depending on the user type, Home User and Mobile User. The update profile for Mobile User has several extra features including, exchange leadership between two members of a particular group and transferring a member from one group to another. Monitoring facilities are the vital parts of the admin control panel through which an admin can trace any of the Mobile Users and also can monitor their activities. Both of the monitoring facilities, Map based and Text based, have same features which makes the system more flexible, reliable and user friendly. The Map based monitoring facility is more lively than the Text based system in terms of the visibility of the location points on the map. The monitoring facility for the Admin Users includes more advanced and extra features than the Home User monitoring interface. Group based monitoring, Filtering with extra facilities, View panic only, View last update, View last update status (Day, Hour and Half hour), Live update option, SOS saved option, Geo-fencing with active/inactive option, edit and delete are some of the extra features of the admin monitoring system. Creating a new admin user or editing the permissions for an existing admin user is also the most important part of the admin control panel. Only the super admin or an authorized person can access this secured part of the admin control panel. New admin user, search admin user, editing user information, editing access permission are some of the features which makes the monitoring system more reliable and usable to monitor a large number of end users maintaining and reducing the overhead of the admin users.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

3.3.4. Mobile application To develop the various mobile applications, the three module architecture concept, as shown in Figure 4, is also implemented. The applications have interactive and user friendly interfaces; use a small amount of device memory as data storage and communicate with the external services through communication media. The application always checks the connection status of the device, such as, GPRS, Wi-Fi and mobile networks. It also checks the GPS signals and takes the location values as Latitude, Longitude and Altitude. For any available network, the application checks its storage continuously and sends the stored location to the communication management server. Data storage capacity depends on the memory of the mobile device itself. Figure 8 presents the basic data flow diagram of the mobile application for the Pilgrims Monitoring system.

Figure 8. Basic data flow diagram for mobile applications interface. For the location updates, the application provides several interactive features, such as, User request update, SOS update and Automatic update. Both of the User Request and SOS updates are manual updates having separate concept. If a user wants to update his/her current location manually, the User Request option should be used. On the other hand, SOS update is for emergency situation if the user needs any help or get lost or in a panic situation. System provides automatic updates of the user locations with three different modes, Time based update, Distance based update and Update based on speed of the user movement. The selection of the update modes could be individual or any combination of the modes depending on the user interest. In case of unavailability of networks, last update request will be stored in the device memory by removing the oldest data if the storage is not enough to support. The stored data will be sent to the server at the availability of the network services.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Other two options of the mobile application are, viewing peers list and locate peers. As stated earlier, the peers of a mobile user are only the members of the group. The users are able to view their peers and also able to locate them to stay close to the peers which solves the problem in getting lost. 3.3.5. Algorithm design for Location Update As various mobile devices (smart phones) run on their own individual operating systems, mobile applications are developed based on various programming languages, such as, Java, C/C++ and C#. The algorithm is carefully designed to avoid any complexity and bottleneck of the services. Figure 9 presents the algorithm designed for updating locations of the mobile devices. The algorithm can be split into two parts, a) data checking and calculation part and b) data sending actions.

Figure 9. Algorithm for location update.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Data checking and calculation part of the system has several steps. Firstly the system calibrates the GPS status to have accurate data of the location. Secondly, the application will check user request status which includes SOS update and Manual update request. If any request is available, the process will be reached to its next stage. Thirdly, if any of the manual updates are not requested, the system will do the necessary calculations for Distance (D), Time elapsed (T) and Speed (S), depending on the last updated location and current GPS data. Based on the automatic update mode, data will be compared with the temporarily stored information. If the comparison satisfies the threshold limit, the new information will be stored in device memory and passed to the next stage of the system. The threshold values for distance, time and speed are selected from the interface layer. Finally, if there is no user request and if the calculation does not satisfy any of the update modes, the system will check its data storage. If data available in the memory, the process will continue to the second section of the algorithm, otherwise the whole process will continue from beginning. Equation 1, Equation 2, and Equation 3 are considered for managing the automatic update options.  >  ;  >  ;  >    >   =  = 2 ×  × arcsin(   

