Determination of the concentration of ammonia that ...

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences ©2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

www.arpnjournals.com

Treatment of Chicken Processing Wastewater using HUASB Coupled with Aerated Lagoon N. Falilah Mat Daud1 , Ab. Aziz Abdul Latiff1 , Zulkifli Ahmad1 , Zawawi Daud1 , Adeleke Abdul Rahman. O1 , 1

Department of Water Engineering and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn M alaysia, 86400, Parit Raja Batu Pahat, Johor, M alaysia. E-M ail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Anaerobic wastewater treatment can be used as an effective treatment for chicken wastewater considere d as medium strength wastewater. In this study, upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) and hybrid -UASB (HUASB) reactors were combined with aerobic treatment using aerated lagoon (AL) for the treatment of chicken wastewater. It involves the use of steel slag as a filter material in the HUASB reactor. The objectives is to investigate the effects of the temperature, sludge bed development, and removal rates of pollutant during the operation. Three reactors were used in this study, R1 and R3 operated at ambient temperature (26±3°C) and R2 at thermophilic temperature (50±5°C). R1 and R2 were filled with seed sludge up to approximately 50% of their volumes also steel slag filter medium were installed into the top halves of the R1 and R2 reactors. R3 was seeded with sludge only (no filter medium was installed) and all reactors were operated continuously. From the observation, the BOD decreased to a minimum of 20 mg/L at earlier increase of OLR from 0.78, 1.07, 1.52 and 1.95 g.COD/L.d. The pH was found to be in the range of 5.50 to 9.00 which may inhibit biogas production. The combination of UASB/HUASB with AL has the highest of 88% percentage of COD for R1, 91% COD removal for R2 and 84% for R3. Also there was pH increases for R3 and decreases for R2 and R1 due to different OLR. The combination of the reactors has proven to be an alternative treatment method for chicken wastewater. Keywords: Chicken Processing Wastewater Anaerobic Digestion

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed

Aerated Lagoon

Steel Slag

INTRODUCTION Wastewater is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. It comprises liquid waste discharged by domestic, industrial, sources of varieties of potential contaminants and concentrations. Wastewater is typically classified in one of three categories: high strength, medium strength and low strength. These classifications are usually based on several factors, such as the amount of organic material in the water, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) content, suspended solids, amount of dissolved oxygen in the wastewater and the temperature of wastewater (Ellis et al., 2010). Also, industrial wastewater such as poultry slaughterhouses also produce substantial amounts of wastewater containing high amounts of biodegradable organic matter, and colloidal matters such as fats, proteins and cellulose (Mijinyawa and Lawal, 2008). Chicken processing wastewater (CPW) consists of various constituents in the forms of particulates, organics and nutrients. Its typically having floating material such as scum and grease (Rajakumar et al., 2011). After initial screening of course particles, CPW is mainly composed of diluted blood, fat and suspended solid. It can also possibly contain manure (Samsudin, 2010). CPW is the cumulative wastewater that is generated by uncollected blood, feathers, eviscerations and cleaning of the live haul area at a slaughter plant. The slaughter of poultry can be divided into five major steps; transporting and unloading, hanging and slaughtering, bleed out, scalding and evisceration. The steps of bleed out, scalding, and

evisceration have the greatest impact on CPW stream (Husain and Brian, 2011). The typical consumption of water for a slaughterhouse varies from 0.8 to 6.7 m3 /ton live weight in the U.S and comprises 80% of the fresh water input. Most of the consumed water from a slaughterhouse is discharged as wastewater, including high amounts of organic matter ranging from 4.7 to 9.9 kg BOD5 per slaughtered animal in the U.S with 40 - 60% of insoluble fraction (Ellis and Evans, 2008). Rajakumar et al., (2011) had reported that in India’s poultry industry has been a major activity in aspects of production chicken livestock. The discharge of this wastes ultimately leads to the environmental pollution in aspects of high BOD, COD, TSS and other various pollutants. Poultry plant may produce wastewater range from 5 to 10 gallons per bird with 7 gallons being a typical value. In 2013, Sunder and Satyanarayan have found that slaughterhouse wastewater depicts BOD/COD ratio 0.6 indicating its highly biodegradable nature. The slaughter house wastewater causes de-oxygenation of the water bodies (river) and ground water contamination. Over the years, the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater by various methods such as aerobic an d anaerobic biological systems and hybrid systems have been intensively studied (Bazrafshan et al., 2012). Anaerobic reactors have been successfully installed in fullscale plants worldwide for treating high-strength industrial wastewater (Kavitha, 2009). Wastewater must be treated before it is discharged into river or other water bodies in order to

