Development, growth, feeding and reproduction of Ceratomegilla undecimnotata, Hippodamia variegata and Coccinella septempunctata fed on the tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae P. J. Skouras, J. T. Margaritopoulos, K. D. Zarpas & J.A. Tsitsipis
Phytoparasitica ISSN 0334-2123 Phytoparasitica DOI 10.1007/s12600-015-0455-4
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Author's personal copy Phytoparasitica DOI 10.1007/s12600-015-0455-4
Development, growth, feeding and reproduction of Ceratomegilla undecimnotata, Hippodamia variegata and Coccinella septempunctata fed on the tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae P. J. Skouras & J. T. Margaritopoulos & K. D. Zarpas & J.A. Tsitsipis Received: 29 May 2014 / Accepted: 16 January 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract The demographic parameters and the larval aphid consumption of the predatory coccinellids Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) and Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider) were examined at five constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, and 29 °C). The same parameters were determined for Coccinella septempunctata L. at 23 °C. A red Myzus persicae nicotiannae Blackman clone reared on tobacco leaves was used as prey. Preimaginal development of H. variegata and C. undecimnotata ranged from 12.4 to 40.6 days and 14.4 to 48.5 days at 17 °C to 29 °C, respectively. The corresponding thermal summation P. J. Skouras : K. D. Zarpas : J. Tsitsipis Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str., Nea Ionia 38 446 Magnesia, Greece J. T. Margaritopoulos Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26, Larissa 41 221, Greece Present Address: P. J. Skouras (*) Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology, Department of Agricultural Technologists, Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese, 24 100 Antikalamos, Kalamata, Greece e-mail:
[email protected] e-mail:
[email protected] Present Address: J. Tsitsipis Mainalou 4, 15 235 Vrilissia, Greece
constants were 211 and 256 DD (day-degrees). Total and mean daily larval consumption at 26 °C were 84.2 and 8.7 aphids, for H. variegata and 129.1 and 9.4 aphids, for C. undecimnotata, respectively. At 23 °C, the mean fecundity of H. variegata, C. undecimnotata and C. septempunctata was 882, 656 and 586 eggs, respectively. The duration of the oviposition periods was 47.6, 50.4 and 73.4 days, respectively. The demographic parameters calculated for H. variegata, C. undecimnotata and C. septempunctata, were as follows: intrinsic rate of increase (rm) 0.129, 0.084, and 0.061 female/female/day; mean generation time (T) 42.4, 59.1, and 69.3 days; net reproductive rate (Ro) 241.9, 142.7, 67.3 female/female; and population duplication time (DT) 5.4, 8.3, and 11. 4 days. Total aphid consumption by a pair of adult male and female was 2381 aphids in H. variegata and 3242 aphids in C. undecimnotata. The possible role of the three predator species as biocontrol agents is discussed. Keywords Hippodamia variegata . Ceratomegilla undecimnotata . Coccinella septempunctata . predators . Myzus persicae
Introduction Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are generalist predators feeding on a diverse range of prey. Aphids are the principal food of ladybirds, whereas coccids, mites, honeydew, pollen, nectar and mildew are recorded as secondary food (Bianchi and Van Der Werf 2004;
Author's personal copy Phytoparasitica
Deligeorgidis et al. 2005). Hippodamia variegata (Goeze), Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider) and Coccinella septempunctata L. are among the most abundant ladybird species in Greece (Kavallieratos et al. 2004; Karagounis et al. 2006). Ceratomegilla undecimnotata is a native species and preys only on a few aphids species (Hodek and Honek 1996), such as Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (Brun and Iperti 1978) and Aphis fabae Scopoli (Iperti 1965; Brun and Iperti 1978), whereas H. variegata and C. septempunctata prey on several aphid species and other arthropods (Obrycki and Kring 1998; Kontodimas and Stathas 2005). The potential feeding rate, developmental time, survival and size of ladybirds vary with food and environmental conditions (Kalushkov and Hodek 2005). There is also experimental evidence that the nutritional value of the same aphid species for the pre-imaginal development of coccinellids may vary according to aphid host plants (Giles et al. 2002). The green peach aphid, M. persicae is considered one of the most serious pests worldwide (Blackman and Eastop 2000). Its host range includes over 400 plant species from 40 different plant families. It is a vector of over 200 plant viruses (Blackman and Eastop, 2000). In Greece, M. persicae s.l. is an important pest of peach, and especially the tobacco adapted subspecies M. persicae nicotianae Blackman (known as the tobacco aphid) causes severe damage to tobacco due to direct feeding and by transmitting non-persistent plant-viruses (Katis et al. 1992). In Greece, M. persicae is controlled mainly with chemical insecticides. This has led to the development of resistance in the peach and tobacco aphid populations to most of the chemical groups of insecticides used for aphid control (Margaritopoulos et al. 2007). The insecticides used are known to cause mortality of beneficial organisms, residue problems, hazards to man and animals, besides polluting the environment. Limited information is available on the biology and/or ecology of C. undecimnotata (Kontodimas et al. 2008). There is no data dealing with prey consumption of this predator or with the effect of temperature on larval development and consumption. However, extensive studies have been performed on the effect of temperature on preimaginal development and survival, growth and sex ratio, thermal requirements for development, aphid consumption and life table parameters in H. variegata and C. septempunctata (El Hag and Zaitoon 1996; El Habi et al. 2000; Lanzoni et al. 2004; Katsarou et al. 2005; Kontodimas and Stathas 2005).
The objective of this study was to investigate the temperature-dependent development, demographic parameters and prey consumption of C. undecimnotata, H. variegata and C. septempunctata, when fed on M. persicae as prey reared on tobacco at five constant temperatures. Coccinella septempunctata was studied only at 23 °C in order to be used as a reference for comparison with the other two species, as it had been studied previously in Greece (Katsarou et al. 2005).
Materials and Methods Insect rearing A red clonal culture of M. persicae nicotianae was established in the laboratory from aphids collected from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), at Katerini, North Greece, in June, 2004. The culture was maintained on potted plants of tobacco (oriental type, cv. Σ79). The plants were kept inside wooden framed cages (40 × 45 × 50 cm) with a wooden washable flush floor; the two opposite sides and the top covered with glass and the remaining two sides covered with fine aphid proof muslin, to allow aeration and prevent aphid escape. The cages were kept at 23±1 °C, 50±5% RH and L16:D8. Hippodamia variegata, C. undecimnotata and C. septempunctata colonies were initiated with about 50 adults of each species collected on tobacco fields, at Katerini, in 2004. All predators were reared separately in the same type of cages described above. In each cage, a tobacco leaf infested with an overabundance of aphids was placed on the tobacco plants with the predators. The tobacco plants were replaced by fresh ones when necessary. The colonies of all predator species were kept at 23±0.5 °C, 50±5% RH and L16:D8. Pre-imaginal development, survival and aphid consumption Egg hatchability and incubation period were studied by placing newly laid eggs (