∅ ∅ 

(1)  + cos(∅ ) cos(∅ )    (

  

))

(2)



=(

∑  

) × ∆

(3)

Here D, T and S are indicating Point to Point Distance, Time elapse and Speed of travel respectively. D stands for the Traveling Distance as presented in Equation 1. DT, TT, ST and DT are the threshold values to compare with. Equation 2 is used to calculate the point to point distance using CosinHaversin formula where d stands for the point to point distance; r represents the sphere radius; Ø is for latitude value and φ is for longitude value [1] [26]. The travel distance D is calculated using Equation 3 where ΔT stands for smallest time difference; S indicating the traveling speed for a certain moment within ΔT and NS represents the total number of variation of speed in ΔT. The automatic update modes can be defined as,   >  ; update location for Distance.   >  ; update location for Time.   >    >  ; update for Speed. The second part of the algorithm combines the checking of available network services and sending location information to the server. The system will check the available network connectivity, Wi-Fi or GPRS for HTTP request and Mobile Networks for SMS service. In case of any failure to the network connectivity, the system will store data in memory and the whole process will begin from the GPS calibration. On the other hand, if any of the networks is available, the data will be sent to the server and the sent data will be deleted from the device memory to avoid redundancy of information. At this stage the process will start again and execute all the procedures in a continuous manner.

3.4. Design of HajjDatagram and Security String HajjDatagram is the data packet having 80 bytes in length. The packet is designed to send location data along with other several information to the server that provides wide range of knowledge of each update. The packet also ensures the reliability and security of each update information. As there are two types of transmission media are used to send a data packet, update through HTTP request and update using SMS, the HajjDatagram should be reliable both for the request and packet should not be split for a single update to ensure security and speeding. To ensure this concept, the length is chosen as 80 bytes and the packet is converted into hexadecimal value which makes the length of the packet as

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

160 characters. As 160 characters are the maximum length for a single SMS, the update information can be send to the server by sending a SMS to the SMS gateway of the server of the monitoring system. Figure 10 presents a conceptual structure of the designed HajjDatagram. The first two bytes of the data packet contains the header of the packet. Nest 5 bytes contain the serial number of a particular Mobile User or the mobile device from where the request is sending. The serial number is designed for each user that contains three information about the particular user. For example, the first single byte of the 5 bytes serial number indicates the leadership status of that user. Second byte contains year information (00-99) on which the user is registered. The last three bytes contains the member identification number (00-9999999). Figure 11 shows the data structure for the 5 bytes serial. Fifteen (15) bytes are fixed for Mobile Id as International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. The IMEI number is used to identify valid device which is registered with the Monitoring System. IMEI number makes the Monitoring System independent from Telecommunication Operator or SIM card use in terms of location update or other facilities.

Figure 10. HajjDatagram packet structure.