3740

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608


www.arpnjournals.com reduce environmental pollution. The Malaysian Environmental Quality Act 1974 prohibits the discharge of toxic pollutants without written permission into water bodies (Samsudin, 2010). Meanwhile, Mijinyawa and Lawal (2008) had stated that the use biological method of treatment which involves bio organisms either in aerobic or anaerobic condition can reduce pathogenic loads. The UASB reactor is the most widely and successfully used high rate anaerobic technology for treating several types of wastewater (Mahmoud, 2008). Khan et al., (2014) had reported that the UASB technology is considered a sustainable method for environmental protection and resource recovery. The BOD and SS removal efficiency from UASB may vary from 55% to 75% for sewage treatment in India. The hybridUASB (HUASB) attached with anaerobic filter which is an upgrade of UASB has become more advanced and effective wastewater treatment method (Oktem et al 2007; Ibrahim 2014). HUASB has also been successfully applied as treatment system in palm oil mill wastewater (Habeeb et al., 2011). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Setup Three units of cylindrical reactors were made using acrylic material with 1000 mm and 90 mm of height and diameter respectively. The active volume of reactor was 6.28 L and operated at two different temperatures. The reactors were labelled R1, R2 and R3. The reactor R1 (HUASB) was operated in ambient temperature (26±3 o C), R2 (HUASB) in thermophilic condition (50±5o C). UASB reactor operated as R3 with same temperature as R1. The sludge blanket was placed at the bottom of reactor to encourage microbial growth. The list of reactors was illustrated in Table 1. Table 1 List of reactors and operational conditions Set of reactor

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Packing filter media

R1 R2 R3

R1-H (HUASB) R2-H (HUASB) R3-U (UASB)

AL AL AL

Steel slag Steel slag None

*AL=Aerated lagoon

Furthermore, steel slag was installed at the upper part of reactors to implement the attached growth of microorganisms. The gas-liquid-solid (GLS) separator was placed at the top to collect volume of gas. After being treated in the HUASB/UASB, the effluent were treated in AL. The AL reactor was built in dimension 58 cm x 24 cm x 29 cm which gives 40.4 liters of volume. The AL reactor was functioned as aeration tank which were aerated 24 hours by an aeration pump. All reactors R1, R2, R3 were fed continuosly by a persitaltic pump from a feeding tank. The reactor start-up operational conditions are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Specification and details of experiment Specification

Temperature Volume of reactor Volume of steel slag Volume of sludge Active volume of reactor Start-up flow rate Start-up HRT Start-up OLR

Details of the reactor R1 UASB (R1-H) 26±3 °C (ambient) 7.85 L 1.41 L

R2 HUASB (R2-H) 50±5 °C (thermophilic) 7.85 L 1.41 L

R3 UASB (R3-U) 26±53°C (ambient) 7.85 L 1.41 L

2.36 L 6.28 L

2.36 L 6.28 L

2.36 L 6.28 L

2.88 L/d 2.18 day 0.80 g COD/L.d

2.88 L/d 2.18 day 0.80 g COD/L.d

2.88 L/d 2.18 day 0.80 g COD/L.d

Chicken Processing Wastewater Chicken processing wastewater (CPW) was used as feed in this study and was collected from Janah and Zahari Chicken Centre in Parit Raja. Due to the presence of solid particle matter in the CPW, raw sample was screened with a sieve 1 mm diameter. Then, it was kept in chiller at 4°C. The characteristic of raw chicken processing wastewater as shown in Table 3. Table 3. Characteristic of raw chicken wastewater Janah and Zahari Chicken Processing Centre Parameter

Value

pH Temperature (oC) DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) Total Phosphorus (mg/L) Nitrogen Ammonia (mg/L)

7.31 24.4 1.43 268 1500 283 50.49 35.59

Start-up period Feed tank was placed into refrigerator to avoid biodegradation of sample before being treated. The chicken processing wastewater was fed using peristaltic pump (Cole-Parmer, Masterflex® L/STM) with initial flow rate at 2 ml/min for all reactors and the flow rate maintained until first steady state was achieved. During the experiment, OLR and HRT were changed after every steady state was achieved. The OLR for start-up period of all reactors was 0.80 g COD/L and HRT maintained at 2.18 days. When the effluents performed ± 90% COD removal for a period of one week, a steady state was achieved and the operation continues using new OLR, HRT by adjusting the flow rate until reactors failed. Table 4 shows the operation condition for start-up period of HUASB/UASB and AL.

