their company and how to apply ergonomics principles. The installed designs revealed several serious ergonomics problems that could impact on the operators' ...
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER ASSISTED KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS BY APPLYING ERGONOMICS IN MANUFACTURING SECTOR- A REVIEW MISS. PRITI, Assistant Professor, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Central University Of Karnataka, Kalaburagi. HEBBAL S.S., Professor & Head, I & PE Dept., PDA College of Engineering Kalaburagi QUTUBUDDIN S.M, Associate Professor, I & PE Dept., PDA College of Engineering Kalaburagi. Abstract:This paper discusses the framework of a comprehensive knowledge-based expert system which is used by the manufacturing industries. The current paper focus on the issues related to the application of ergonomics principles and knowledge for the design of working environment and products in manufacturing industries and then outlines a plan to develop a Computer Assisted Intelligent Ergonomics System (CAIES) using the principles of expert system with a knowledge base to allow a production engineer or supervisor or even a worker with a minimal ergonomics background or no prior knowledge of ergonomics, to diagnose and solve industrial ergonomics problems. Keywords: Ergonomics, computer assisted system, manufacturing sector. 1. Introduction Ergonomics is an important aspect in a manufacturing industry. The ergonomics factors play an important role in the effective running of a company, so these factors are to be seriously. High demand for products in the manufacturing sector had driven the operator to work and faster and adapt to their unergonomically workstation. Now, manufactures found that instead of investing lots of money on man, machine, material, method (4m), improving ergonomics of workplace is cost saving. Ergonomics found great need when customers demand is high and manufactures need more output NCADOMS-2016
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within short period. To improve the productivity by reducing the back pain, shoulder injury, fatigue etc. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) continue to be a tremendous burden in industry with back injury and shoulder disorders being among the most common and costly disorders because of not having proper workstation. The ergonomics problem will affect the worker in a negative way; this will leads to decrease in productivity, nonachievement of target value, etc. The field of ergonomics is rapidly becoming a key area of interest to employers who are concerned with providing a comfortable, safe, and pleasant working area for their Page 378
employees as well as for themselves. The interest in applying ergonomic principles to industrial workplaces is most likely a result of recent correlations made between the design of a workplace and employee health or productivity. However most companies do not possess the expertise necessary for applying ergonomic principles to the design of workplaces. Even with the abundance of reference material available, most facility engineers find it difficult to develop a proficiency in defining the work classification, analysing the task requirements, quantifying the work force population, and finally coming up with an ergonomically sound workplace design. While theoretical research needs to continue, a practical method of putting the present knowledge to use is also important. The intention of this research is to develop a computer program called an expert system which will provide practical proficiency or expertise for the workplace designer. Expert system technology is an application of software in research concerned with developing programs that use symbolic knowledge to simulate the behaviour of human experts. 2. Need for using a knowledge based expert system
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Three important reasons to use of expert systems are: (1) Reduction of human error (2) Creation of expert knowledge and (3) Interpretation of large amount of vague data. Different branches were taken into consideration in the study. The findings of this study shows that the human expert system was underestimating the responses with possible misjudgement. These findings; from both the developed system and human experts provide more determinants in the development of back disorders need to be addressed with the aid of knowledge based expert system. Architecture of the Knowledge Based Expert system A general schematic representation of the expert system is shown in fig. 1. The basic elements of the system are the knowledge base, containing the domain knowledge, and the inference engine which solves the problem by interpreting the knowledge domain. User Explanation Module Knowledg e Base
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Inference Engine
Expert Knowledge Acquisition
System Interface
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Figure 1: Architecture of Knowledge-Based Expert System
the
be thought of as a model of the expertise of the best practitioners of the field.
Production rules and fuzzy membership functions are used to represent the knowledge base. These rules consist of a set of premises (if – clauses) and conclusions (then – clauses). The rule’s premise describes to what degree the rule applies, while the conclusion assigns a membership function to each one or more output variables.
The knowledge of an expert system consists of facts and heuristics. The "facts" constitute a body of information that is widely shared, publicly available, and generally agreed upon by experts in a field. The "heuristics" are mostly private, little discussed rules of good judgment (rules of plausible reasoning, rules of good guessing) that characterize expert-level decision making in the field. The performance level of an expert system is primarily a function of the size and the quality of a knowledge base it possesses. Feigenbaum calls those who build knowledge-based expert systems "knowledge engineers" and refers to their technology as "knowledge engineering.” Expert systems are knowledge intensive computer programs with the following dimensions: expertise, symbol manipulation, uncertainty, complexity, reasoning, and explanation.
Professor Edward Feigenbaum(1977) of Stanford University, one of the leading researchers in expert systems, has defined an expert system as: an intelligent computer program that uses knowledge and inference procedures to solve problems those are difficult enough to requiresignificant human expertise for their solution.Knowledge necessary to perform at such a level, plus the inference procedures used, can
They use rules of thumb, or heuristics, to focus on the key aspects of a particular problem, manipulate symbolic descriptions of the problem, and apply reasoning to the knowledge they have been given concerning the problem, to reach a conclusion. They often consider a number of competing hypotheses simultaneously, and frequently make tentative recommendations or assign weights to alternatives. Current expert systems are
3.1 Knowledge Base Knowledge representation and control of the knowledge are the main parts of the expert system. Knowledge base is the part of the expert system that contains the facts, rules and heuristics about the domain knowledge. In this paper the ergonomic causes of low back disorder is the knowledge domain. 3.2 Knowledge Representation
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confined to wellcircumscribe tasks. They are not able to reason over a broad field of expertise. They cannot reason from axioms or general theories. They do not learn and, thus they are limited to using the specific facts and heuristics that they were "taught" by a human expert. They lack common sense. They cannot reason by analogy, and their performance deteriorates rapidly when problems extend beyond the narrow taskthey were designed to perform. On the other hand, knowledge systems do not display biased judgments, nor do they jump toconclusions. They always attend to details, and they always systematically consider all of the possible alternatives.It is reasonable, then, to consider developing an expert system to assist facility engineers in the design of industrial workplaces. Workplace design is a problem domain relatively narrow enough, yet unstructured and uncertain enough to merit development of a dedicated expert system. Workplace design literature offers many guidelines and principles to the potential designer but there are no clear-cut procedures designed for direct application in an industrial setting, A workplace design expert system has the potential to utilize guidelines from the literature, borrow experience from a human expert, and apply this knowledge in a practical sense.
Computer-Aided Design clearly offers new possibilities for integrating ergonomic knowledge into the design process. A wide variety of ergonomic topics are relevant to the application of computer-aided design systems concerned with layout design, displays and controls, field of vision, areas of movement, physical strength, and work environments. Ashraf Shikdara,, Saeed Al-Araimia, Bill Omurtag have worked on “Development of a software package for ergonomic assessment of manufacturing industry” (1).He developed a computer software package to be used as a self-assessment tool to evaluate ergonomic improvement potential of production systems by engineers, managers and safety professionals. Production managers of manufacturing industries with no prior knowledge of ergonomics were able to identify ergonomic deficiencies successfully (81%) in the shop floors as a result of the application of the ergonomic assessment tool. This enabled them to formulate intervention strategies to improve ergonomic conditions in their industries. The software package is user friendly, selfexplanatory and provides relevant information, data and guidelines. It is unique, as the users will have access to necessary ergonomics information, which is often lacking in the manufacturing industries, especially in developing countries.