Figure 11. User Serial data structure.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Two bytes Data Type field of the HajjDatagram indicates the type of the packet. The packet is designed to support any request from the mobile devices such as location update information, location request, peers list request, map request and any kind of acknowledgement. Location updates have several types; based on time, based on distance traveled, speed of the user movement, manual update and SOS. Location request is used to have the peers’ locations or sometimes own location in terms of unavailability of GPS signals. Peers list request to have the list of current peers, map request to have support from server with small sized map in case of inaccessibility of the device map. Acknowledgement packet provides only the acknowledgement to the server. The next two bytes holds the information of the location identification source; such as, GPS, CELL ID or Passive. Transmission method provides information about the communication media through which the packet is sent. As there are only two types of methods, Internet and SMS, are used, one byte is selected for the Transmission Method field of the HajjDatagram. Next four fields of the datagram, Cell Id, MNC, MCC and LAC, hold 4 bytes each. Cell Id is a decimal value that indicates the identification of the radio tower through which the mobile device is connected to the network. MNC, MCC and LAC stand for Mobile Network Code, Mobile Country Code and Location Area Code respectively. The Signal Strength field of the packet holds two bytes in length and provides the strength of the network signal for the device at the moment of sending a packet. Latitude, Longitude and Altitude fields of the data packet occupy 8 bytes each which contains the most valuable information of a particular location. These three pieces of information are also the most important parts for monitoring and tracking a particular pilgrim. The next 7 bytes of the HajjDatagram contains the date and time of the packet send. Finally, the last four bytes are fixed for Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) field to avoid any types of errors while sending the packet, thus increases the level of security issue. Figure 12 presents a conceptual structure of the permission string for admin users. The string is 10 bits in length and each bit represents the permission state of a particular module for a particular user. The string is fetched from the system database for a successful login from the admin control panel. First LSB of the permission string represents the admin permission status, ‘1’ for Super Admin User and ‘0’ for General Admin User. A super admin has full access to the system with higher priority while general admin users have limited access to the system depending on the access permission.

Figure 12. Admin permission bit string structure.

3.5. User Interface, Features and Facilities The interactive mobile application softwares provide various features with unique amenity. One of the especial features of the application is SOS option which is convenient to use with only a couple of click. Other features such as User request, Update settings based on Time, Distance and Speed are also easy to use. Speed based update option is activated if the speed becomes higher than threshold level, ST and DT, where Equation 3 is considered. This feature is very much effective if any kind of tragic misfortune is occurred to any pilgrims. Searching peers of pilgrims and their locations are also helpful features which are developed for several mobile applications. Interactive representations of various update information are also accumulated in the web applications with user friendly features both for the admin and home users.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 13 shows the user interface of a mobile application developed for Android Mobile, Google Nexus S by Samsung. Figure 13 (a) and (b) presents the interactive and most important feature, SOS facility, of the application software. Setting page is shown in Figure 13 (c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Figure 13. User interface designed for Android Nexus-S mobile application, (a) SOS initiation, (b) SOS option, (c) Settings, (d) Miscellaneous options, (e) Finding Peers, (f) Peers location map. The setting page provides various facilities to select the update options and modes. Figure 13 (d) presents the miscellaneous page that provides various information such as Network Connectivity, GPS status, GPRS connection and other necessary information. Peers search options and peers list are presented in Figure 13 (e). Map based location identification of single peer is presented in Figure 13 (f). All the other applications developed for various mobiles have the same features with almost the same interactive user interfaces. Figure 14 shows the user interfaces of some mobile devices used and tested for the pilgrim monitoring system.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 14. Mobile application interfaces for various mobile devices. To provide an interactive monitoring facility, location updates are marked with some markers with several shapes and colors. Various colors of the markers present the various types of update information such as, green color for time based updates, red for SOS updates, blue for distance based updates and yellow color for user request update. Figure 15 shows the various markers of various update types.

Figure 15. Location and position markers for web based monitoring facilities. SOS saved marker indicates the position of a pilgrims where he/she was in panic situation and was served or helped by the rescue team. This marker is indicated by red small dot inscribed by a green circle, as shown in Figure 15. The shape of the markers has two types, smaller and bigger. For a certain history of a particular pilgrim, only the last update position marker will be bigger of the update type. Figure 16 shows the Google Map based monitoring interface for Home Users. As the Home Users have limited access than the Admin Interface, home users are permitted to monitor only the assigned peers. Figure 16 presents the peers distribution interface for home user.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 16. Pilgrim monitoring interface for Home Users presenting the distribution of peers. Admin control panel provides two independent monitoring facilities, Text based and Map based monitoring facilities, as presented in Figure 17 and Figure 18. Text based monitoring system has same facilities as Map based monitoring system except the map interface.

Figure 17. Text based monitoring for Admin Users.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 18. Both Map and Text based monitoring facilities for Admin Users.

