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Disaster-preparedness and recovery: a priority for telecom regulatory agencies in liberalized environments Rohan Samarajiva LIRNE.NET, Economics of Infrastructures Section, Faculty of Technology, Policy, and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan, The Netherlands

International Journal of Regulation and Governance

1(2): 181–196

Abstract Telecom infrastructure is assigned a special position in policy because of its important role in the everyday functioning of society. In addition to the direct effects of loss of service, telecom failures cripple coordination capabilities, hindering rescue and recovery operations. Effective disaster-preparedness and recovery is a socio-political objective that any government must attend to. In the case of government- or privatemonopoly provision, the government may issue general directives to the management, directly intervene in management functions under ‘emergency’ conditions, and assume all or the bulk of disaster recovery costs. In the ‘new’ order of private provision of telecom services, a different response is required. Disaster-preparedness and recovery by private operators cannot be ensured through licenses or concessions alone. The impossibility of making long-term contracts that address all contingencies applies with amplified force to disaster-related provisions. Therefore, independent regulatory agencies are a part of the solution. This paper addresses the theory and practice of regulatory intervention in disaster-preparedness and recovery drawing from a pilot study conducted by the Telecom Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka with the support of ICO Global Communications in 1998/99. The elements of effective design of appropriate legislative and license provisions are discussed. Issues of cost containment of disaster-preparedness and recovery measures and the allocation of responsibilities and risks are delineated and the benefits of competitive markets and new technologies for effective use of telecommunications in disaster management are identified.