3. Literature Survey: NCADOMS-2016
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Ole Broberg, Vibeke Andersen, Rikke Seim did his work on “Participatory ergonomics Design processes Boundary objects”.(2)The aim of this work was to introduce the concept of boundary objects in order to better understand therole of objects in participatory ergonomics (PE) design processes. The research question is: What characterizes boundary objects in PE processes? Based on two case studies, we identify eight characteristics of boundary objects and their use, which make them particularly useful in PE design processes. Thesecharacteristics go beyond the object itself and extend in to the context of their use. We argue that the selection of boundary objects in PE processes is of great importance, since different objects enable worker s’ participation and collaborative design in different ways. The framework developed may serve to provide criteria to guide practitioners and intervention researchers in the selection of objects to facilitatea PE process. He concluded with a list of recommendations for ergonomic practitioners that arebased on the framework. Robert Feyen, Yili Liu!, Don Cha$n, Glenn Jimmerson",(3) Brad Joseph in his case study, incorporated ergonomics analyses into workplace design by one of the primary goals of computer-aided ergonomics is to develop software tools that allow ergonomics information to be accessed at the earliest stages of design. This case study discusses a PC-based software program that allows a designer NCADOMS-2016
to quantify a worker's biomechanical risk for injury based on a proposed workplace design. The program couples an established software tool for biomechanical analysis, the ThreeDimensional Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP), with a widely used computer-aided design software package, AutoCAD. The use of this 3DSSPP /AutoCAD interface in the proactive analysis of an automotive assembly task is described and the results compared with an independent assessment using observations of workers performing the same task. Both studies yield similar conclusions, suggesting that proactive use of software such as the 3DSSPP/AutoCAD interface may be a valid tool in evaluating proposed workplace designs. In this context, issues in the analysis of workplace designs regarding the use of supporting ergonomic tools, assumptions, and posture selection are discussed. Narelle Skepper, Leon Straker, Clare Pollock in his case study of the use of ergonomics information in a heavy engineering design process.(4) The aim of his case study was to investigate the use of ergonomics information in an engineering design company's design process. Interviews were undertaken with engineers and designers in the company to establish their knowledge of the design process and use of ergonomics in design. Several of the company's installed designs were
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also evaluated to identify if the end product of the design process met ergonomics best practice. The results showed that the engineers and designers had poor knowledge of both the formal design processes in use in their company and how to apply ergonomics principles. The installed designs revealed several serious ergonomics problems that could impact on the operators' ability to work efficiently and safely. Recommendations included improving the understanding and structure of the company's design process, improving communication, providing adequate ergonomics resources, improving strategies for identication of ergonomics issues in designs and improving quality control of ergonomics issues. Suman Mukhopadhyay, Sanjib Kumar Das and Tania Chakraborty did a review on Computer Aided Design in Digital Human Modelling for Human Computer Interaction in Ergonomic Assessment: A Review (5) Research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been enormously successful in the area of computer aided ergonomics or human-centric designs. Perfect fit for people has always been a target for product design. Designers traditionally used anthropometric dimensions for 3D product design which created a lot of fitting problems when dealing with the complexities of the human body shapes. Computer aided design (CAD), also known as Computer aided design and drafting (CADD) is the computer NCADOMS-2016
technology used for the design processing and design documentation. CAD has now been used extensively in many applications such as automotive, shipbuilding, aerospace industries, architectural and industrial designs, prosthetics, computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. As a technology, digital human modeling (DHM) has rapidly emerged as a technology that creates, manipulates and control human representations and human-machine systems scenes on computers for interactive ergonomic design problem solving. DHM promises to profoundly change how products or systems are designed, how ergonomics analysis is performed, how disorders and impairments are assessed and how therapies and surgeries are conducted. The imperative and emerging need for the DHM appears to be consistent with the fact that the past decade has witnessed significant growth in both the software systems offering DHM capabilities as well as the corporate adapting the technology. The authors shall dwell at length and deliberate on how research in DHM has finally brought about an enhanced HCI, in the context of computer-aided ergonomics or humancentric design and discuss about future trends in this context. J. Laring a,c, K.-J. Falk b, R. Kadefors a,c, R. Ortengren, (6) designed and developed a Computer aided workplace to create a tool for the production engineer. As computerized tools for
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product design and production planning are taken into use in industry, ergonomics aspects may be left behind. His work presents and discusses the theoretical basis for a tool that helps to meet the needs of concurrent engineering: a Knowledge Based System (KBS) that supports the design of a workplace, by a production engineer, in a CAD environment. The production engineer is asked to specify three structures: the products and parts of products handled a plan for the work process and the layout of the workplace. The KBS subsequently performs an ergonomic analysis and presents an assessment to the production engineer, who then decides if any changes in any one of the three structures are necessary. The feasibility of the approach is analysed. Relevance to industry Ergonomic expertise is scarce in industry but every workplace designed has an ergonomic content. The author aimed at developing a functional structure for a KBS that may provide a production engineer with efficient support in designing ergonomically sound workplaces, early in the production planning process. XUN XU and M IRO DUH OVIC have proposed a Computer-aided Concurrent Environment for Manufacturing Education (7). Undergraduate education in manufacturing engineering is undergoing constant change to satisfy the level of competence expected from the graduate engineers by NCADOMS-2016
manufacturing industry. Apart from a need to integrate the different strands of course material, more emphasis needs to be placed on computer-aided concurrent manufacturing. One way to respond to these needs is to introduce practical examples into the curriculum. The case study presented herein considers one such example. The product, around which the case study was developed, is simple yet flexible enough so that the lecturer can tie in a number of manufacturing-related topics, such as computer-aided design, computer-aided process planning, computer-aided manufacturing, concurrent engineering and manufacturability of a product. The computer-aided design and manufacturing software used in the case study is identical to that used in several manufacturing engineering companies. The case study could be considered as a simulation of some of the common practices found in these companies. Atiya Alzuheri, Lee Luong, and Ke Xing proposed an Integrated Design Support Methodology for Walking Worker Assembly Lines (8). A traditional assembly system-fixed worker line (FW) designed by assigning one operator to each workstation performing an assembly task at that workstation on the line, has some deficiencies, such as low flexibility, constant demand and difficult balancing. A walking-worker line (WW), with an assembly worker travelling with the work along the line, has several advantages over a traditional line,
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particularly in flexibility (in terms of product variability) and efficiency (in terms of high productivity). Despite these distinctive advantages of WWs over other type (FWs), the linear WW assembly line is not widely implemented in industrial environments. Although some preliminary works in WW line have been done, there is a lack of developed support methodologies to enhance WWs applications in industry. This research presents a development methodology based upon the synergistic application of ergonomics analysis, discrete-process simulation, and combinatorial optimization techniques to the problems of determining the optimum design for walking worker assembly line. The methodology intends to identify the levels of process parameters in WW lines which entail the improvements on both productivity and ergonomics. Jun-Ming Lu, Mao-Jiun J. Wang have proposed a Computer-aided Production System for Mass Customization in Fashion, in order to meet the demands of the market.(9) The system enables the automation of dimension collection, pattern generation and fabric cutting. By integrating the system with the processes of garment sewing, fitting test and final adjustment, mass customization can be realized in the apparel industry. For the manufacturers, the efficiency of the supply chain can be improved by reducing human efforts, costs, and production time. For the customers, NCADOMS-2016
better fitness with faster delivery stimulates the desire of purchase and enhances their satisfaction. Mohammad Fam, Azadeh A, Azam Azadeh M have presented a framework for development of integrated health, safety and ergonomic (HSE) in complex critical systems. (10) Total ergonomics model considers conventional ergonomics factors as well as management and organizational factors. Methods: Control room operation and maintenance department of a thermal power plant was chosen as the case of our study. To achieve the above objectives, an integrated approach based on total ergonomics factors was developed. Second, it was applied to the thermal power plant and the advantages of total ergonomics approach were discussed. Third, the impacts of total ergonomics factors on local factors were examined through non-parametric statistical analysis. Moreover, the importance and impacts of total ergonomics factors were shown through statistical tests. It is shown that total ergonomics model is much more beneficial than conventional approach. It should be noted that the traditional ergonomics methodology is not capable of locating the findings of total ergonomics model. In his conclusion he mentioned the distinguished aspect of this study is the employment of a total system approach based on integration of the conventional ergonomics factors with HSE factors.