Figure 19. Geo-fencing facilities. The pilgrim tracking and monitoring system also provides several more interactive features and facilities. Provided features are usable, suitable and reliable for the Mobile Users, Home Users and Admin Users. Geo-fencing is one of the interactive features implemented in web application as shown in Figure 19. Using the Geo-fencing system, admin or home user can draw fences to monitor pilgrims inside or outside of a Geo-fence. If a Geo-fence is created and activated by the admin user, the system will automatically track the position of the pilgrims as in or out of the fence. If a selected pilgrim comes outside of the boundary, the system will automatically send an alert SMS to the user that he or

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

she is outside of boundary. This feature is very much important for a pilgrim as there are some rules to stay in a certain area for a certain time during Hajj ritual. According to Figure 19, some interactive options are provided to edit and update the fences. The fence boundary provides several nodes while creating or editing a fence. All the nodes are easy to drag using mouse control. There is an intermediate node in between two active nodes which is also dragable, presented in Figure 19. At the dragging of an intermediate node, it becomes an active node by creating two new intermediate nodes at the both side of the new active node. Table 2 represents the available features of the proposed monitoring system.

Home Users

Mobile Users

Table 2. Interactive features for the Hajj Pilgrim monitoring system. Users Interactive Features · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

Admin Users

· · · · · · · · ·

· · · · ·

SOS Update. Update based on Time. Update based on Distance. Update based on Speed. User request update. Peers search facility. Map based peers location identification. Home user subscription and secured login system. Single user location. Multiple user location. Tracking users. View status of updates. History of user updates. Filtering history of updates. o View all. o Display today activity. o Display last 24 hours activity. o Display last activity. o Filtering based on date range. Live update facility. Geo-fencing (create and view only). Secured login system with some access permission. User registration and profile tracking. Interactive search facilities. Tracking user based on SOS, time, distance and user request. SOS Tracking and SOS Saved. Geo-location (Single user and User Distribution) Update History (With Filtering) o View all. o View panic only. o Display today activity. o Display last 24 hours activity. o Display last activity. o Filtering based on date range. Live Update. Geo-fencing (create, edit, delete, selecting and view). Text Based Monitoring. SMS notification of user location. Admin user control and access permission.

Inside and outside alert for a selected Geo-Fence is one of the important features of the monitoring system. The mechanism of checking an updated location as inside or outside of the Geo-Fence follows a well known algorithm ‘point in a polygon’. Basically there are a number of techniques to check a point as it is in or out of a polygon. Some of the techniques are, Nordbeck and Rystedt algorithm [27], Winding Number algorithm, Quadrant method, Edge Cross test, Ray Casting method etc. Among those algorithms, Ray Casting method is more powerful, faster in execution and easy to implement [28]. The

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Ray Casting algorithm counts the number of intersecting lines of a polygon in a particular direction. If the count is even, the point is outside of the polygon. The test point will be inside of the polygon if the count is an odd number. The algorithm uses the following equation.  = 

 ()  ()

 ×  − ()  + () 

(4)

Where x(i-1), y(i-1), x(i), y(i) are the two end points of a vertex, Vi , of a polygon. xc is the calculated value. The algorithm is presented in Figure 20.

Figure 20. Ray Casting algorithm for a point in a polygon check.

4. Experimentation and Results A systematic trail of the monitoring system is conducted to identify the accuracy, feasibility, user friendliness and reliability. To do the experiment, some important criteria is considered such as, test environment, location updates of various types, location update using various mobile devices and comparison to find the accuracy of the update points from various devices.

4.1. Test Environment The holy ritual is organized only once in a year. Moreover, Makkah is far from Malaysia. So, test environment selection is an important criterion to do the experiment of the monitoring system. The campus of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) and Kulliyyah of Engineering (KOE) are the ideal environments which are comparable with the environment of Holy Makkah to do the preliminary experimentation of the monitoring system.