Rohan Samarajiva

182

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1(2): 181–196

Disaster-preparedness and recovery

191

ëìLíìîRïð ñžìòóîð ëôìí.õEö4ìD÷*óø ó îù>ñìðúûü$ýóúúôíþ;úìóüNíìë.ðüYü$ôü$ë.ÿëaðû ëð ññ iýôíúóî$üúôü$ð ü$ëó îûïð íðþ>ó ï9ó íë5õ ýó6ôíüYë î ïóíëdëýðëI÷3ôññbÿìëý òîóøó íë*íó ë÷Tì î eìøóîñìð úið íúiðüYü$ôüYëTúôüYðüYëó îûï9ðíð þ>ó ïóíëTòóî$ü$ìííóñ ôübðIòî$ôìîRôë   ð ññž ü üYë)óïiõö9óîóIëýóIíó ë÷3ì+ î 4úì+óüNíì+ëaÿñôíúñ Kü$ýó úWð í  ð íQú2ð ññ ðññü Eôëgÿñì  Eü ðññübëýð ëgðîóKíìëgôúóíQëô :ôóú2ðübòîRôìî$ôë ðññübôí ìîúóîdëìió íð ÿñóeëýìü$óe÷3ôëý8òî$ôìîRôë Së ì ü$óeëýóeíóë÷Tì î :ìîcúôü$ðüYëó îû ïð íð þóïóíë;ò îYòìü$óüõ ýó'ïó  ý+ðíô  ð ñ ð ü$òó ëüSì dôïòñó ï9ó íëôíþ=ð òîYôìîRôë  ü  ü$ëóïÑìí9ð :ô óú9íóë÷3ì î cðîó÷*ó ññ íì÷3í.õ ýóbúô :ô ñë ýóîó ôügëýóîóþ ñð ëì+ î  ëð ü cì  îóðëôíþcð íú9ïð ôíëð ôíôíþð í9ð îð ëóò+î$ôìîRôë  ñôüYëað íúSó í ü î$ôíþ;ëýðë.ëýódìòóîðëìîRü3üYëîRô  ëñ Ið ÿôúódÿ Iëýócü$ëð ëó úS î ñóüõ  ôø óíWëýódúóü$ôîódëìLÿódð ÿñódëì ì+ï9! ï íô  ð ëódôíW" ð îRôü$ôü3ü$ôë ðëôìí.ùôë.ôü òìü$ü$ôÿñóSëýð ë òóî$ü$ìí ü í# ìííó ëóú|ëì'úôüYðü$ëóîdïð íðþ>ó ï9ó íë÷3ôññ*þ>ó ë ìí6ëýó;ñôüYë5ù íñóü$üôë*ôü ðîó ñ$ñ ;ïð íðþ>ó ú. õ ý ó %€î$'ô &að#í ð íFìòóîð ëì+î$ü óòîó ü$üYó ( ú ì+#í ó îRíWëýðëaëýódó >ôü$ëó #í óIì fðIòîRôìîYôë I ü  ü$ëóïéôíWìíódíó ëû ÷*ì î ð íú4íìë€ôí4ð íìëýó 'î  ì ñú;ÿ)ó ü$óú4ð üaðNñì÷3ûòîì :ôñóNï9ð*î Eóëôíþ ëìì+ñ ð þð ôíü$ë ëý ó :ìîRïóîùEÿó ð üYóKïìü$+ë ìí ü ïóîRüN÷Tì ñú2íìë ñô EóKëýóKôúóð ì.ÿó ôíþ9úîìòòó, ú :îìïëýóKíó ë÷*ì+*î ôí6ðKúôüYðü$ëóî3ü$ôë ðëôìí.õ - ë ð òòóðî$üëýðë íìë óíì þ>ý2ô ü íì+÷3í6ðÿì ë ëýóKôïòñó ï9ó íëð ëôì+í6ì  òîYôìî$ôë ; ü üYëó ïübôí6ïìÿôñóKíó ë÷Tì î üõ .;íñô EóKô í :ô >ó ú2íó ë÷3ì î ü÷3ýóîó ðdòð î1ëô ñð î*#í ï9ÿó î ôüTòóî5ïð íóíë$ñ dð ëëð ýóúSëìðdü$òó $ô :ô cü$÷3ôë ýfùëýó îóñðëôìíü$ýôòSÿó ë÷Tóó ( í  ð ññ~ìîRôþDôíðëôíþ4ôíü$ë î ïó íëüNð íú2ëýóIü$÷3ôë  ýóüNôü ï!#ýHïìî/ ó :ñ ôú%ôí\ï9ìÿôñóiíóë÷Tì î üõ 01ìîúôíþ=ëœ2 ì 03íúó î$ü$ìí%ð íú  ìD4 ÷ 36 ü 58799':;dîó ü$óð î ý&ô= í ü ðíFÿ? ó :ì íú.@õ 0TíúóîRüYìíið íú  ìA ÷ 58799':; ýðøó4ôúóíëôû :ôó úWðKòîìÿñó ïé÷3ôëýWòî$ôìî$ôë K ü  ü$ëóïüNëýðëañð  üNð í2óðBü Kü$ì$ñ ëœôìí.Dõ C_îYôû ìî$ôë & ü  ü$ëó ï9üSð ü$ ü ïó'ëýð ë;ëý+ó&úôü$ð ü$ëóîLï9ðíð þ>ó îYE ü ðí%ÿó'ôúóíëô :ôóú ÿó :ìîó ýð íú.õ>ö4ì÷*óøóîù>ôë.ôüTíì+ë.òìüYü$ôÿ+ñócëìðü$Bü ïódëýð ë.ëýìü$óc÷Ný+ìLîóû ó  ìï! ï íô  ð ëôìG í  ð òðÿôñôëôó6 ü :ì+îúôü$ðüYëó îïðíð þ>ó ïóíQëKð îó'ëýó F ôî/ òìñôëô ðñ3ñó ð úóîRü$ý+ôòfùžëýó2òìñô  ó+ù :ôî, ó :ôþ>ýëó î$ü9ð íú!Bü # ý|òó îYü$ìííó Hñ ôí ï9ð#í 6 ð ü$óüùðú8ýì Lóïó îþó#í eïð íðþ>ó îYüIóïóîþ>6 ó :îì+ï ëýó  ìïI ï û íôë KðíúWòñð KëýóIïìü$Jë î$ôëô ðñ~îìñó ü õ Solutions

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International Journal of Regulation and Governance 1(2): 181–196