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Karolina Kazmierczak, Jorgen Winkel and Rolf H. Westgaard have worked on Car disassembly and ergonomics in Sweden. (11) They expressed the current situation and future perspectives in light of new environmental legislation. Due to external environmental concern a new European Union (EU) legislation is now increasing the demands on car recycling. The aim of this work is to present the ergonomics of today’s disassembly production systems as well as initiatives and expectations about future systems. This is to provide a basis for development of production systems according to both productivity and workers’ musculoskeletal health. Explorative methodologies were utilized. The following results were found: (1) car disassembly today includes two main tasks: dismantling of components to meet environmental demands and dismantling of valuable parts. The latter allows for good business economics for all the investigated companies;(2) performance demands are in general low and resemble a craft-type production, i.e. the work comprises a rich variety of tasks and low time pressure; (3) musculoskeletal disorders seem not to be a significant issue; (4) design for disassembly/recycling is not a significant issue in the manufacturing industry today. Accordingly, communication between dismantlers and design engineers is sporadic. However, in a long-term perspective, NCADOMS-2016
the key stakeholders consider such interaction important to obtain more efficient disassembly systems. Due to the EU legislation more non-commercial parts of the car must be disassembled in the future. Thus, rationalization of disassembly systems is anticipated and possible ergonomic implications are discussed. Samuel A . Oyewole, Joel M. Haight, Andris Freivalds proposed a methodology and guidelines for the design of ergonomic-oriented classroom furniture for first graders in the elementary school. (12) Children have been known to spend over 30% of their time at school. Most classroom activities involve sitting for long periods of time, with little or no breaks. Every effort should be made to ensure that young children do not experience back pain and other musculoskeletal disorders due to prolonged sitting on improperly designed classroom furniture. The anthropometric measures of twenty first graders were used to develop regression equations for the furniture dimensions. The analysis of the relevant anthropometric measures such as stature, weight, body mass index (BMI), popliteal height, buttock-popliteal length, and hip breadth shows that stature and body mass index are important factors in the design of the classroom furniture. Adjustability was incorporated into the design in order to recommend the appropriate dimensions for the design of the classroom furniture. Based on the need to
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accommodate at least 90% of the population of first graders in the United States, this paper proposes furniture design dimensions for seat height (25.83 e32.23 cm); seat depth (27.41 e33.86 cm); seat width (17.91 e23.29 cm); back rest (35.64 e44.37 cm); arm rest (16.28 e20.68 cm); and desk height (30.12 e37.85 cm). This anthropometric analysis could be used to design ergonomic-oriented classroom furniture which would not only incorporate adjustability, but also improve the level of comfort for the intended users. Claudia Parcells, M.S.N., R.N., Manfred Stommel, And Robert P. Hubbard have examined the possible mismatch between the individual body dimensions of students and the classroom furniture they use. (13)Methods: A total of 74 (37 male and 37 female) sixth through eighth-grade students in a Michigan school district participated in the study; their ages ranged from 10 years, 11 months to 14 years, 3 months. Anthropometric measurements (including elbow height, shoulder height, upper arm length, knee height, popliteal height, buttockpopliteal length, and stature) were gathered in several physical education classes, each during a single session. In addition, the furniture dimensions were measured for three styles of chairs and three styles of desks prevalent in the students’ classrooms. Based on both the information about student body dimensions and furniture dimensions, measures of fit or mismatch were NCADOMS-2016
constructed. Results: The data indicate a substantial degree of mismatch between the students’ bodily dimensions and the classroom furniture available to them. Fewer than 20% of students can find acceptable chair/desk combinations. Most students are sitting in chairs with seats that are too high or too deep and at desks that are too high. Even after controlling for body stature, girls are less likely to find fitting chairs. Conclusions: Based on the evidence presented, many sixth through eighth graders must endure seating arrangements in their classrooms that are not conducive to learning. Majorkumar Govindaraju, Arunkumar Pennathur, Anil Mital have worked on the Quality improvement in manufacturing throughhuman performance enhancement. (14) In the increasingly competitive global economy, survival of an industry depends on catering to customer needs by quickly producing quality products and providing quality service at an affordable price. In production, or in service, ergonomic considerations have manifested themselves in two distinct, yet related, domains. Focuses on the humans who contribute to product manufacture/ service. It is frequently advocated that since humans are unreliable and less consistent, compared to machines, they are primarily responsible for lowering product and service quality. Ergonomic considerations, which, ironically, can improve human performance, are paid
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lip service during manufacturing system design. Compounding the problem is the current inability of most ergonomists to make ergonomic recommendations that do not run counter to the productivity and quality goals of system designers. Addresses these two issues by illustrating, through four case studies, the relationship between quality and variables that affect human performance. Arijit K. Sengupta , Biman Das have developed a autocad based three dimensional anthropometric human model for workstation design. [15] A three dimensional (3D) human modeling program has been developed to work in conjunction with computer aided design software, Autocad. The program allows the creation and manipulation of variable size, 3D human models and provides the flexibility of a professional CAD system. The special features of the program and its application in workstation design are described and illustrated with examples. This program operates on a personal computer and provides a low cost but effective alternative to main-frame based similar systems. A. Azadeh, I.M. Fam, M. Khoshnoud M. Nikafrouz designed and implemented a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of an integrated health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system: The case of a gas refinery. [16] The objective of this study is to design a fuzzy expert system for NCADOMS-2016
performance assessment of health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system factors in a gas refinery. This will lead to a robust control system for continuous assessment and improvement of HSE and ergonomics performance. The importance of this study stems from the current lack of formal integrated methodologies for interpreting and evaluating performance data for HSE and ergonomics. Three important reasons to use fuzzy expert systems are (1) reduction of human error, (2) creation of expert knowledge and (3) interpretation of large amount of vague data. To achieve the objective of this study, standard indicators and technical tolerances for assessment of HSE and ergonomics factors are identified. Then, data is collected for all indicators and consequently, for each indicator four conditions are defined as ‘‘acceptance”, ‘‘low deviation”, “mid deviation” and ‘‘high deviation”. A membership function is defined for each fuzzy condition (set) because an indicator cannot be allocated to just one of the above conditions. The expert system uses fuzzy rules, which are structured with Data Engine. Previous studies have introduced HSE expert system whereas this study introduces an integrated HSE and ergonomics expert system through fuzzy logic. A. Azadeh, M. Rouzbahman, M. Saberi, F. Valianpour, A. Keramati have worked on Improved prediction of mental workload versus HSE and ergonomics
