(Diptera, Simuliidae) for the Turkish fauna

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New records of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) for the Turkish fauna a

Ümit Şirin & Yalçın Şahin

b

a

Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology , 26480, Eski ehir , Turkey b

Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology , 26480, Eski ehir , Turkey Published online: 28 Feb 2013. To cite this article: Ümit Şirin & Yalçın Şahin (2005) New records of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) for the Turkish fauna, Zoology in the Middle East, 36:1, 87-98, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2005.10638131 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2005.10638131

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New records of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) for the Turkish fauna


by Ümit irin and Yalçn ahin

Abstract. We here record eight black fly (Simuliidae) species for the first time in Turkey. Six of them, Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), S. (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920, S. (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915, S. (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776), S. (Simulium) noelleri Friederichs, 1920 and S. (Simulium) fontanum Terteryan, 1952, are from the tribe Simuliini. The other two are Prosimulium (Prosimulium) rufipes (Meigen, 1830) and P. (Prosimulium) tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921), from the Prosimuliini. Brief descriptions of larval and pupal stages of these species are given. Kurzfassung. Wir haben acht Arten von Kriebelmücken (Simuliidae) erstmals für die Türkei nachgewiesen. Davon gehören sechs, nämlich Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (Linnaeus, 1758), S. (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920, S. (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915, S. (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776), S. (Simulium) noelleri Friederichs, 1920 und S. (Simulium) fontanum Terteryan, 1952, zum Tribus Simuliini. Die anderen beiden Arten, nämlich Prosimulium (Prosimulium) rufipes (Meigen, 1830) und P. (Prosimulium) tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921), gehören zu den Prosimuliini. Es werden kurze Beschreibungen der Arten mit ihren Larvalund Puppenstadien gegeben. Key words. Simuliidae, black flies, Turkey, Anatolia, fauna, taxonomy, new records.

Introduction Black flies are one of the most widespread groups of insects that occur in running waters. The habitats of their larvae and pupae range from spring waters down to river estuaries, and they play an important role in running water ecosystems. Females of most species are bloodsuckers, such as Simulium erythrocephalum which is discussed later in this paper. They may be severe pests and may cause great economic losses to farmers by attacking their livestock (CROSSKEY 1990). Within the Palaearctic region, Turkey is one of the most neglected countries in terms of its Simuliidae fauna. The first paper dealing with Turkish Simuliidae fauna was published by JEDLICKA (1975), which included only one species from two different sites in western Anatolia. KAZANCI & CLERGUE-GAZEAU (1990) recorded 22 species from 21 sites, mostly in the western and central parts of the country. In that study, however, there is no indication of which species was found at which site. For this reason, it is not possible to interpret the geographic distribution of simuliids in Turkey. The checklist of World Simuliidae prepared by CROSSKEY & HOWARD (1997) and updated by CROSSKEY (1999, 2002a) and CROSSKEY & HOWARD (2004) lists 24 species from Turkey, including the species recorded by JEDLICKA (1975) and KAZANCI & CLERGUE-GAZEAU Zoology in the Middle East 36, 2005: 87–98. ISSN 0939-7140 © Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg

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(1990). In addition, BALIK et al. (2002) recorded another species for the Turkish fauna. The present study records eight species new for the Turkish black fly fauna. All these species were recorded from the upper part of the Sakarya river basin, one of the biggest river systems in Central Anatolia. In addition, short descriptions of the larval and pupal stages of the species are given, together with figures of their taxonomically important parts. Twenty-five Simuliidae species were previously known in Turkey, but the number now increases to 33 with our records. The present study was carried out within a restricted area, and so we suggest that the distributional features of these species in Turkey will be better elucidated when further studies have been conducted in other parts of the country.