4.2. Result on Location Updates Figure 21 represents the distribution of active users. This facility is provided both for Home Users and Admin Control Panel. Home users can monitor the positions of the peers only. On the other hand, an admin can monitor the positions of all members of a single group at a time. Live monitoring facility also provided with this monitoring option. In Figure 22, distance based location updates are presented while the Mobile User was driving from Mc-Donald to IIUM campus. The update starts with a SOS and Time based update request. As the distance thresh hold value, DT, is set as 20 meter, position updates were continuous from start to end position, indicated by the Blue Dots all along the travel route. During the updates based on distance,

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there are three Time based updates indicated by the Green Dots as the time thresh hold value, TT, was set to 2 minutes. The total traveling time for this test was 5 minutes from start to end points. The experiment presents a satisfactory result with acceptable accuracy of the location updates, although there exists some negligible amounts of position errors and distance inaccuracy.

Figure 21. Distribution of active users (pilgrims) on the Admin Panel monitoring facility.

Figure 22. Distance based update from a mobile device with one SOS update (start) and three Time based updates. Test results for different update types and its monitoring is presented in Figure 23. From start to end of the route, several updates were made like Time based updates (Green Dots), Distance based updates (Blue Dots) and Manual or User request updates (Yellow Dots). This experiment was conducted while the Mobile User was walking from start to end position.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 23. Location update and accuracy test of the monitoring system from a mobile device for various update types, Manual update, Time based and Distance based updates. Figure 24 presents the result of the monitoring system and location updates using Android mobile, Samsung Nexus S. The experiment also conducted while driving and update was made based on distance traveled. There are three updates based on User Request as indicated by Yellow Dots and one SOS updates presented by Red Dot.

Figure 24. Various update types from Android mobile while riding a car around IIUM campus.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 25. Monitoring Manual or User Request updates using GT300 while walking from Mahallah to INTEG Lab. Test result for GT300 GPS Mobile is presented in Figure 25 where User Request updates were made. As the GT300 does not have any options to connect with Internet, the updates were made through SMS service. The SOS Saved point as indicated by Red Dot inscribed by Green Circle represents that the user was in panic situation at that position and the user was served by someone from rescue team. The experiment was done for walking mode of the Mobile User from Mahallah Zubair to KICT INTEG Lab. new office.

4.3. Comparative results Figure 26 and Figure 27 present two different results for iPhone and HTC Mini which are comparable to each other. Both of the mobile devices were carrying together and the User Request updates were made at the same time. The activity was monitored to identify the differences of the location points for the two mobile devices. According to both of the figures, it is clearly visible that the updated locations are not exactly same for both of the devices while moving from start to end position. The results also represent that the outcomes are still acceptable and applicable. Another test results are also presented in Figure 28 to Figure 31. During this test, four mobile devices were carrying together and tried to send the location update request at the same time. Figure 28 shows the monitoring of the updates made from HTC Mini mobile device. There are approximately 24 update requests were received by the server with some position errors as occurred after the second update request. Although the four update points, 3rd update to 6th update, are little bit confusing as compared with the real movement, the result is acceptable to identify the approximate location of the mobile user. Figure 29 draws the location update points requested from GT300 GPS mobile device while walking from start to end position. As the GT300 is an independent device, which means, no application is needed to develop for the device; the performance and accuracy of the location update request form GT300 depends on a good calibration with the satellite before uses of the device. According to Figure 29, first seven updates are not accurate. Again some updates at the end of the route do not follow the actual movement of the user. These errors occur because of some reasons such as, using the device before proper calibration with satellites, cloudy sky and high rise buildings or

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structures. As the GT300 is custom made commercial product, it sends all the update requests using SMS service and the accuracy of the location points can be managed and maintained.

Figure 26. Monitoring User Request based location updates from iPhone.

Figure 27. Location updates form HTC Mini mobile device at the same situation as shown in Figure 27 to compare with iPhone updates.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 28. Monitoring and testing location updates from HTC Mini mobile device.