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factors by an adaptive intelligent algorithm. [17] Their study proposed an adaptive intelligent algorithm for forecasting and improving mental workload among operators with respect to HSEE in large gas Treatment Company. The algorithm is composed of reliability, verification, validation and forecasting mechanisms through robust mathematical and statistical methods, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System Algorithm (ANFIS). To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and mental workload is used as output in the algorithm. The efficiency of ANN is examined against ANFIS by use of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results concluded that ANN provides better solutions than ANFIS. Therefore, ANN is used to forecast and rank operators performance with respect to HSEE and mental workload. Normal probability technique is used to identify outlier operators. Moreover, operators with inadequate mental workload with respect to HSEE are identified. This would help managers to foresee if operators are satisfied with their mental workload in the context of HSEE. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the intelligent algorithm is shown by error analysis in contrast with conventional regression approaches. This is the first study that introduces an adaptive algorithm for NCADOMS-2016
efficient forecasting of mental workload with respect to HSEE program in complex systems. Ali Azadeh, Mohammad Sheikhalishahi developed an Efficient Taguchi Approach for the Performance Optimization of Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics in Generation Companies by Background: it was a unique framework for performance optimization of generation companies (GENCOs) based on health, safety, environment, and ergonomics (HSEE) indicators. [18] Various methods were used to rank this sector of industry, the combination of data envelopment analysis (DEA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Taguchi, for all branches of GENCOs. These methods are applied in an integrated manner to measure the performance of GENCO. The preferred model between DEA, PCA, and Taguchi is selected based on sensitivity analysis and maximum correlation between rankings. To achieve the stated objectives, noise is introduced into input data.The results show that Taguchi outperforms other methods. Moreover, a comprehensive experiment was carried out to identify the most influential factor for ranking GENCOs. Conclusion: The approach developed in this study could be used for continuous assessment and improvement of GENCO’s performance in supplying energy with respect to HSEE factors. The results of such studies would help managers to have better
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understanding of weak and strong points in terms of HSEE factors. Matthew S. Rogers, Alan B. Barr, Boontariga Kasem sonti tum and David M. Rempel developed a three dimensional anthropometrics solid model of the hand based on landmark measurements. [19] Hand anthropometry data are largely based on measurements of the hand in an outstretched hand posture and are, therefore, difficult to apply to tool gripping hand postures. The purpose of the work was to develop a representative, scalable hand model to be used with 3-D software drawing packages to aid i n the ergonomic design of hand tools. Landmarks (66) on the palmar surface of the right hand of 100 subjects were digitised in four functional hand postures and, from these, 3-D surface models of a mean, 25th and 75th% hand were developed. The root mean square differences in hand length between the hand model and the digitised data for the 25 th, 50th and 75th percentile hands were 11.4, 3.2 and 8.9 mm, respectively. The corresponding values for hand breadth were 2.0, 0.4 and 1.4 mm. There was good agreement between distances on the digitised hand and the hand model. The application of this research includes improved ergonomic hand tool design through the use of hand anthropometry reference values developed from the general population using grasping hand postures.
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Pin-Chieh Wang, David M. Rempel, Eric L. Hurwitz, Robert J. Harrison, Ira Janowitz and Beate R. Ritz have worked on Self-reported pain and physical signs for musculoskeletal disorders in the upper body region among Los Angeles garment workers. [20] Reports of pain and physical exam findings for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are two common outcome measures independently used to assess workrelated MSDs in the scientific literature. How these measures correlate with each other, however, is largely unknown. We recruited 520 sewing machine operators to describe the correlation between subjective self-reported pain and physical findings of MSDs in three upper body regions including the neck/shoulder, elbow/forearm, and hand/wrist. Self-reports of pain and physical findings resulted in different and partly non-overlapping classifications of subjects as MSD cases in our study. Both outcome measures were found to be consistently associated with ‘having a medical history of MSDs’, ‘perceived physical exertion’, ‘perceived job insecurity’ (neck/shoulder), being of older age (arm/forearm), and female gender (arm/forearm and hand/wrist); however, we observed inconsistency for the measures for a number of other job related factors such as ‘operating a single machine’ and ‘number of work hours per week’. Because to date no agreed upon “gold standard” for diagnosing MSDs exists, our findings suggest that research results can be
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very different when using self-reported measures versus physical exam findings. Also, in order to evaluate the success of an intervention, screening, or surveillance program for work related MSDs, it is important to define clearly which outcome measure best to employ. Biman Das’ and Arijit K. Sengupta have made a study on Industrial workstation design: A systematic ergonomics approach for the design of an industrial workstation, ergonomics guidelines are presented in a systematicmanner. [21] The guidelines provide a conceptual basis for a good workstation design. In a realworld design situation, the implementation of the recommendations or guidelines needs thematching of the population anthropometry with the various components of the workstation. Adequate posture, work height, normal and maximum working areas, lateral clearance andvisual requirement are determined for the intended user population. The procedure fordetermining the workstation dimensions and layout has been explained. The importance ofbuilding a mock-up of the designed workstation and its evaluation with representative subjectsis emphasized. A case problem (supermarket checklist and workstation) is discussed to illustratethe workstation design procedure. Jeffrey E. Fernandez worked on Ergonomics in the workplace, where he NCADOMS-2016
defines ergonomics and discusses various issues such as anthropometry, seat design, workplace principles, manual materials handling, and cumulative trauma disorders. [22] These important issues need to be appreciated if the objective of the facilities manager is to reduce work related injuries, improve productivity, and improve the quality of life of the workers. V.Mahesh, A.Kandaswamy, and R.Venkatesan developed a Rule-based Expert System for ECG Analysis in which the development of a rulebased expert system that emulates the ECG interpretation skills of an expert cardiologist.[23] The knowledge of an expert is confined to him and is not freely available for decision-making. An expert system is developed to overcome this problem. In this rule-based expert system, patient’s heart rate and the wave characteristics of the ECG are considered. With these ‘facts’, rules are framed and a rule base is developed in consultation with experts. An inference engine in the expert system uses these inputs and the rule base to identify any abnormality in the patient’s heart. A unique feature of the proposed system is storing the post diagnostic information in a database. That is, information about a patient diagnosed by this system is stored and can be retrieved later datewise. The user can also input his comments or suggestions for improvement or correction, which can
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later be incorporated in the system after validation by experts. Only authorized access to the database is permitted. This expert system can support physicians in their diagnosis and decision-making. M. Mattila has worked on ComputerAided Ergonomics and Safety. [24] The aim of this paper is to give an overview concerning the fields of ergonomics for which computer-aided methods have been developed and to present experiences and possibilities how computer-aided ergonomics may benefit the implementation of ergonomic and safety expertise. Jen-Gwo Chen, Robert E. Schlegel and J. Brian Peacock, developed a ComputerAssisted System for Physical Ergonomics Analysis.[25] This paper describes the development of an interactive computer-assisted Ergonomics Analysis System (EASY). EASY is written in Foxbase Plus and Quick BASIC for IBM-PC compatible microcomputers. The system consists of three major components: the Ergonomics Information Analysis System (EIAS) for evaluation of tasks by the worker, the Physical Work Stress Index (PWSI) used by the supervisor or the ergonomist for further investigation of problem situations, and the Dynamic Lifting Analysis System (DLAS) for manual material handling tasks. Extensive use of menus for database entry/editing and analysis provides an efficient and friendly interface design. The system NCADOMS-2016