Material and methods Material In the present study, a total of 463 mature blackly larvae and 315 pupae was examined. The specimens were collected from 30 localities such as streams and brooks in the upper part of the Sakarya river basin, mostly in the spring and summer months of 2000 and 2001. Fig. 1 shows the position of the collecting sites, as well as detailed information about the localities which is given in the caption. 1. Kartal stream in Takmak village of Eskiehir province, 39°42’N, 30°20’E, 890 m. – 2. Sobran stream in Eskiehir-Kütahya road 37th km., 39°44’N, 29°57’E, 900 m. – 3. Tahtaköprü stream in ° Kuzfndk village of Kütahya province, 39°42’N, 29 59’E, 920 m. – 4. Uludere stream in Yukar Sobran village of Kütahya province, 39°58’N, 29°55’E, 910 m. – 5. Porsuk brook at KütahyaÇavdarhisar road 13th km., 39°22’N, 30°00’E, 980 m. – 6. Deirmen stream in nli village of Kütahya province, 39°33’N, 30°13’E, 1060 m. – 7. Ilgn stream in Douluah village of Kütahya province, 39°32’N, 30°12’E, 1010 m. – 8. Hzar stream in ncik village of Eskiehir province, 39°33’N, 30°16’E, 1050 m. – 9. Kargn stream in Akkaya village of Eskiehir province, 39°36’N, 30°18’E, 840 m. – 10. Ilca stream in Uluçayr village of Eskiehir province, 39°36’N, 30°25’E, 810 m. – 11. Saröküz stream in Krka village of Eskiehir province, 39°51’N, 30°26’E, 815 m. – 12. Kargn stream in Yenisofça village of Eskiehir province, 39°37’N, 30°23’E, 810 m. – 13. Seydi brook in centre of Seyitgazi district, 39°30’N, 30°45’E, 932 m. – 14. Sancar stream in Sancar village of Seyitgazi district, 39°25’N, 30°40’E, 992 m. – 15. Kayr stream in Kümbet village of Seyitgazi district, 39°12’N, 30°37’E, 1060 m. – 16. Özsuyu stream in Gökbahçe village of Seyitgazi district, 39°08’N, 30°40’E, 1080 m. – 17. Akn stream in Akn village of Seyitgazi district, 39°20’N, 30°24’E, 1022 m. – 18. Seydi brook in centre of Mahmudiye district, 39°30’N, 31°40’E, 867 m. – 19. Seydi brook in Yldzören village of Çifteler district, 39°25’N, 31°10’E, 867 m. – 20. Hekimda stream in Hekimda village of Eskiehir, 39°55’N, 30°35’E, 1230 m. – 21. Sakarkaracaören stream in Sakarkaracaören village of Alpu district, 40°01’N, 30°56’E, 1310 m. – 22. Kaynarca stream in Karacaören village of Alpu district, 39°59’N, 31°05’E, 1356 m. – 23. Girdap stream in Otluk village of Mihallççk district, 40°00’N, 31°08’E, 1140 m. – 24. Domya stream in Dinek village of Mihallççk district, 39°59’N, 31°21’E, 650 m. – 25. Behçetiye stream in Behçetiye village of Eskiehir, 39°57’N, 30°04’E, 1037 m. – 26. Sarsu brook at nönü – Çukurhisar road 13th km., 39°50’N, 30°17’E, 860 m. – 27. Akar stream in centrum of Sogut district, 40°02’N, 30°10’E, 647 m. – 28. Kepen stream in Kepen village of Söüt district, 39°59’N, 30°08’E, 783 m. – 29. Kocaçay brook in Davutolan village of Nallhan district, 40°08’N, 31°38’E, 498 m. – 30. nözü stream at Beypazar - Kbrsçk road 10th km., 40°16’N, 31°59’E, 1058 m.


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Fig. 1. Map showing the collecting sites and their text reference number for the upper Sakarya river basin.

Methods Larvae and pupae were collected into 80 % ethyl alcohol and are now preserved in the same solution within plastic tubes. All the samples have been deposited in the entomology collection of Osmangazi University Biology Department in Eskiehir. The methods for preparation and examination described by BASS (1998) were followed. For the examination of specimens, a light microscope (Olympus CH20) was used. All the drawings were made with the specimens in 80% ethanol and also in temporary slide mounts, with the help of an optiphot (Nikon HFX-II). For the identification BASS (1998), BEI-BIENKO (1988), CROSSKEY (1991, 2002b), CROSSKEY & BÜTTIKER (1982), CROSSKEY & CROSSKEY (2000), CROSSKEY & MALICKY (2001), JEDLICKA & STLOUKALOVA (1997), JENSEN (1984, 1997), KNOZ (1965), RUBTSOV (1990), RUBTSOV & YANKOVSKY (1984), TERTERYAN (1968) and YANKOVSKY (2001) were used. The nomenclature used in this text follow CROSSKEY & HOWARD (1997, 2004), from which the notes on the distribution of the species are also taken. Abbreviation: U.S. = Ümit IRIN.