Rohan Samarajiva

192

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1(2): 181–196

Disaster-preparedness and recovery

193

º»¼½?¾#½º“¿)ÀÁ*ÂEÃBÄ#ÁU¼»¼½Å}ÆÇZ½ÈÄ#ÉʺÀÁËIÊȽ¾#Ì»½Ã>ÌʾÃBºÄ#Å#ËI¿1ÊËÃ>ÀÍ+»¾#ÌÀÁ*Î Ï ÀÁ ʺ»¾#È4ºÐ»Ã[à ºÁ ½¾#ȺÐ!ºÐÁ ÀÄ#ÈÐ!ºÐ½>Å#½à »ÈD¾!ÀÍ˜Ê ÏÏ Á*À Ï Á »Êº½’»¾#º½Á ÌÀ¾#¾#½ÌÎ º»À¾Ñʾ#ÅѺÊÁ »ÍÍ Ï Àɻ̻½èºÐʺ§¿[ÀÄ#É$ÅÒ½¾#ÌÀÄ#Á ÊȽ »Ó Ï ÀÁ ºÊ¾#ºGà ÀÌ»ÊÉ ÀÁ Èʾ#»Ôʺ»$À¾#Ã?ºÀ²Àպʻ$¾Ö»¾#ÍÁ Êà ºÁ Ä#̺Ä#Á ½(à ½Á¼»Ì½Ã?ÍÁ ÀÓÑÓ!ÀÁ ½(ºÐʾÖÀ¾#½ Ã Ä ÏÏ É»½ÁOÆמ»ºЧºÐ½=»¾#ÌÁ ½Êà »$¾#Ȟ»Ó Ï ÀÁ ºÊ¾#̽²ÀÍ ¿1»Á ½É$½à Ã2ØÙÕÀºЧÓ!ÀÕ»É$½ ʾ#ÅEÍ»$Ú½Å#ÛZ»¾EºÐ½^º½É½ÌÀÓAà ½ÌºÀÁOÜ»º_Ó!ÊË4Õ½^¾#½Ì½à ÃBÊÁUË4ºÀ!Å#½¼½ÉÀ Ï6Ï Á ÀΠ̽Å#Ä#Á ½ÃZÍÀÁ+Á ½ÃB½ÁU¼½^ÌÊ Ï ÊÌ»ºË^ʾ#Å6à ÐÊÁ »$¾#È Ï Á À̽Å#Ä#Á ½ÃZÀ¾6ʾ#º½¾#¾#Ê^ºÀ¿1Î ½Á ÃÜ¿1лÌÐ(ÊÁ ½ ºÐ½"Ó!Àà ºJ¼Ä#ɾ#½Á*ÊÕɽ ½É½Ó!½¾#ºÃÀÍKºÐ½à ½"¾#½º¿ZÀÁ ÂDÃÆ Ý Ð½’É$À¾#ÈÎ*º½Á ÓÞÃBÀÉÄ#º»À¾6ºÀIÅ#»$à Êà º½Á+Á ½ÌÀ¼½OÁË^É$»½ÃZ»¾6ºÐ½ Ï Á*À Ï ½Á+ÊÉÉ$ÀÎ Ìʺ»À¾/ÀÍ[Á »à ÂEÕ½ÍÀÁ*½Ðʾ#Å­Ø Ï Á ½Í½Á ÊÕÉ$Ë!Õ½ÍÀÁ ½I¾#½¿–»$¾#¼½à ºÀÁBÃ^½¾#º½ÁºÐ½ Ó!ÊÁ ÂD½ºÛ?ÃBÀžºÐʺ^ºÐ½»¾#̽¾#º»¼½ÃIÊÁ ½ Ï Á À Ï ½Á É$ËÊɻȾ#½Å_Æß"Õ¼»ÀÄ#ÃBÉ$Ë@Ü'ºÐ½ »à¾#¼O½à ºÀÁÐÊÃIºÀ2Õ½ÊÁà ÀÓ!½ Ï ÊÁUº^À͒ºÐ½,ÌÀà ºÃIÀÍ>Á ½ÌÀ¼½ÁUËÆß"ºÐ½Á*¿)»à ½ ºÐ½Á ½¿)ÀÄÉ$Å!Õ½¾#À»¾#̽¾#º»¼½>ºÀÕÄ#»ÉÅ!ʾ#Å!Ó!Ê»¾#ºÊ»$¾!Á*ÀÕÄ#à ºà Ëà º“½ÓIÃÆUáZà ºÐ½6»$¾¼½à ºÀÁ4»¾2Ê(Á*½ÈÄ#É$ʺ½Å2Ó!