was evaluated by comparing the results of EASY and individuals with an introductory knowledge of ergonomics with experts' conclusions for nine test jobs involving a variety of physical work stressors. The evaluation indicated that 83% of EASY's diagnoses were accepted by the experts with some variation between individual experts and between EASY and the other diagnosticians. Osama Abdel Rasheed Mansour, Olfat A Diab Kandil worked on Low back pain; a leading cause of disability in the industrialized world is well recognized as having a multifactor etiology.[26] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the different ergonomic causes that may predispose to low back disorders through Knowledge based Expert System technique. In addition, comparing the percent of confidence between human expert and expert system was considered. This leads to defining the causes that need to be controlled as a prevention measure. Moreover detection of the precise causes redirects the attention of clinician for cause treatment. The importance of this study stems from the current lack of formal integrated methodologies for interpreting and evaluating performance data for clinician and ergonomics. Three important reasons to use fuzzy expert systems are (1) reduction of human error, (2) creation of expert knowledge and (3) interpretation of
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large amount of vague data. Hundred twenty five experts driven from different branches; orthopaedic surgeon, physical therapist in addition to specialists in the fields of ergonomics and epidemiology were involved in the study. Another group of hundred and ten computer users with and without manifestation of low back pain were volunteers in this study. The knowledge bases used for building the Expert System are collected through structured questionnaire developed for this particular purpose. Different scenarios were used to examine the possibility of low back pain in computer user by the developed system as well as by the human experts. With the assumption { The computer user has serious low back pain } is satisfying the whole set of rules, and accordingly, its membership value calculate by the inference engine is 100%.The findings of this study shows that the human expert system was underestimating the responses with possible misjudgement. These findings; from both the developed system and human experts provide more determinants in the development of back disorders need to be addressed with the aid of knowledge based expert system. Other prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings before implications for low back pain prevention can be assessed. However the weight of each factor as a predictor for low back problems has to be tested to enhance the use of the NCADOMS-2016
Expert System in the evidence based system in hospitals and clinics as a prevention strategy. Pascale Carayon, Sarah Kianfar, Yaqiong Li, Anping Xie, Bashar Alyousef, Abigail Wooldridge “A systematic review of mixed methods research on human factors and ergonomics in health care”. This systematic literature review provides information on the use of mixed methods research in human factors and ergonomics (HFE) research in health care. Using the PRISMA methodology, we searched four databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and Engineering Village) for studies that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) field study in health care, (2) mixing of qualitative and quantitative data, (3) HFE issues, and (4) empirical evidence. Using an iterative and collaborative process supported by a structured data collection form, the six authors identified a total of 58 studies that primarily address HFE issues in health information technology (e.g., usability) and in the work of healthcare workers. About two-thirds of the mixed methods studies used the convergent parallel study design where quantitative and qualitative data were collected simultaneously. A variety of methods were used for collecting data, including interview, survey and observation. The most frequent combination involved interview for qualitative data and survey for quantitative data. The use of mixed methods in healthcare HFE
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research has increased over time. However, increasing attention should be paid to the formal literature on mixed methods research to enhance the depth and breadth of this research. Cinzia Muriana, Tommaso Piazza, Giovanni Vizzini “An expert system for financial performance assessment of health care structures based on fuzzy sets and KPIs” Interest in the field of performance assessment of health care structures has grown in recent decades. In fact, the possibility of determining overall performances of health care structures plays a key role in the optimization of resource allocation and investment planning, as it contributes to reducing the uncertainty of future performance. In this context, key performance indicator (KPI) tools have been developed to assess the performance of health care structures from process, organizational, cost, financial, and output points of view. In practice, they are periodically calculated, and the effect of several KPIs on the overall performance of health care structures is determined by management through human judgment or software that provides synthetic dashboards. Given their non-stationary nature, performance assessment and forecasting are generally tackled by employing adaptive models, but these approaches cannot reflect the holistic nature of performance itself, nor take into account the impact of KPIs on the overall performances. In order to overcome these shortcomings, this NCADOMS-2016
study presents an expert system whose engine relies on fuzzy sets, in which the input–output relations and correlations have been modelled through inference rules based on time-series trends. The focus is on the financial performance assessment of a health care structure, such as a hospital. The approach is of an interdisciplinary kind, as several indicators were taken as inputs that relate to output, process, and cost KPIs, and their impact on the output measure, which is of a financial kind (namely the total reimbursement). The output measure calculated by the expert system was then compared with that predicted using only adaptive forecasting models, and the error with respect to the actual value was determined. Results showed that measures determined by fuzzy inference, able to effectively model actual input–output relations, outperform those of adaptive models. Hsin-Chieh Wua, Hao-Long Honga, and Yu-Cheng Lin “Application of Computeraided Ergonomic Simulation in Designing Supine Computer Workstation” Seated posture has been considered as potentially one of the major contributing factors for several musculoskeletal disorders such as lower back pain, neck and shoulder disorders. Especially, people with low back pain experience great discomfort related to computer operations in sitting position. When changing posture to lying down, not only can release psychological stress, but also alleviate musculoskeletal
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burdens. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to design a new supine computer workstation, allowing people to lie in the bed and operate a computer. This paper presents how to apply computer-aided ergonomic simulation in designing a new supine computer workstation. At first, Taiwanese anthropometric data were referred to build a 3D model of a supine computer workstation. And then, JACK software was used to simulate humanworkstation interaction in order to find the problems of the original design. Finally, a physical prototype of the revised supine computer workstation was made for realistic test. The developed supine computer workstation was confirmed to be used successfully for operating computer in lying position. More field studies are required to test if supine computer workstation outpaces the sitting position workstation for musculoskeletal strains, subjective comfort, and operation performance. A. Azadeh, I.M. Fam, M. Khoshnoud, M. Nikafrouz “Design and implementation of a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of an integrated health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system: The case of a gas refinery”The objective of this study is to design a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system factors in a gas refinery. This will lead to a robust control system for continuous NCADOMS-2016