3741

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608


www.arpnjournals.com Table 4 The start-up operational conditions of reactors Steady state

OLR (g COD/L.d)

HRT (days)

1 2 3 4 5

0.80 1.24 1.86 2.48 3.09

2.18 1.45 1.09 0.87 0.73

The configuration of wastewater treatment system is shown in Figure 1

Figure 1 Wastewater treatment system Support media In this study, steel slag was used as a support media for stimulation of microbial growth. Steel s lag is a by-product of the steel making and steel refining processes. Normally steel slag shape is similar to ordinary crushed stone. It was placed into HUASB with size range from 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm.

Sampling and analysis Influent (untreated) and effluent (treated) from influent tank and HUASB/UASB (primary treatment) and aerated lagoon (secondary treatment) were analysed three times a week. Sampling collection was done to identify the performance of the systems. After samples collected, laboratory analysis of parameters were performed. The parameters investigated were chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and pH. All these parameter were analysed according to the s tandard method of water and wastewater examination APHA 2012. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Reactor Performance At initial stage, all reactor, R1, R2 and R3 started under specific conditions of OLR and HRT. During the earlier part of the start up period, the COD removal for all reactor were high because of the presence of microbes in the sludge bed. The high COD in the reactor was as a result of soluble microbial product in the activated sludge. According to Kunacheva et al (2014), the presence have effect on the performance of the UASB reactor. For R1, COD removal of >90% was achieved by the 56th day. Meanwhile for R2, it reached its first steady state at day 44 while for R3 the microorganism population started to acclimatize on the 40th day since the COD removal was constant in the range of 90 to 94% for a week. After the systems achieved their first steady state, the OLR was increased to 1.24 gCOD/L.d with HRT of 1.45 day. Immediately after changing to new OLR, removal efficiency decreased. This is because microbial populations need to adjust to new OLR. The percentage of COD removals for all system are shown in Figure 2, 3, and 4 respectively.

.

Figure 2 Percentage COD removal for R1

3742

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608



Figure 3 Percentage COD removal for R2

Figure 4 Percentage COD removal for R3 pH analysis The raw chicken wastewater used in this study has a value of pH around 5.5 to 9. The pH value of effluents for R1and R2 were a bit alkaline during the start and early days of the treatment. pH value of higher

than 7.8 will inhibit biogas production (Pallavi, 2012). Meanwhile for R3, an increase in pH from 6.5 to 7.5 was observed. This is consequently the result of fermentation process between pH 5 to 7. Figure 5 shows the pH value of the systems.

Figure 5 pH value of the system

3743

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608


www.arpnjournals.com BOD concentration In this study, the concentration of BOD5 decreased after treatment. As shown in Figure 6, the highest concentration of influent between 200 to 270 mg/L for all reactors. After treatment, the BOD readings decreased to minimum of 20 mg/L at earlier stage of the treatment. The stepwise increase of OLR from 0.78 to 1.07, 1.52 and 1.95 g.COD/L.d increased the concentration of BOD to 97 mg/L at each change of OLR value for reasons stated earlier. Ding et. al (2015) stated

that increased in the OLR in the treatment of high strength antibiotic wastewater resulted in increased in effluent BOD5. Meanwhile, the concentrations of BOD5 for R2 range between 10 to 186 mg/L illustrated in figure 7 and 25 to 155 mg/L for R3 in figure 8. Figures 6, 7, 8 show that there are significant decrease of BOD between the influent and the effluent of R1, R2, and R3 indicating the reactors are efficient in removing BOD as well as COD as discussded before.

Figure 6 BOD concentrations for R1

Figure 7 BOD concentration for R2

3744

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608



Figure 8 BOD concentrations for R3

CONCLUSION From the result of the investigation, it can be observed that high rate of removal of COD is possible. The removal efficiency of 88%, 91% and 84% were recorded respectively for R1, R2 and R3. Finally, according to COD removal efficiency, the R2 treatment system was more efficient compared to R1 and R3. This is due to the higher operation thermophilic temperature and also the presence of filter steel slag media. The use of UASB/HUASB combined with aerated lagoon has proven to be an effective alternative treatment method for chicken processing wastewater.