Results and discussion Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum (Linnaeus, 1758). Material: Site 2- 2 pupae, 15.iv.2000. Site 3- 6 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 15.iv.2000. Site 4- 2 pupae, 2 mature larvae, 15.iv.2000. Site 5- 3 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 7- 12 pupae,

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11 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 8- 1 pupa, 3 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 9- 22 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 10- 2 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 23.iv.2000. Site 11- 4 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 23.v.2000. Site 12- 10 pupae, 23.v.2000. Site 13- 8 pupae, 27.v.2000. Site 15- 31 pupae, 10 mature larvae, 27.v.2000. Site 16- 7 pupae, 15 mature larvae, 27.v.2000. Site 17- 1 pupa, 11 mature larvae, 27.v.2000. Site 26- 2 pupae, 2 mature larvae, 27.v.2001. Site 27- 1 pupa, 6 mature larvae, 27.v.2001.

Larva: Length: 6-8 mm. Body colour greenish or greyish-brown. Head capsule yellowish or pale brown. All apotom marks positive and distinct. Antero-lateral marks not separated from each other and paired on each side. Eyespots distinct and surrounded by irregularly shaped white areas (Fig. 2a). Postgenal cleft with ill-defined edge, wider than high and about 1:3 ratio of head width (Fig. 2b). Ventral papillae small and inconspicuous. Rectal organ simple, and pupal gill histoblast consisting of banana-shaped processes. Pupa: Cocoon shoe-shaped; woven regularly and with a short collar; no horn present (Fig. 9). Body length of pupae 3-5 mm. Pupal gill consists of six banana-like processes arising from the basal trunk on each side of the body (Fig. 16). Width of each filament about equal to width of the basal trunk, with the filaments tapering to the tips. General distribution: Palaearctic; from Europe and North Africa (Morocco) to China. Also in the countries bordering Turkey; recorded in Armenia and Bulgaria (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks: Simulium (Wilhelmia) equinum is one of the most widespread species in Palaearctic region (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004). It is known to range from northern Europe through to the far east of Asia. It is therefore not surprising that it is present in Anatolia. CROSSKEY & CROSSKEY (2000) reported that it is a riverine species that always seems to occur in Andalusia mixed with other species of the subgenus Wilhelmia, such as S. pseudequinum Séguy and S. balcanicum Enderlein. Similarly, we found larvae and pupae of this species mostly with those of S. pseudequinum and S. balcanicum, which were previously recorded by KAZANCI & CLERGUE-GAZEAU (1990) from Turkey. Pupae of S. equinum are easily identifiable by the banana-like gill branches (see Fig. 16). The species is not separable from S. pseudequinum and S. lineatum Meigen in the early larval stages, although its lastinstar (mature) larvae may be distinguished from pseudequinum and lineatum by dissection of the pupal histoblasts.

Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum Friederichs, 1920 Material: Site 14- 2 pupae, 2 mature larvae, 27.v.2000.

Larva: Body length 8-8,5 mm. Colour pale grey. Head capsule pale yellow. Apotom marks positive and dark brown. Posteromedian mark equilateral-triangle shaped and very distinct. Other marks little distinct but anteromedian one indistinct (Fig.3a). Postgenal cleft very small, looking like “” in appearance (Fig. 3b). Ventral papillae conspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes. Pupal gill histoblast consisting of four coiled filaments. Pupa: Cocoon simple and tightly woven (Fig. 10). Its anterior rim distinctly thickened with no horn. Length of pupae 4 mm. Pupal gill consisting of four slender filaments with two common stalks and their branching arrangement 2+2. Common stalks about equal in length. All filaments in vertical plane (Fig. 17).


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Figs. 2-8. Larval head capsules in a) dorsal view; b) ventral view. - 2. Simulium equinum. - 3. S. costatum. - 4. S. angustipes. - 5. S. erythrocephalum. - 6. S. noelleri. - 7. S. fontanum. - 8. Prosimulium rufipes.

General distribution: Palaearctic; Europe and North Africa (Algeria and Morocco) (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks: Simulium (Nevermannia) costatum is widely distributed in Central Europe and some Mediterranean countries. It is also known in Bulgaria and Romania, neighbouring countries of Turkey (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004). According to BASS (1998), all authors report on its close association with springs and stream sources, and it is generally found in permanent springs. In our study, the species was found only in one small permanent stream (site 14), and the sampling point for this species was close to the stream source. The morphological features of our specimens are similar to those of JENSEN (1984) and BASS (1998).