ÊÁ ÂD½ºÅ#À½à ¾#Àº>Ðʼ½Eʾž½Êà Ë(À Ï º»À¾2ÀÍ ½ÚD»ºUÜW»º˜»Ã_ÊÉà À"Á ½Êà À¾#ÊÕɽ)ÍÀÁ}ºÐ½)ÌÀ¾#ÃBÄ#Ó!½Á Ã_ºÀ"Õ½ÊÁ Ï ÊÁ º˜ÀÍnºÐ½)ÁB»$à ÂÆ á[à ÕÀºÐºÐ½?ÈÀ¼½Á ¾#Ó!½¾#ºZʾ#ÅhºÐ½?Ƚ¾#½Á ÊÉ Ï À Ï Ä#Éʺ»À¾Ðʼ½?ʾh»$¾#º½Á ½à ºZ»¾ ºÐ½ Ï Á ÀÓ Ï º[Á ½ÃBºÀÁ ʺ»$À¾hÀÍ+¼»ºÊÉ}ÃB½ÁU¼»Ì½ÃÜ»$º[»Ã>ÊÉà À(Á ½Êà À¾nÊÕɽ?ºÀ,ÊÉÉ$ÀÎ Ìʺ½ Ï ÊÁ º4ÀÍ>ºÐ½Á »à Â/ºÀžºÐ½ÈÀ¼O½Á ¾#Ó!½¾#ºUÆ@×2Ðʺ^»$ÃI»Ó Ï ÀÁUºÊ¾#º4»ÃIºÐʺ ºÐ½ÃB½Å#½Ì»$ÃB»$À¾#ÃKÓ!Ä#à º˜Õ½)ºÊÂD½¾?Õ½ÍÀÁ ½ºÐ½)Å#»$à Êà º½Á}ÀÌÌÄ#Á ÃKʾ#Å?ºÐʺ˜ºÐ½Ë Ó!Ä#à º}Õ½ Ï ÊÁº}ÀÍ'ºÐ½^ÂD¾#À¿)ɽÅ#ÈD½^ÕÊà ½^ÀÍ'ºÐ½4»¾¼½à ºÀÁWÆOá1Å6ÐÀÌ^à ÀÉÄ#º»$À¾#à »¾!ºÐ½>Êͺ½ÁUÓIʺÐIÀ͘Ê>Å#»à Êà º½Á_ÊÁ ½¾#½Ì½à à ÊÁUË>»¾!à ÀÓ!½ÌÊà ½ÃÜÕÄ#ºÅ#½ºÁ Ê̺ ÍÁ ÀÓâºÐ½ ÌÁ ½Êº»$À¾ÀÍK̽ÁUºÊ»¾#ºË?¾½Ì½à ÃBÊÁUË?ÍÀÁ)»¾#¼½à ºÓ!½¾#ºUÆ ã ¾hº½ÁUÓIÃ>ÀÍJÀ Ï º»Ó!»$Ô»¾#È!ºÐ½?¼ÊÉ$Ä#½ÀÍJºÐ½¾#½º¿ZÀÁ  ÍÀÁÅ#»à Êà º½ÁÓ!ʾ#Î ÊÈD½Ó!½¾#ºUÜ»º+»$ýÃBà ½¾#º»ÊÉ'ºÐʺ+Á ½ÈÄ#É$ʺ“ÀÁUËÊȽ¾#Ì»½ÃÅ#½¼½ÉÀ Ï,Ï Àɻ̻½Ãʾ#Å Ï Á À̽Å#Ä#Á ½à ÍÀÁIºÐ½½à ºÊÕÉ$»à ÐÓI½¾#º"ʾ#Å­Ó!Ê»$¾#º½¾#ʾ#̽ÀÍ Ï Á »ÀÁ »ºË/à Ëà Πº½Ó!ÃÆ仼½¾h»$ºÃ>ÃB½¾#à »º»¼»ºË@Ü»ºZÓIÊË?Õ½?¿1»à ½?ºÀ(Å#½¼O½ÉÀ Ï À¾#ÉË?ºÐ½?ÕÁ ÀÊÅ Ï ÀÉ»ÌË6ÍÁ ÊÓ!½¿1ÀÁ Â,ºÐÁ*ÀÄÈDÐ/ÌÀ¾à Ä#ɺʺ»$À¾}ÜÅ#½É½Èʺ»¾#È(ºÐ½ Å#½¼½ÉÀ Ï Ó!½¾#º ÀÍ Ï Á*À̽Å#Ä#Á*½Ãʾ#Ş»Ó Ï É½Ó!½¾#ºÊº»$À¾Öº“À²Ê,à Ó!ÊÉÉZÉ$À¿1Î Ï Á ÀÍ»É$½(È@Á ÀÄ Ï Æ ã ¾ ºÐ½?»¾#º½Á »ÓÜà º½ Ï Ã>à ÐÀÄ#ÉÅhÕ½?ºÊÂ@½¾hºÀ,½¾#à Ä#Á ½?