assessment and improvement of HSE and ergonomics performance. The importance of this study stems from the current lack of formal integrated methodologies for interpreting and evaluating performance data for HSE and ergonomics. Three important reasons to use fuzzy expert systems are (1) reduction of human error, (2) creation of expert knowledge and (3) interpretation of large amount of vague data. To achieve the objective of this study, standard indicators and technical tolerances for assessment of HSE and ergonomics factors are identified. Then, data is collected for all indicators and consequently, for each indicator four conditions are defined as ‘‘acceptance”, ‘‘low deviation”, ‘‘mid deviation” and ‘‘high deviation”. A membership function is defined for each fuzzy condition (set) because an indicator cannot be allocated to just one of the above conditions. The expert system uses fuzzy rules, which are structured with Data Engine. Previous studies have introduced HSE expert system whereas this study introduces an integrated HSE and ergonomics expert system through fuzzy logic. Berman Kayis and Nivit Charoenchai “Development of a Knowledge-Based System for Non powered Hand Tools (TOOL EXPERT): Part I—The Scientific Basis” The need for developing a clear and concise guide for designing, selecting, and using hand tools would minimize if not eliminate acute–chronic trauma exposure factors and help
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improve efficiency, well-being, and morale. Despite several research efforts devoted to the exploration and understanding of the interrelation between human capabilities, task requirements, nature of tasks, and ergonomically designed hand tools, there appear to be several problems in utilizing existing knowledge in practical use. One of the most important barriers is the lack of interaction of several specialists from different backgrounds. In this article, TOOL-EXPERT, a knowledge-based system developed to assert the ergonomical nonpowered hand tool design, selection, and use, is explained, which will provide a guideline to several users from various backgrounds. The system is designed to run in any IBM-compatible personal computer system. Knowledge from several domains was included. The type of knowledge used in the research was selected to be a declarative knowledge. Altogether it includes 423 goals, 35 questions, and 40 rules. I. Gonzalez, P. Morer “Ergonomics for the inclusion of older workers in the knowledge workforce and a guidance tool for designers” The ageing of the population and the inverted population pyramid is bringing important changes to society as a whole. These changes are associated with the inclusion of an older workforce in knowledge work and the challenge they represent in adapting the work environment accordingly. In order to approach a more universal design of the work environment, industrial NCADOMS-2016
designers need support from user sensitive inclusive design studies. While there are plenty of guidelines and tools containingrelevant information, there is a need to develop more appropriate tools for Industrial Designers that cover the initial phase of the design process. This study provides a review of the available tools and guidelines and proposes a theoretical framework intended for developing a design guidance tool for inclusive workstation design. E. H. C. Woo, P. White & C. W. K. Lai “Ergonomics standards and guidelines for computer workstation design and the impact on users’ health – a review” This paper presents an overview of global ergonomics standards and guidelines for design of computer workstations, with particular focus on their inconsistency and associated health risk impact. Overall, considerable disagreements were found in the design specifications of computer workstations globally, particularly in relation to the results from previous ergonomics research and the outcomes from current ergonomics standards and guidelines. To cope with the rapid advancement in computer technology, this article provides justifications and suggestions for modifications in the current ergonomics standards and guidelines for the design of computer workstations.
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C.E. Siemieniuch, M.A. Sinclair, M.J.deC. Henshaw Global drivers, sustainable manufacturing and systems ergonomics. This paper briefly explores the expected impact of the ‘Global Drivers’ (such as population demographics, food security; energy security; community security and safety), and the role of sustainability engineering in mitigating the potential effects of these Global Drivers. The message of the paper is that sustainability requires a significant input from Ergonomics/Human Factors, but the profession needs some expansion in its thinking in order to make this contribution. Creating a future sustainable world in which people experience an acceptable way of life will not happen without a large input from manufacturing industry into all the Global Drivers, both in delivering products that meet sustainability criteria (such as durability, reliability, minimised material requirement and low energy consumption), and in developing sustainable processes to deliver products for sustainability (such as minimum waste, minimum emissions and low energy consumption). Appropriate changes are already being implemented in manufacturing industry, including new business models, new jobs and new skills. Considerable highlevel planning around the world is in progress and is bringing about these changes; for example, there is the US ‘Advanced Manufacturing National Program’ (AMNP)’, the German NCADOMS-2016
‘Industrie 4.0’ plan, the French plan ‘la nouvelle France industrielle’ and the UK Foresight publications on the ‘Future of Manufacturing’. All of these activities recognise the central part that humans will continue to play in the new manufacturing paradigms; however, they do not discuss many of the issues that systems ergonomics professionals acknowledge. This paper discusses a number of these issues, highlighting the need for some new thinking and knowledge capture by systems ergonomics professionals. Among these are ethical issues, job content and skills issues. Towards the end, there is a summary of knowledge extensions considered necessary in order that systems ergonomists can be fully effective in this new environment, together with suggestions for the means to acquire and disseminate the knowledge extensions. A. Azadeh, M. Rouzbahman, M. Saberi, F. Valianpour, A. Keramati “Improved prediction of mental workload versus HSE and ergonomics factors by an adaptive intelligent algorithm” This study proposes an adaptive intelligent algorithm for forecasting and improving mental workload among operators with respect to HSEE in large gas Treatment Company. The algorithm is composed of reliability, verification, validation and forecasting mechanisms through robust mathematical and statistical methods, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy
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Inference System Algorithm (ANFIS). To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSEE are completed by operators. The average results for each category of HSEE are used as inputs and mental workload is used as output in the algorithm. The efficiency of ANN is examined against ANFIS by use of Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results concluded that ANN provides better solutions than ANFIS. Therefore, ANN is used to forecast and rank operators performance with respect to HSEE and mental workload. Normal probability technique is used to identify outlier operators. Moreover, operators with inadequate mental workload with respect to HSEE are identified. This would help managers to foresee if operators are satisfied with their mental workload in the context of HSEE. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the intelligent algorithm is shown by error analysis in contrast with conventional regression approaches. This is the first study that introduces an adaptive algorithm for efficient forecasting of mental workload with respect to HSEE program in complex systems. Na Qi†‡ & Xun Zhang “Innovation in Ergonomics course teaching, based on knowledge management” Ergonomics is a fundamental course in product design majors. The situation and problems in course teaching are summarised in this article, as well as those features and usability of knowledge management NCADOMS-2016