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Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards, 1915


Material: Site 20- 1 pupa, 3 mature larvae, 27.v.2000. Site 28- 2 pupae, 1 mature larva, 28.v.2000. Site 30- 2 pupae, 3 mature larvae, 28.v.2000. Site 35- 4 pupae, 02.iv.2001. Site 43- 2 pupae, 27.v.2001. Site 44- 17 pupae, 57 mature larvae, 27.v.2001. Site 47- 4 pupae, 23.vi.2001. Site 48- 10 pupae, 23 mature larvae, 23.vi.2001.

Larva: Body length 6-7 mm. Colour yellowish-grey and with faint transverse brown band. Head capsule pale dirty yellow. Apotom marks positive and brown. Central and front marks rather linear and their margin well defined. Side of the head with all marks distinct but often weak (Fig. 4a). Postgenal cleft square with rounded anterior corner, and as wide as 1:5 of head width; its edge well defined and dark in contrast to head capsule (Fig. 4b). Submentum with 4-5 long bristles on each side. Ventral papillae conspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes. Pupal gill histoblast with four coiled filaments, its antero-ventral corner sharply angled. Pupa: Cocoon simple and woven regularly with fine silk. Its anterior rim slightly thickened and no horn present (Fig. 11). Length of pupa 2.5-3 mm. Gill filaments four and their branching arrangement 2+2 (Fig. 18). They are longer than the whole body length. Upper two filaments with a short common stalk and also the first one with a sharp bend a short distance from the common stalk. Lower two filaments with no common stalk. All filaments held together. General distribution: Palaearctic; from Europe and North Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) to Kazakhstan and China. It was also recorded from Romania, one of Turkey’s neighbouring countries (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999 and 2002a). Remarks: Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes is a common and widespread member of the S. aureum species-group, ranging from Western Europe to China. It was also recorded in Mediterranean countries (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004). According to CROSSKEY & CROSSKEY (2000), it can be distinguished from both petricolum Rivosecci and velutinum Santo Abreu, two sibling species, by the shape of the male gonostyle (see Fig. 24), which is very broad medially compared to the other species. Among our specimens, there were two pharate male pupae collected from sites 28 and 44, and we examined their genitalia. The gonostyle of our specimens is like that described by CROSSKEY & CROSSKEY (2000). We therefore consider that our specimens, together with the others collected from other localities (see above), although all in the all larval and pupal stages, belong to angustipes.

Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) Material: Site 13- 2 pupae, 27.v.2000. Site 18- 3 pupae, 2 mature larva, 28.v.2000.

Larva: Body length 5-7 mm. Colour pale grey with reddish-brown transverse bands. A pair of small inconspicuous papillae present on each body segment dorsally. Head capsule ground-colour pale yellow. Apotom marks positive, brown and of variable density. Posteromedian marks narrow and extended. Antero-lateral marks close to median ones. Posterolateral marks inconspicuous (Fig. 5a). Ratio of postgenal cleft width to head width 1:3; its anterior margin rounded and poorly defined (Fig. 5b). Antennae fine and long. Hypostomial teeth very small. Ventral papillae occasionally conspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes.


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Figs. 9-15. Pupae. – 9. Simulium equinum. - 10. S. costatum. - 11. S. angustipes. - 12. S. erythrocephalum. 13. S. noelleri. - 14. S. fontanum. - 15. Prosimulium rufipes.

Pupa: Cocoon simple and woven with fine silk. Its anterior rim slightly thickened and no horn present (Fig. 12). Length of pupa 2.5-3 mm. Gill filaments six and their branching arrangement 2+2+2. All filaments equal and about 2-2.5 mm in length. Paired filaments arising on very short common stalks. The upper and lower pairs deviating vertically, but middle pair horizontally (Fig. 19). General distribution: Palaearctic; from Europe to Kazakhstan and China. Also in the neighbouring countries of Turkey: recorded from Romania and Greece (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks: Simulium (Boophthora) erythrocephalum is known to be a common species of lowland streams and rivers, such as those in the Danube basin in northern and central Europe. It was found in two weedy lowland streams (site 13 and 18) in the upper Sakarya basin. This finding supports knowledge of the habitat preferences of S. (B.) erythrocephalum. It is the most abundant species of the subgenus Boophthora in the western Palaearctic,


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Figs. 16-22. Pupal gill structures. - 16. Simulium equinum. - 17. S. costatum. - 18. S. angustipes. - 19. S. erythrocephalum. - 20. S. noelleri. - 21. S. fontanum. - 22. Prosimulium rufipes.

and is also reported from the far east of Asia (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004). The larva of this species can be easily distinguished by the two inconspicuous papillae on the abdominal segments.