ºÐʺZʺ[É$½Êà ºZÉÀÊÅ#Î*à нÅ#Î Å#»¾#È»Ã}»$¾ Ï ÉÊ̽ÆUß"Í#ÌÀÄ#Á ÃB½ÜU»ºn»$Ã}¾#½Ì½à à ÊÁUË)ºÀ4½¾#à Ä#Á ½ZºÐʺnºÐ½ZÁ ½ÈÄ#ÉʺÀÁË ÊÈD½¾#ÌË!ÐÊÃ^¾#½Ì½à à ÊÁUË Ï À¿[½OÁ Ã^½»ºÐ½Á>»¾=ºÐ½!½¾nÊÕÉ»$¾#ÈEɽÈ@»$à Éʺ»$À¾/ÀÁ’»¾ ºÐ½IÉ»$̽¾#̽ÃÆ ×2ÐʺºÐ½>åÁ »æJʾnÂDʾ Ï »É$Àºà ºÄ#Å#˒Å#À½Ã+¾nÀºÅ#»$Á ½ÌºÉ˒л$ÈÐÉ»$Èк'ÊÁ ½>ºÐ½ Ã Ï ½Ì»ÊÉ"ÊÅ#¼Ê¾#ºÊȽÃʾ#ŸÌÐÊÉ$ɽ¾#ȽÃÀÍIºÁ Ä#É$ËÖÅ#»à ÊÃBº½Á Î*Á ½à »$à ºÊ¾#º »¾#ÍÁ ÊÎ Ã ºÁ Ä#̺Ä#Á*½ÒÃ Ä ÏÏ É$ËƲåʺ½ÉÉ$»º½ÎHÕÊà ½Å纽É$½ Ï ÐÀ¾#½èà ½ÁU¼»$̽èÀÁAäéžê'ë’å Ø8äÉÀÕÊÉéÖÀÕ»É$½ê½Á à À¾#ÊÉ#ë’ÀÓ!Ó!Ä#¾#»Ìʺ»$À¾!Õ˒åʺ½É$É»$º½ÛJ»$Ã+Ê>ÌÉÊÃBà »$̽ÚÎ ÊÓ Ï É$½^ÀÍ'Ê4Å#»$ÃBÊà º½Á Î*Á ½à »à ºÊ¾#º)Ø8½Ú̽ Ï º_ÍÀÁ[½¾#½Á ÈË"Á ½ Ï É½¾#»$ÃBÐÓ!½¾#ºÛ[»$¾#ÍÁ ÊÎ Ã ºÁ Ä#̺Ä#Á*½Æ@ìJÚ̽ Ï º+»¾ºÐ½ ͽ¿°ÌÀÄ#¾#ºÁ »$½ÃºÐʺ+ÐÀà º+ºÐ½ÈDÁ ÀÄ#¾#Åà ºÊº»$À¾#ÃÜ ºÐ½?½¾#º»Á ½?»¾#ÍÁ ÊÃBºÁUÄ#̺Ä#Á ½?à »ºÒлÈÐhÊÕÀ¼½?ºÐ½I½ÊÁUºÐhʾ#Å»Ò»Ó Ï ½ÁU¼»ÀÄ#à ºÀIÓ!Àà º}ÍÀÁUÓ!Ã[ÀÍÅ#»à Êà º½ÁBÃÆ Ý Ð»ÃZÃB½ÁU¼»Ì½’ÐÊÃ[É$ÀÃBºnÓ?ÄÌWÐ?À@Ín»àºÃKÉàÄà ºÁH½ÅĽ ºÀIºÐ½’ÕÊO¾ÂÁBÄ Ï ºÌW»à½WÃZÀ@Í ã ÁB»íÅ»àÄӝʾŠã ë>ß ÆîÀD¿+½W¼W½OÁWÜ»íº}»íÃZÃ*º“»íÉàÉ#¿+À@Á ºÐ¿1л$ɽ ÍÀÁZÁ ½ÈDÄ#ÉʺÀÁË"ʾ#Å(Å#»à Êà º½ÁZÓ!ʾ#ÊȽÓI½¾#ºKÊȽ¾#Ì»$½Ã)ºÀ ½Ú Ï ÉÀÁ ½"ºÐ½ Ï Àà Πà »Õ»$É»º»½ÃIÀÍ>»$¾#ÌÀÁ Ï ÀÁ ʺ»$¾#ȺлÃIº½Ìо#ÀÉÀÈDË»$¾ÖºÐ½»ÁÅ#»$à Êà º½Á Ó!ʾ#ÊÈD½Î International Journal of Regulation and Governance 1(2): 181–196

