Development of calculation tool for assessing the energy demand of ...

3 downloads 111310 Views 495KB Size Report
used energy and the energy sources were defined for each of the processes allowing to ... almost entirely on non-renewable energy sources and changes between ... Many different types of asphalt layers, production technologies and laying ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 163 – 172

7UDQVSRUW5HVHDUFK$UHQD±(XURSH

'HYHORSPHQWRIFDOFXODWLRQWRROIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHHQHUJ\ GHPDQGRI:DUP0L[$VSKDOW 0DUWLQV=DXPDQLVD -DQ-DQVHQE9LNWRUV+DULWRQRYVD-XULV6PLUQRYVD D

5LJD7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\7KH,QVWLWXWHRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$]HQHVVWUHHW5LJD/9/DWYLD E 7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI'HQPDUN%XLOGLQJ.JV/\QJE\'.'HQPDUN 

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

 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the ‹3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI75$ Transport Research Arena 2012 .H\ZRUGV:0$FDUERQIRRWSULQWHQHUJ\IORZ/&$



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVMHFNDEV#JPDLOFRP

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research Arena 2012 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.997

164

Martins Zaumanis et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 163 – 172

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

,QYHQWRU\ DQDO\VLV

      

       ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ

'LUHFW DSSOLFDWLRQV 3URGXFW GHYHORSPHQWDQG LPSURYHPHQW 6WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ 3XEOLFSROLF\ PDNLQJ 0DUNHWLQJ

,PSDFW DVVHVVPHQW

2WKHU

 )LJ)UDPHZRUNRIWKH/&$E\,62

Martins Zaumanis et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 163 – 172

7KHPDLQZRUNLQGHYHORSLQJFRPSOHWH/&$WRROLVWKH/LIH&\FOH,QYHQWRU\ /&, SKDVHLQZKLFKDOO WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFWV DUH GHILQHG LQ ZKROH OLIH WLPH RI DVSKDOW +XDQJ   'HYHORSPHQW RI HQHUJ\GHPDQG HQHUJ\IORZ FDOFXODWLRQPHWKRGIRUDVVHVVLQJXVHGDPRXQWDQGW\SHVRIHQHUJ\IRUWKH SURGXFWLRQLVWKHILUVWEXWDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHPRVWUHOLDEOHVWHSLQHVWLPDWLQJWKHHQWLUHHQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFW ,W FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH ³LQSXW´ RI WKH /&, ZKHUHDV IRU H[DPSOH DLU HPLVVLRQV FDQ EH FODVVLILHGDV³RXWSXW´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x (QHUJ\VDYLQJVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVRI:0$ WR EHFDXVHOHVVKHDWLQJHQHUJ\LV QHFHVVDU\ .ULVWMDQVGRWWLU  x 7KHHQHUJ\VDYLQJVLQSDYHPHQWFRPSDFWLRQRI:0$ XSWR EHFDXVHRIORZHUELWXPHQ YLVFRVLW\ 'UVFKQHU  x 7KHDPRXQWRIDGGLWLYHVXVHGLQSURGXFWLRQRI:0$ WRRIELWXPHQPDVV  ' $QJHOR  x 7KHUHODWLYHO\KLJKHUDPRXQWRI5HF\FOHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW 5$3 XVHSRVVLELOLWLHVLQ:0$ XSWR 5$3 EHFDXVHRIOHVVELWXPHQDJHLQJDQGORZHUELWXPHQYLVFRVLW\ ' $QJHOR  %DVHG RQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH VWXG\ UHVXOWV RQO\ WKH SURFHVVHV WKDW FDQ EH LQIOXHQFHG E\ VZLWFKLQJ IURP :0$WR+0$DUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQ7KHV\VWHPERXQGDULHVRIWKHFDOFXODWLRQDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ )LJXUH%XOOHWVUHSUHVHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGDUHDOVRDSDUWRIFDOFXODWLRQ 

165

166

Martins Zaumanis et al / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 163 – 172