Simulium (Simulium) noelleri Friederichs, 1920 Material: Site 11- 2 pupae, 5 mature larvae, 23.v.2000.

Larva: Body length 6-8 mm. Colour greyish-brown. Head capsule ground-colour pale brown. Apotom marks like ill-defined “H”-shaped. Eyebrow marks surrounded by light areas (Fig. 6a). Postgenal cleft deep, clear edged and tapering to a point (Fig. 6b). Ventral papillae small and inconspicuous. Rectal organ with secondary lobules. Pupa: Cocoon simple and loosely woven mostly with coarse silk. Anterior part of cocoon with small gaps and openings (Fig. 13). Its anterior rim with no horn. Pupa about 3.5-4.5 mm in length. Gill filaments eight and their branching arrangement 3+3+2 or 3+2+2+1


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Figs. 23-25. -23. Larval head capsule of Prosimulium tomosvaryi, a-dorsal view, b-ventral view, chypostomial teeth. - 24. male gonostyle of Simulium angustipes. - 25. male ventral plate of S. fontanum.

(Fig. 20). All filaments equal and about 2-2.5 mm in length. Fourth filament from top much thicker than the others at base. General distribution: Palaearctic; from Europe to Siberia and China. Also in the neighbouring countries of Turkey: recorded from Armenia and Romania (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks: Simulium (Simulium) noelleri is known to occur frequently at the outlets from lakes and ponds. BASS (1998) stated that it is one of the most abundant species to be found in such outlets in the British Isles. In our study, S. (S.) noelleri was found in only one running water source (site 11) which is the outlet from a reservoir. The species is easily distinguished by the branching arrangement of the pupal gills (see Fig. 20). S. (S.) noelleri is mainly widespread in the north-west Palaearctic, but is also recorded from the far east of Asia. Additionally, CROSSKEY & HOWARD (1997) stated that it may be found in Canada and Alaska according to chromosomal data.

Simulium (Simulium) fontanum Terteryan, 1952 Material: Site 3- 80 pupae, 79 mature larvae, 15.iv.2000. Site 6- 6 pupae, 4 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 11- 30 pupae, 8 mature larvae, 23.v.2000.

Larva: Body length 6-8 mm. Colour greyish-green. Head capsule ground-colour pale brown. Apotom marks inconspicuous except for postero-median one (Fig. 7a). Postgenal cleft deep


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and rounded anteriorly (Fig. 7b). Apical teeth of the mandible short and broad compared with other species of the ornatum-group. Ventral papillae small and inconspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes. Pupa: Cocoon weakly woven, slightly perforate and with a weak anterior rim (Fig. 14). Pupa about 4-4.7 mm in length. Gill filaments eight and their branching arrangement 2+2+2+2 (Fig. 21). All filaments equal in length. Second pair from top in horizontal plane but the others in vertical. The lowermost common stalk elongated. General distribution: It is recorded from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Romania and Russia (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, CROSSKEY 1999). Remarks: According to CROSSKEY (2002b) S. (S.) fontanum is a species of the Simulium (S.) ornatum-group that occurs in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Romania. He stated that its species validity is not fully certain because KACHVORYAN et al. (2000) have found recently that the polytene chromosomes of larvae from S. fontanum localities in Armenia had band sequences identical to those found in larvae from S. (S.) caucasicum Rubtsov sites, suggesting that fontanum – despite some reported morphological differences – might be synonymous with caucasicum. However, CROSSKEY (2002b) treated S. (S.) fontanum as a valid species and recorded it from Iran on the basis of a reared adult male. He stated that this male has the beak-like process of the ventral plate broadly tapered. We examined the genitalia of a pharate male pupa, and its ventral plate (see Fig. 25) is as described by CROSSKEY (2002b). Additionally, the pupal gill arrangement and cocoon structure of our specimen fits the description in CROSSKEY (2002b). The cocoon is weakly woven, slightly perforate and with a weak anterior rim, and the pupal gills have an elongate lowermost common stalk.

