5th INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE - DESIGN 98, MAY 19-22, 1998,
DUBROVNIK-CROATIA. Design for X. Brabie G., Chirita B.{}. University of Bacau.
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Dr Jane Marshall. Product Excellence using 6 Sigma. Module. PEUSS 2012/
2013. Design for X. Page 2. Objectives of the session. • Introduce Design for X.
Design for X Dr Jane Marshall Product Excellence using 6 Sigma Module PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
Page 1
Objectives of the session • Introduce Design for X • Discuss Specific Design for X methods
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Design for X • Concurrent engineering is a contemporary approach to DFSS. • DFX techniques are part of detail design • To improve: – life-cycle cost; quality, increased design flexibility, and increased efficiency and productivity
“X” in DFX is made up of two parts: life-cycle processes x and performance measure (ability) (Huang 1996). • Effective approach to implement concurrent engineering. • System design •
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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System design • Systems and its characteristics – System is an interrelated set of components, with identifiable boundary, working together for some purpose
•
A system has nine characteristics: – – – – – – – – –
Components----------------------Subsystems Interrelated components A boundary A purpose An environment Interfaces Input Output Constraints
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Interface
Environment
Components Input
Output Boundary PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X Interrelationship
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System characteristics • A component • an irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a system, also called a subsystem
• Interrelated components • Dependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystems
• Boundary • The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and that sets off the system form its environment
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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System characteristics • Purpose • The overall goal or function of a system
• Environment • Everything external to a system that interacts with the system
• Interface • Point of contact where a system meets its environment or where subsystems meet each other.
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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System characteristics • Constraint • A limit to what a system can accomplish
• Input • Whatever a system takes from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose
• Output • Whatever a system returns from its environment in order to fulfill its purpose
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Design for X
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Logical and Physical system description • Logical system description • Description of a system that focuses on the system function and purpose without regard to how the system will physically implemented
• Physical system description • Description of a system that focuses on the how the system will be materially constructed
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Important system concepts •Decomposition •Modularity •Coupling •Cohesion PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Decomposition Is the process of breaking down a system into smaller components in order to: – Focus on one area at a time – Concentrate one component pertinent to one group of users – Build different components at independent times
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Modularity and Coupling • Modularity – Dividing a system up into chunks or modules of a relatively uniform size. To Simplify the redesign and rebuild process
• Coupling – The extent to which subsystems depend on each other. – Subsystem should be independent as possible. If one subsystem fails and other subsystem are highly dependent on it, then the other will either fail themselves or have problems functioning
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Design for X
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Cohesion • A cohesion is the extent to which a subsystem performs a single function.
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Design for X tools • • • • • • •
Design for Manufacture and Assembly; Design for Reliability; Design for Maintainability; Design for Serviceability; Design for the Environment; Design for Life Cycle Cost; Etc.
PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Design for manufacture and assembly • Consider during concept stage to reduce cost of redesign later • Involvement of manufacturing engineers and supply chain management at concept phase • Involve investigating waste • Reducing number of standalone parts • DFA time – identifies cost of assembly and efficiency • Investigate alternatives through experimentation • Error-proofing – poke-yoke PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Design for Reliability • Analyse load-strength relationship • Design out inherent weaknesses – Analyse potential failure mechanisms and remove or accommodate – Analyse potential failure modes – past data – suppliers history
• Plan for reliability improvement • Plan correct testing PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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What is Reliability? • Quality over a period of time • The ability of an item to perform a ‘required function’ under ‘stated conditions’ for a ‘stated period of time’. • Reliability is an aspect of engineering uncertainty and therefore measured using probability PEUSS 2012/2013
Design for X
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Why is reliability important? • • • •
Costs of unreliability or unavailability Safety Competitiveness Examples: – Airline costs – Automotive reputation – Military equipment availability