3URGXFLQJPLQLQJRIFRPSRQHQWV

5HFO\PLQJ PDWHULDOV :0$DGGLWLYH

)LEUH

%LWXPHQ

)LOOHU

0LQHUDODJJUHJ

(PXOVWLRQ

5HF\FOLQJ

$VSKDOWSURGXFWLRQ 5$3KHDWLQJ

3ODQWPRGLILFDWLRQV SURGXFWLRQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQVWDOODWLRQRIHTXLSPHQW 

$VSKDOWSDYLQJ /D\LQJRIDVSKDOWPL[

&RPSDFWLRQ

$SSO\LQJWDFNFRDW

/LIHWLPHH[SHFWDQF\ 0DLQWHQDQFHRISDYHPHQW 

UHSUHVHQWVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ

7UHDWPHQWRIROGVXUIDFH 6\VWHPERQGDU\

1RWLQFOXGHGLQFDVHVWXG\



)LJ6\VWHPERXQGDULHVRIDVSKDOW/&,FDOFXODWLRQ

&DOFXODWLRQSULQFLSOH 0LFURVRIW ([FHOŠ VRIWZDUH LV XVHG IRU FDOFXODWLRQ 7KH FDOFXODWLRQ VWUXFWXUH RI WKH ZRUNVKHHWV LV LOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH7KHUHDUHVHSDUDWHILOHV ZRUNERRNV IRUHDFKRIWKHFDOFXODWLRQPRGXOHVDQGIRU WKHRYHUYLHZRIWKHUHVXOWV7KHUHTXLUHGLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWLVGHILQHGLQ7DEOHKDVWREHLQSXWLQWKHILUVW VKHHWRIWKHZRUNERRNILOH7KHRWKHUWKUHHVKHHWVRIWKHZRUNERRNDUHIRUUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHUHVXOWVDQGDUH OLQNHGZLWKWKHILUVWE\FDOFXODWLRQIRUPXODV7KHUHVXOWVFDQEHWUDFHGIRUHDFKRIWKHSURFHVVHVVHSDUDWHO\ ZKLFKLVQHFHVVDU\WREXLOGIXUWKHUWKH/&$PRGHO2QHPRUHVKHHWLVIRUH[SUHVVLQJWKHHQHUJ\GHPDQG VXPPDU\ IRU WKH HQWLUH PRGXOH 7KH VXPPDU\ RI HDFK ZRUNERRN LV OLQNHG WR D VHSDUDWH ILOH FDOOHG µRYHUYLHZ¶ ZKHUH WKH UHVXOWV DUH H[SUHVVHG LQ RQH WDEOH IRU HDV\ FRPSDULVRQ RI GLIIHUHQW PRGXOHV DQG EHWWHUYLVXDOL]DWLRQE\GUDZLQJFKDUWV 352&(663$5$0(7(56

81,7352&(66 0DWHULDOV SURGXFWLRQ



$VSKDOWUHFLSH 

$VSKDOWEXONGHVLW\ &RQVWUXFWLRQVLWH GLPHQVLRQV

0DWHULDOV TXDQWLW\

$VSKDOW SURGXFWLRQ 7UDQVSRU WDWLRQ

7UDQVSGLVWDQFHV FDUU\QJFDSDFLWLHV 

6XUIDFHDUHD

/D\LQJ

(1(5*$QQXDOUHSRUWIRU\HDU RI3XEOLF8WLOLLHV&RPLVVLRQ@>RQOLQH@  5LJD/DWYLD0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRPLFVRIWKH5HSXEOLF RI/DWYLD>YLHZHGRQ$XJXVW@$YDLODEOHRQWKH,QWHUQHW KWWSZZZVSUNJRYOYLQGH[SKS"LG  VDGDOD ! 

6WULSSOH+  /LIH&\FOH,QYHQWRU\RI$VSKDOW3DYHPHQWV(XURSHDQ$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW$VVRFLDWLRQ ($3$ DQG(XURELWXPH*RWKHQEXUJ,9/6ZHGLVK(QYLURQPHQWDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH/WG

Suggest Documents