Rohan Samarajiva

194

ï!ðñ#òóô$õñ#ö ðö óð÷ø$õôô$ùEøñ2òúð6ô$øûDúòüý1òúðEðï!ðþ ûðñ#÷ð6üý1ï!üþ ðEòøûDúòôù ýü÷ÿ#öBð   =üóðþ õòüþ ö>õýòðþòúð?ø$ ñ #ÿ#öBòþù ö’þ ðüþ ûõñ#ø õòø$ü ñ   ñâòúð–÷üÿ#þ öBð üý/õ ó ÿ ô$ø÷ *ñ#üòø$÷ð óþ*ü÷ðð #ø$ñ#û³ø$ò²÷ü ñ #ÿn÷òð âüñ  °ôø÷ðñ#ö øñ# û _òú ð   ýõ÷ð Gü!#"ð÷òøüñ#ö ýþ üï òúðþ ð÷ðñ#òôù óþBø $õòø ð Eøñ#÷ÿ#% ï ðñ#ò_òúõò_õñù4ûþ õñ#ò_üý'& õ  ,ôø÷ðñ#÷& ð '[üÿ#(ô )$ø!ü  ôõòð!øò ö * ï!üñ#üóüô ù !ü $ðþøñ#òðþ ñõòøüñ#õôKò“ðôðóúüñ#ðIö ð+þ $ø÷ðö +úðIõ÷òÿ#õô ôõñ#ûÿ#õûDð(üýòúð(óþ ø $õòø õòøüñÖõûþ ððïIðñ#,ò ˜õô$ö ü=øñ#÷üþ óüþ õòð Öøñ#òü=òúð ôø$÷ðñ#÷-ð  ')õö"òúõ. ò * ñ#üüòúðþ^ôø÷ðñ#ö / ð 0nýüþ’òúð6óþ !ü $øö øüñ²üý1ø$ñ#ò“ðþ ñ#1õ  òøüñ#õô+òðôðóúüñ#ø$÷6ö ð2þ $ø÷ðö øñ2õ ñ 2ýþ ü3 ï þ 4 ø Kõ ñ 5DõEóþ ø$üþ4ò/ ü 6871ÿ#ûÿ#ö ò 9-:-:-9  #úð"ýøñ#õ ô ð÷ø$öBø$üñ(üý}òúð"÷üïIï!øö ö øüñ,úð(ô (òúõ0 ò  . ö ð+þ $ ø÷ðöJòúõ ò #ø!ñ#üòbø$ ñ $Oüô $ðòúðÿ#ö ðüýðõþUòúIöBòõòøüñ#öJø$; ñ þBø Jõ ñ 5D< õ #ø!ñ#üò þ ð =ÿ#øþ ð?ö ùö òðï¥ôø$÷ðñ#öBðö>ÿ# ñ #ð> þ þ ? ø Kõ ñ 5Dõñhô$õ 'A@B DCE-EE÷ FHGI- "ð÷òøüñ#öKö ÿ#÷úõöKòúüöBðþ õøö ð ;ùòú> ð þ -ø Kõ ñ 5Dõñ?øñ#÷ÿ#% ï ðñ#òbñ#ðûDôð÷ò˜òúð þ ü1 õ #ðþ!ö ü÷ø$õôþ õïIø$ýø÷õòøüñnö üý4øñ#òþ -ü #ÿ#÷ø$ñ#û²÷üïIóðòøñ#û²õ ñ GöBü÷ø$õôô$ù ðñ#ðýø÷ðñ#òhòð÷úñ#üôüûøð1 ö >øñÞòúðø$þ=ö úüþUòö øûDúòð Þóþ ðü÷÷ÿ#óõòø$üA ñ '1øòú õ% ï øûDÿ#üÿ#ö’ð J÷ôÿ#ö ø $øòøðö 2K2úøô$ð?òúL ð ðôð÷üM ï Zðûÿ#ôõòüþ; ù ’üï!ï!øö ö øüñ ýüÿ# ñ «ñ#üžûþ üÿ# ñ #ö!ýüþ?òúðö ð!ü #"Wð÷òøüñ#ö!øñ«òúð÷üÿ#þ ö ðhüý’òúðï!ÿ#ôòø  þ üÿ# ñ =ó ÿ ôø÷ óþ ü÷ðð #øñ#û(÷ü ñ #ÿ#÷òð =ø$N ñ CE-E-O-P(E-Enøò)õóóðõþ ö4òúõò)ø% ï  óôðïIðñ#òõòøüñ¬üý>òúðõñ#ñ#üÿ#ñ#÷ð ¬óþ üûþ ðöBö ø $ð,óüô$ø÷ùüQ ñ   ­úõö ððñöBòõôôð ,ö ø$ñ#÷ð 9-:-:-: 