that could be applied in the teaching. Hence, knowledge management, which is applied successfully in business, is now introduced into course teaching. The teaching of Ergonomics is discussed based on knowledge management theory; and progressive teaching content, combined with a modular course structure, is outlined. The course is practical and assignment-driven with group collaboration, while making use of the network course platform. The feasibility was demonstrated through implementation and feedback from students. Joanna Bartnicka “Knowledge-based ergonomic assessment of working conditions in surgical ward – A case study” This article aims at identifying the mechanisms of knowledge management in the selection and integration of ergonomic methods for the evaluation of working conditions of nursing staff and surgeons in surgical wards. The criterion for choice of given category of work was specified for individual workstation based on the results of empirical research taking into account a case study of trauma and orthopaedics. There were established procedures of ways for integrating methods and tools depending on appointed category of work. In the study there were used such ergonomic methods and evaluation factors as: OWAS, REBA, RULA, NIOSH, monotype tasks, energy expenditure and computing tools: 3D Static Strength Prediction Program 3D SSPP, Energy
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Expenditure Prediction Program EEPP, Anthropos ErgoMax, CAPTIV L2100. In addition, the tools of competence matrix and decision tables are used to identify the category of work as well as to select an integrated ergonomic assessment. The presented research methodology of ergonomic assessment has been performed along with continuation of works on the development project titled: Knowledge-based shaping of working conditions in health care units, funded by the National Centre for Research and Development in Poland. The aim of the project was to establish a computer system based on ICT technologies for supporting hospital processes, which was called ‘‘Virtual hospital’’. Alberto SanchezLite, Manuel Garcia, Rosario Domingo, Miguel Angel Sebastian “Novel Ergonomic Postural Assessment Method (NERPA) Using Product-Process Computer Aided Engineering for Ergonomic Workplace Design” Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) that result from poor ergonomic design are one of the occupational disorders of greatest concern in the industrial sector. A key advantage in the primary design phase is to focus on a method of assessment that detects and evaluates the potential risks experienced by the operative when faced with these types of physical injuries. The method of assessment will improve the process design identifying potential ergonomic improvements from various design alternatives or NCADOMS-2016
activities undertaken as part of the cycle of continuous improvement throughout the differing phases of the product life cycle. Sue Hignett, Lynn McAtamney “Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)” This technical note details the preliminary stage in the development of a postural analysis tool, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). REBA has been developed to will a perceived need for a practitioner's "eld tool, specially designed to be sensitive to the type of unpredictable working postures found in health care and other service industries. A team of ergonomists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses collected and individually coded over 600 postural examples to produce a new tool incorporating dynamic and static postural loading factors, human}load interface (coupling),and a new concept of a gravity-assisted upper limb position. Initial reliability for interobserver coding shows promise but further work is needed to establish the validity of the tool. Ali Azadeh, Mohammad Sheikhalishahi “An Efficient Taguchi Approach for the Performance Optimization of Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics in Generation Companies” A unique framework for performance optimization of generation companies (GENCOs) based on health, safety, environment, and ergonomics (HSEE) indicators is presented. Methods: To
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rank this sector of industry, the combination of data envelopment analysis (DEA), principal component analysis (PCA), and Taguchi are used for all branches of GENCOs. These methods are applied in an integrated manner to measure the performance of GENCO. The preferred model between DEA, PCA, and Taguchi is selected based on sensitivity analysis and maximum correlation between rankings. To achieve the stated objectives, noise is introduced into input data. Results: The results show that Taguchi outperforms other methods. Moreover, a comprehensive experiment is carried out to identify the most influential factor for ranking GENCOs. Conclusion: The approach developed in this study could be used for continuous assessment and improvement of GENCO’s performance in supplying energy with respect to HSEE factors. The results of such studies would help managers to have better understanding of weak and strong points in terms of HSEE factors. Anne Curtney “The Impact of Computer Aided Design on HumanFactors in Aviation Safety” This paper will review the impact of computer-aided design (CAD) upon aviation safety. In particular, the paper looks at how CAD has incorporated human factors principle - that is, the type of people who use the technology – into the design-making process. On the whole, CAD technology is an enormous improvement on older aviation design because it allows designers to visualize NCADOMS-2016
situations in three-dimensionality throughout the design process. CAD can provide a very good visualization overview of human interaction with the product (in this case, the pilot user interface of a cockpit). M Augello, KW Beck, P Cattin, A Bruno, P Jürgens Using a Computer-Assisted and Robot-guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO) inbone surgery - considerations on ergonomics, system accuracy and biologicalresponse Outcome of literature Survey The main objectives of the expert system can be summarised as follows: * To guide the user to important ergonomic concepts; * To constrain ergonomic factors by invoking appropriate models; * To inform the user of unacceptable factor constraints; * To advise the user of relationships between factors; * To assist the user in making 'What if' speculations; * To produce a summary of the final constraints on the factors. With ergonomic design we are not allowed the luxury of being completely 'in the know' with respect to the task which we shall be designing for. The dual aims of the system are therefore to provide the ergonomics novice with the detailed guidance he requires and yet allow the more experienced user the autonomy to move freely around the system examining such areas as he thinks fit when he thinks fit. In order to
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cater for both the expert and novice user the expert system has to be organised into a number of different levels. Conclusion The various papers have outlined the potential benefits that to be gained from using expert systems to assist in ergonomic design. The various authors have demonstrated these benefits using a number of knowledge bases containing ergonomics expertise in conjuction with the expert system. An understanding of ergonomics while designing a workplace can improve day to day routine works in a manufacturing organization and at the same time enhance work quality and productivity, by eliminating the risks of MSDs, aches, pain and stresses at work. However, the expected level of application of ergonomics in manufacturing systems is yet to be achieved, since the complete information about ergonomics standards and data is not available. An extensive survey which was carried out as a part of the proposed work revealed the need of ergonomics related information and data, and also significant issues related to application of ergonomics in manufacturing organizations. The survey also leads to the identification of a strategy to develop a computer assisted system for ergonomics which is proposed in the current paper. The proposed system is expected to enhance the level of application of ergonomics knowledge NCADOMS-2016
and data in manufacturing systems, and results in safe and healthy working conditions and also increase in quality of work and productivity. Furthermore, it has demonstrated that the tentative ideas which a designer normally brings to preliminary design do not have to be sacrificed when he sits down at a computer terminal. It is possible for a computer based design system to accept these vague ideas and reason with them whilst assisting and encouraging the user to develop a more concrete view.