Figure 29. Monitoring and testing location update using GT300 mobile device.

Figure 30. Monitoring and testing location updates from Android mobile (Google Nexus S).

Figure 31. Monitoring and testing location updates using iPhone4.

Figure 30 and Figure 31 presents the location updates route made from Android and iPhone4 mobiles. Location updates were requested while walking and at the same condition as represented in Figure 28 and Figure 29. The results observed from the monitoring environment shows that both of the devices are working in acceptable and satisfactory level, though all the updates from the two mobiles are not on exact location as the updates were made in the same time at the same place. Table 3 shows the variation of the Latitude and Longitude values of user locations updated from four mobile devices at the same time as explained in Figure 28 to Figure 31. The experimented data are accumulated to identify the deflection of the updated locations and positions made by the mobile devices. From the updated point list of the four devices, only 9 points are selected carefully which were requested at the same time and tabulated the Latitude and Longitude values separately as presented in Table 3. The tabulated values are plotted to visualize the fluctuation of the update points.

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Time 10:48 10:51 10:55 10:56 10:58 10:59 11:01 11:03 11:08

Table 3. Test data for Location update from four different mobile devices. iPhone Android GT300 HTC Mini Lat. Lon. Lat. Lon. Lat. Lon. Lat. Lon. 3.25358850 21739 3.25341555 37774 3.25340115 91604 3.25340860 85861 3.25274858 18735 3.25266214 86306 3.25246218 5762 3.25220789 65571 3.25270438 09678

101.734192 9382 101.733473 5853 101.732427 3444 101.732148 9834 101.731971 6159 101.732433 2539 101.733042 11507 101.733596 5077 101.733979 2459

3.2535611 3.2534331 3.2534331 2 3.2533902 3.2526620 1 3.2526401 3.2524151 1 3.2520832 7 3.2528062 4

101.73415 98 101.73347 412 101.73264 7102 101.73213 211 101.73207 3004 101.73251 301 101.73300 658 101.73345 103 101.73395 6021

3.25317 7 3.25265 4 3.25341 0 3.25338 8 3.25261 7 3.25254 5 3.25241 0 3.25226 2 3.25233 8

101.734 202 101.733 922 101.732 530 101.732 113 101.731 943 101.732 417 101.733 125 101.733 463 101.733 953

3.2536012 7 3.2535325 5 3.2534988 2 3.2534959 6 3.2527188 7 3.2526161 3 3.2523148 3.2522005 5 3.2527043 7099

101.7341 3361 101.7334 5293 101.7326 1043 101.7323 9722 101.7319 9867 101.7324 134 101.7330 4623 101.7334 0605 101.7339 7822

Lat. = Latitude; Lon.= Longitude.

Figure 32 presents Time vs. Latitude graphs for four mobile devices. According to the graph, it is clear that all the three devices, iPhone, Android and HTC Mini, behave accordingly for changes of Latitude values. GT300 shows a different behavior than the others both at the beginning and at the end. This behavior also can be observed by analyzing the four figures, Figure 28 to Figure 31. For changing of the Longitude values for the four devices, the plotted graph, Figure 33, presents a good result where the changing patterns for all the devices are almost same and identical. For the abrupt behavior of GT300, a little deflection is shown at the beginning of the graph also for the Longitude variations over time. Based on the data in Table 2, the location updates from four mobile devices are simulated together in a same graph, Longitude vs. Latitude, as presented in Figure 34. The graph shows a satisfactory result which is identical for the experiments shown in Figure 28 to Figure 31.

Figure 32. Variations of the Latitude values updated from iPhone, Android, GT300 and HTC Mini.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

Figure 33. Variations of the Longitude values updated from iPhone, Android, GT300 and HTC Mini.

Figure 34. Location updates from four mobile devices simulated together according to Table 2.