Ellis.T.G & Mach. Kristin.F. (2010) Static Granular Bed Reactor. U.S. Patent 670,9591.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the FRGS 1071 grant and Office of Research, Innovation, Commercialization and Consultancy Management (ORICC) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) and for supporting this research project. Also many thanks to the staff of wastewater laboratory and environment laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UTHM for their support.

Husain S.Plumber & Brian H.Kiepper. (2011). Impact of Poultry Processing by Products on Wastewater Generation, Treatment And Discharges. Proceeding Paper for Georgia Water Resources Conference.

REFERENCES

Ibrahim.M.S.S. (2014). Treatment of Food Processing Industrial Wastewater Using Two Stages Anaerobic System. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia: Thesis, Master Civil Engineering.

Bazrafshan. E, Mosrafapour. F. K, Farzadkia. M, Ownagh. K. A, Mahvi. A. H. (2012). Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment by Combined Chemical Coagulation an d Electrocoagulation Process. PLoS ONE, 7(6). Ding, L., Xu, X., Zhang, J., Shao, J., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Performance of oxidation-reduction potential-based hydrolysis and acidification process for high-strength antibiotic wastewater treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment, pp. 1--6.

Ellis T.G & K.M. Evans. (2008). A New High Rate Anaerobic Technology, The Static Granular Bed Reactor (SGBR), for Renewable Energy Production From Medium Strength Waste Streams. Journal of Waste Management and The Environment IV, 109. Gao. D, Liu. L, Liang. H, Wu.W. M. (2011). Comparison of Four Enhancement Strategies for Aerobic Granulation in Sequencing Batch Reactors. Journal of Hazardous Material, 186, pp. 320--327.

Habeeb.A. S, Abdul Latiff. A. A, Daud. Z, Ahmad. Z. (2011b). A Review On Granules Initiation and Development Inside UASB Reactor and The Main Factors Affecting Granules Formation Process. International Journal of Energy and Environment, 2(2), pp.311-- 320 .

Kunacheva. C and Stuckey. D. C (2014). Analytical methods for soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymers (ECP) in wastewater treatment systems: A review. Water Research, 61, pp. 1—18. Khan. A.A, Gaur. R. Z, Mehrotra. I, Diamantis. V, Lew. B, Kazmi. A. A. (2014). Performance Assessment of Different STPS Based on UASB Followed by Aerob ic

3745

VOL. 11, NO. 6, MARCH 2016

ISSN 1819-6608


www.arpnjournals.com Post Treatment Systems. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering 2014. Kavitha.K. (2009). Feasibility Study of Upflow Anaerobic Filter For Pretreatment of Municipal Wastewater. University of Singapore: Thesis, Master Civil Engineering Mijinyawa.Y & Lawal. N. S (2008). Treatment Efficiency and Economic Benefit of Zartech Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plant, Ibadan, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(6), pp. 219--223. Mahmoud. N. (2008). High Strength Sewage Treatment in a UASB Reactor and an Integrated UASB-Digester System. Journal of Bioresource Technology, 99, pp. 7531-7538. Oktem. Y. A, Ince. O, Sallis. P, Donnelly. T, Ince. B. K. (2007). Anaerobic Treatment of a Chemical Synthesis Based Pharmaceutical Wastewater in a Hybrid Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. Journal Bioresource Technology, 99, pp. 1089—1096. Pallavi. B (2012). Effects of Thermal Hydrolisis Pretreatment on Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: Thesis, Master of Science in Civil Engineering. Rajakumar. R, Meeanambal. T, Banu. J. R., Yeom. I.T (2011). Treatment of Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater in Upflow Anaerobic Filter Under Low Upflow Velocity. International Journal Environment Science Techn ology, 8 (1), pp. 149--158 Samsudin. M. (2010). Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Fruit Enzyme. University of Teknologi Malaysia: Thesis. Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering (Civil-Environ mental). Sunder.G.C & Satyanarayan. (2013). Efficient Treatment of Slaughterhouse Wastewater by Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor Packed with Special Floating Media. International Journal of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 2, pp. 73--81.

3746