Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
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Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net. The inputs. Set separation. Neural Network paradigms. Designing a
neural network for forecasting financial time series. 29 février 2008. Designing a
...
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
29 f´evrier 2008
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
What a Neural Network is ?
Each neurone k is characterized by a transfer function fk : ! outputk = fk
X
wik xk
i Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
From a mathematical point of view, a neural network is a function f : RN → RM where the function f is defined as the composition of other function gi : Y f = gi = gn ◦ gn−1 ◦ ... ◦ g1 i∈I
Therefore a neural network define a function fw where w is the vector of weights. The idea is to find the best approximator of a function in the space defined by :
C = {fw1 ,w2 ,..,wn }w ∈Rn
+
Where n is the total number of weights. Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
What a Neural network is not ? A neural network is not a magic system that takes inputs and find a way of making money by itself ! !
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Therefore it is highly important to choose the input data and to calibrate the Neural Net. Nelson and Illingworth outline 8 steps on designing a neural net. 1. Variable Selection 2. Data collection 3. Data processing 4. Training, testing and validation set 5. Neutal network paradigms : I I I I
Number of hidden layers Number of hidden neurons Number of output neurons transfer functions
6. Evaluation Criteria 7. Neural Network training I I
Number of training iteration learning rate and momentum
8. implementation Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Succes in designing a neural net depends on the clear understanding of the problem. A neural network can find complex relations between variables, but it is more likely to find them it it is given various technical indicators that are likely to be corralated for economic reasons. For instance one could input : I
Returns of stocks and index.
I
Bid/Ask and volumes traded
I
Stock price of Microsoft and Apple
I
Price of petrol and stock price of GE
One may think to more complicated inputs taking already taking some correlation information into account. Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
I I I
The researcher would select the NN which performs the best over the testing set. The testing set´s size is ranging from 10% to 30% of the training set. To prevent risk of overfitting, the size of the training set must be at least five times the number of weights.
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Number of hidden layers
I
The hidden layers provide the network with its ability to generalize.
I
In theory one layer is enough to approximate any continuous function.
Both theory and empirical work suggest that putting more four layers (one input, one output and two hidden) will not improve the results. Increasing the number of hidden layers, increases the risk of over-fitting and increases computation time.
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Number of input and hidden neurons
For a three-layers network it has be suggests that the hidden layer should have approximately : p ninput × moutput If we use one minutes quotes we have per day : 7 × 60 = 560 values divided in 450 in the training set and 110 in the testing set. So we could at most have 90 weights. We can have approximately 20 hidden neurons...
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
Number of output Neurons
Using multiple outputs will produce inferior results as compared to a network with single output.
Designing a neural network for forecasting financial time series
Neural Net The inputs Set separation Neural Network paradigms