1) Ashraf Shikdara,*, Saeed Al-Araimia, Bill Omurtag “Development of a software package for ergonomic assessment of manufacturing industry” Computers & Industrial Engineering 43 (2002) 485–493 2) Ole Broberg*, Vibeke Andersen, Rikke Seim “Participatory ergonomics in design processes: The role of boundary objects”, applied ergonomics 42 (2011) 464-472. 3) Robert Feyen!,*, Yili Liu!, Don Cha$n!, Glenn Jimmerson", Brad Joseph", Computer-aided ergonomics: a case study of incorporating ergonomics analyses into workplace design, Applied Ergonomics 31 (2000) 291-300 4) Narelle Skepper!, Leon Straker",*, Clare Pollock A case study of the use of ergonomics information in a heavy engineering design process, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26 (2000) 425- 435
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5) Suman Mukhopadhyay , Sanjib Kumar Das and Tania Chakraborty, “Computer Aided Design in Digital Human Modeling for Human ComputerInteraction in Ergonomic Assessment: A Review” International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (print): 2249-7277 ISSN (online): 2277-7970)Volume-2 Number-4 Issue-6 December-2012 6) J. Laring a,c,*, K.-J. Falk b, R. Kadefors a,c, R. Ortengren “Computer aided workplace design: An approach to create a tool for the production engineer”, InternationalJournal of Industrial Ergonomics 17 (1996) 323-330 7) XUN XU and MIRO DUHOVIC, “Computer-aided Concurrent Environment for Manufacturing Education”, Int. J. Engng Ed. Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 543±551, 2004 8) Atiya Alzuheri, Lee Luong, and Ke Xing, An Integrated Design Support Methodology for Walking Worker Assembly Lines, proceedings of international multiconference of engineers and computer scientists 2010 Vol III, IMECS 2010, march1719, 2010, Hong Kong. 9) Jun-Ming Lu, Mao-Jiun J. Wang, A Computer-aided Production System for Mass Customization in Fashion, Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University, Computer Science. Applied Computer Systems. 2011Volume 46 104. 10)Mohammad Fam, Azadeh A.,Azam Azadeh M. “Modeling an Integrated NCADOMS-2016
Health, Safety and ErgonomicsManagement System: Application to Power Plants”, J Res Health Sci, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 1-10, 2007. 11)Karolina Kazmierczak, Jørgen, Winkel And Rolf H. Westgaard, Car disassembly and ergonomics in Sweden: current situation and future perspectives in light of new environmental legislation, Int. j. prod. res., 01 april 2004, vol. 42, no. 7, 1305–1324. 12)Samuel A. Oyewole, Joel M. Haight, Andris Freivald, “The ergonomic design of classroom furniture/computer work station for first graders in the elementary school”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 40 (2010) 437-447. 13)Claudia Parcells, M.S.N., R.N., Manfre0d Stommel, And Robert P. Hubbard, “Mismatch of Classroom Furniture and Student Body Dimensions, Empirical Findings and Health Implications”, Journal Of Adolescent Health 1999;24:265–273 14)Majorkumar Govindaraju, Arunkumar Pennathur and Anil Mital “Quality improvement inmanufacturing through humanperformance enhancement” Integrated Manufacturing Systems 12/ [2001] 360±367. 15)Arijit K. Sengupta, Biman Das, Human: An Autocad based three dimensional anthropometric human model for workstation design,
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International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 19 (1997) 345-352 16)A. Azadeh, I.M. Fam, M. Khoshnoud, M. Nikafrouz, Design and implementation of a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of an integrated health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system: The case of a gas refinery, Information Sciences 178 (2008) 4280–4300 17)A. Azadeh, M. Rouzbahman, M. Saberi, F. Valianpour, A. Keramati, Improved prediction of mental workload versus HSE and ergonomics factors by an adaptive intelligent algorithm, Safety Science 58 (2013) 59-75. 18)Ali Azadeh, Mohammad Sheikhalishah, An Efficient Taguchi Approach for the Performance Optimization of Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics in Generation Companies, Safety and Health at Work 6 (2015) 77- 84. 19)Matthew S. Rogers, Alan B. Barr, Boontariga Kasemsontitum and David M. Rempel, A threedimensional anthropometric solid model of the hand based on landmark measurements, Ergonomics Vol. 51, No. 4, April 2008, 511–526. 20)Pin-Chieh Wang, David M. Rempel, Eric L. Hurwitz, Robert J. Harrison, Ira Janowitz and Beate R. Ritz, Selfreported pain and physical signs for musculoskeletal disorders in the upper body region among Los NCADOMS-2016
Angeles garment workers. Work 34 (2009) 79 – 84. 21)Biman Das’ and Arijit K. Sengupta, Industrial workstation design: A systematic ergonomics approach, Applied Ergonomics Vol 27, No. 3. PP. 157-163. IY96 22)Jeffrey E. Fernandez, (1995),"Ergonomics in the workplace", Facilities, Vol. 13 Iss 4 pp. 20 – 27 23)V.Mahesh, A.Kandaswamy, and R.Venkatesan, A Rule-based Expert System for ECG Analysis, International Journal of Engineering and Technology V ol. 1, No.3, August, 2009 ISSN: 1793-8236 24) M. Mattila, Computer-Aided Ergonomics and Safety - A challenge for integrated ergonomics International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 17 (1996) 309-314 25)Jen-Gwo Chen, Robert E. Schlegel, and J.Brian Peacock, a ComputerAssisted System for Physical Ergonomics Analysis, Computers ind. Engng Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 261269, 1991 26) Osama Abdel Rasheed Mansour, Olfat A Diab Kandil The use of Knowledge Based Expert System Approach in Examining Causes of Low Back Pain in Computer users European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.50 No.3 (2011), pp.352-362
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27) Pascale Carayon, Sarah Kianfar, Yaqiong Li, Anping Xie, Bashar Alyousef, Abigail Wooldridge “A systematic review of mixed methods research on human factors and ergonomics in health care”. Applied ergonomics 51 (2015) pp 291-321 28|) Cinzia Muriana, Tommaso Piazza, Giovanni Vizzini “An expert system for financial performance assessment of health care structures based on fuzzy sets and KPIs” Knowledge-Based Systems 97 (2016) pp 1-10 29) Hsin-Chieh Wua, Hao-Long Honga, and Yu-Cheng Lin “Application of Computer-aided Ergonomic Simulation in Designing Supine Computer Workstation” 30) A. Azadeh, I.M. Fam, M. Khoshnoud, M. Nikafrouz Design and implementation of a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of an integrated health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system: The case of a gas refinery 31) Berman Kayis and Nivit Charoenchai Development of a Knowledge-Based Systemfor Nonpowered Hand Tools (TOOL EXPERT):Part I—the Scientific Basis, Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, Vol. 14 (3) 257–268 (2004) 32) I. Gonzalez, P. Morer “Ergonomics for the inclusion of older workers in the NCADOMS-2016
knowledge workforce and a guidance tool for designers” Applied Ergonomics 53(2016) 131-142. 33) E. H. C. Woo, P. White & C. W. K. Lai “Ergonomics standards and guidelines for computer workstation design and the impact on users’ health – a review” Ergonomics, 2015, ISSN: 0014-0139 (Print) 1366-5847. 34) C.E. Siemieniuch, M.A. Sinclair, M.J.deC. Henshaw Global drivers, sustainable manufacturing and systems ergonomics Applied Ergonomics 51(2015) 104-119. 35) A. Azadeh, M. Rouzbahman, M. Saberi, F. Valianpour, A. Keramati “Improved prediction of mental workload versus HSE and ergonomics factors by an adaptive intelligent algorithm” safety science 58 (2013) 5975 36) Na Qi†‡ & Xun Zhang “Innovation in Ergonomics course teaching, based on knowledge management”World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education 2015 (WIETE) World Transactions on Engineering and Technology EducationVol.13, No.4, 2015 pp589-592 37) Joanna Bartnicka “Knowledge-based ergonomic assessment of working conditions in surgical ward – A case study”. Science safety 71 (2015)178-188 38) Alberto SanchezLite, Manuel Garcia, Rosario Domingo, Miguel Angel Sebastian “Novel Ergonomic Postural
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Assessment Method (NERPA) Using Product-Process Computer Aided Engineering for Ergonomic Workplace Design”August 16, 2013 39) Sue Hignett, Lynn McAtamney “Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)”Applied Ergonomics 31 (2000) 201-205 40) Ali Azadeh, Mohammad Sheikhalishahi “An Efficient Taguchi Approach for the Performance Optimization of Health, Safety, Environment and Ergonomics in Generation Companies”. Safety and health at work 6 (2015) 77-84
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41) Anne Curtney “The Impact of Computer Aided Design on HumanFactors in Aviation Safety” School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal 2011 pp 99-110 42) M Augello, KW Beck, P Cattin, A Bruno, P Jürgens Using a ComputerAssisted and Robot-guided Laser Osteotome (CARLO) inbone surgery, European Cells and Materials Vol. 30. Suppl. 1, 2015 (page 28) ISSN 14732262
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