5. Conclusion Tracking and monitoring pilgrims in a crowded environment is truly a complicated task. The paper presents the architecture, mechanisms, techniques, and design of the Interactive Monitoring and Tracking System for Hajj Pilgrims in highly dense ubiquitous surroundings. The paper also represents various test results which were experimented in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) environment, comparable with the surroundings of Holy Ritual in terms of experiment. The system is robust enough and test results are satisfactory, reliable and effective which prove that this system is capable to solve the problems of the pilgrims and also able to reduce the overhead of the governance body during Holy Hajj. The system also provides various mobile applications to increase the flexibility

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

of the pilgrims to be attached with the monitoring system during the Holy Ritual. As the development tools for the web applications are open-source, it will be easier for the developers to enhance the system and also will reduce the cost for the Admin body of the Hajj Organizer. The system is cost effective, reliable and user friendly. Designing and implementation of some new features will increase the value and usability of the system. From the experiments, some errors and inaccuracy of location updates are identified which are possible to solve by calibrating the GPS receiver with the satellites at the beginning of the uses of the devices. Also the problems for high rise buildings or structures can be solved by developing a reliable and intelligent algorithm to identify a wrong location based on the previous updates behavior. The main drawback of the monitoring system is that, the whole facilities are not tested at the real field during the Holy Hajj. As the environment of IIUM is much better to have a preliminary test, which is successful and reliable, it can be conclude that the system will work in the real field but still needs to do some test before using the system publicly.

6. Acknowledgment The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia for funding the project through Cradle Investment Program (Cradle) which is a Malaysia Venture Capital Management Bhd. (Mavcap) plan.

7. References [1] “Statistical Data and Information Services”. (Source: http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/pdf/dev-plan-ch35.pdf; Retrieved on 15th July, 2014). [2] “2,927,717 pilgrims performed Hajj this year”. Information Office of the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC. (Source: http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news11061102.aspx; Retrieved on 27th Nov. 2011). [3] “Haj quota for Malaysian pilgrims to 28,000”. The Star Online. (Source: http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/8/24/nation/20110824184618&sec=nation; Retrived on 29th Nov. 2011). [4] “Rising Number of Missing Pilgrims in Makkah”. (Source: http://www.arabnews.com/node/290240; Retrieved on 15th July, 2014). [5] E. Felemban, and S. Basalamah, “User Requirements for Localization and Positioning During Hajj”, 2011 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN, 21-23 September 2011), Guimarães, Portugal, 2011. [6] M. Yamin, “A Framework for Improved Hajj Management and Future Research”, ENTIC Bull, 2008. [7] S. Ravi.k, M. A. Aziz, B.V. Ramana, “Pilgrims Tracking and Identification Using RFID Technology”, Advances In Electrical Engineering Systems (AEES), Vol.1, No.2. 2012. [8] M. Mohandes, “An RFID-based pilgrim identification system (a pilot study)”, 11th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM, 22-24 May 2008), Brasov, pp. 107-112, 2008. [9] M. Mohandes, “A Case Study of an RFID-based System for Pilgrims Identification and Tracking, Sustainable Radio Frequency Identification Solutions”, Cristina Turcu, INTECH, Croatia, 2010. [10] A. M. Nair, and S. J. Danial, “Design of Wireless Sensor Networks for Pilgrims Tracking and Monitoring”, International Journal of Innovations in Scientific and Engineering Research (IJISER), Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2014. [11] M. Safiuddin, “Practical Guidelines for Hajis”, Second Edition, NextGen Technologies, Hyderabad, INDIA, 2009. [12] M. Mohandes, “Pilgrim Tracking and Identification Using the Mobile Phone”, 2011 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, pp. 196-199, 2011. [13] I. B. Dhaou, “Client-Server Network Architecture for Safe Pilgrim Journey in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”, 2010 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (June 21-24), University of California, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1043-1048, 2010.

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Design and Development of an Interactive Monitoring System for Pilgrims in Congregation of Hajj Ritual T. Mantoro, M. Akhtaruzzaman, M. Mahmud, M. A. Ayu

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