Prosimulium (Prosimulium) rufipes (Meigen, 1830) Material: Site 6- 29 pupae, 138 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 8- 5 pupae, 13 mature larvae, 16.iv.2000. Site 25- 3 mature larvae, 11.iv.2001.

Larva: Body length 8-9 mm. Colour dark greyish-brown. Head capsule ground colour-dark brown. Apotom marks positive but not clearly distinguishable because of the darkness of the ground-colour. Central marks extended and postero-median mark like a club (Fig. 8a). Posterolateral marks inconspicuous. Postgenal cleft shallow and its edges well-defined (Fig. 8b). The ratio of cleft width to that of head capsule 1:3. Central tooth of hypostomium longer than lateral teeth. Ventral papillae small and inconspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes. Pupal gill histoblast with 16 coiled filaments. Pupa: Cocoon irregularly shaped and loosely woven (Fig. 15). It fully covers pupa. Pupa about 5-5.5 mm in length. Gill filaments sixteen and arising from four or five diverging common stalks (Fig. 22). Width of filaments varying and their length less than half of body length. General distribution: Palaearctic; Central Europe and Mediterranean countries including Algeria and Morocco (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks: Prosimulium (Prosimulium) rufipes is one of several European species with 16 pupal gill filaments (CROSSKEY, 1998). KAZANCI & CLERGUE-GAZEAU (1990) reported another species from Anatolia, Prosimulium (Prosimulium) pronevitschae Rubtson, which has 16 gill filaments in the pupal stage. This species is very similar to P. (P.) rufipes, having the very long prominent median tooth of the larval hypostomium. However, rufipes differs from pronevitschae in having short blunt ovipositor valves instead of long acuminate ones

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(CROSSKEY & MALICKY 2001). We examined the terminalia of a pharate female pupa and confirmed this. Furthermore, the tooth configuration of the larval hypostomium of our specimen is as illustrated by KNOZ (1965) who reported it incorrectly as P. fuscipes Von Roser. Our specimens belong to P. rufipes, not to pronevitschae.


Prosimulium (Prosimulium) tomosvaryi (Enderlein, 1921) Material: Site 22- 32 mature larvae, 03.iv.2001. Site 23- 10 mature larvae, 04.iv.2001.

Larva: Body length 7.5-8 mm. Colour brown. Head capsule ground-colour dark brown. Apotom marks not clearly distinguishable because of the darkness of the ground-colour (Fig. 23a). Antero-, postero-median marks more conspicuous. Postgenal cleft shallow but wide (Fig. 23b). Hypostomium lateral teeth shorter than central tooth (Fig. 23c). Mandibular preapical ridge with spines or serrations, reducing in size and number proximally. Ventral papillae small and inconspicuous. Rectal organ with three simple lobes. Pupal gill histoblast with 24-26 coiled filaments. General distribution: Palaearctic; Central Europe, British Isles, Mediterranean countries including Algeria, Morocco and Transcaucasia (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997, 2004, CROSSKEY 1999, 2002a). Remarks : Prosimulium (Prosimulium) tomosvaryi is widely spread in western and southern Palaearctic region (CROSSKEY & HOWARD 1997). It ranges from the British Isles through to Transcaucasus, and so its presence in Anatolia is not surprising. It is easily recognised in the pupal stage by the 24-26 gill filaments. In our material, there are no pupae although most specimens are last-instar larvae. So the identification of our material is based on the pupal gill histoblast. It expanded in 10% KOH prior to mounting and showed 24-26 filaments, this number lying within the filament number range of 20-26 known for P. tomosvaryi. Additionally, the shape of the hypostomial teeth is the same as figured by BASS (1998).

Acknowledgement. We would like to thank Dr. Frank JENSEN, Denmark, for his confirmation of our identifications. This article is partly based on the PhD thesis of Ümit IRIN, completed in 2001 and supervised by Yalçn AHIN.

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Authors’ addresses: Assist. Prof. Dr Ümit irin, Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 26480 Eskiehir, Turkey. – Assoc. Prof. Dr Yalçn ahin, Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 26480 Eskiehir, Turkey. – E-mail contact: [email protected].