Conclusion

7³÷üï!óþ*ðúðñ#ö ø$ð)$øð' üýþ ðûÿ#ô$õòøüñžÿ#ñ #ðþ"ôø(ðþ õô$øõòøüñžö úüÿ#ôžøñ  ÷ô$ÿ #ð!õ ýü÷ÿ#ö^üñ/#øö õö òðþRHóþ ðóõþ ð#ñ#ðöBö4õñ /þ ð÷ü!$OðþUùS+úø$ö^øö4øï!óüþT òõñ#òJñ#üò+üñ#ô$ù ýüþ1øòöøñ#òþ øñ#ö ø÷ ø$ï!óüþ òõñ#÷ðU ÿ#ò+õô$öBüEýüþ)ðñ#úõñ#÷ø$ñ#ûIòúð ö òõ  ôð ÷üñ #øòø$üñ#öñ#ð÷ðö öBõþUù ýüþ1øñ$ ðö òï!ðñ#òJõñ Vð÷õÿ#ö ð üý}ø$òö)÷üñ#òþBø( ÿ#òøüñhòü)  ÿ#øô(#øñ#û!òúð ô$ðûøòø$ïIõ÷ù?üýKòúðþ ðûÿ#ô$õòüþùóþ ü÷ðö ö1W  úøöóõ óðþIúõö úø$ûúôø$ûúòð­ö ð$ ðþ õôøï!óüþUòõñ#ò"ôðö ö üñ#ö òúõò"ï!õù/ ðhô$ðõþUñ#ð ýþ üï¢ðJ õïIø$ñ#õòøüñüýKòúð òúðüþUùõñ óþ õ÷òø÷ðüý_þ ðûÿ#ôõòøüñþ ðô$õòðòü #øö õö òðþT* óþ ðóõþ ð#ñ#ðöBö’õñ hþ ð÷ü!$ ðþUù1-ž  üþ ð?þ ðûÿ#ô$õòüþù?þ ðöBüÿ#þ*÷ðö’ïIÿ#ö ò ð#ð$ üòðhòü,òúøö>ö ÿ #" ð÷ò2H  ÿ#òZõ?óþ ð* ÷üñ nøòøüñhøö>òúð?þ ð÷üûDñ#øòø$üñX  ù òúðD5 ñ#ü-1 ' ô$ð#ûDð÷üï!ï!ÿ#ñ#ø$òøðöJøñ!òúðýø$ðô(Iüý˜òðôð÷üï óüôø$÷ù>õñ !þ ðûDÿ#ôõ1 òøüñ,òúõòJòúð"ö ÿ #" ð÷òJøöõñ,ø$ïIóüþòõñ#òJüñ#ð

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Y[Z\]#^`_ba+ZLc.d>efZ\Lg0a2h%g8YXiTj+j!k lnmUoqpsr(t#o,uvo2wTwLx o2y,zu|{~}Br(z €Ho2.o2t#‚1rU‚IzƒUƒSzt2}B{~Ur}„ro2w…U†;m~r†U†So2%tWrwR‡ˆw‰Šzt>}Bm~o o,&o,t#‚ˆo,U‹ˆŒ&&…ˆU…‚+o2.o,~}‹,z.&{UUr}„ro,w cSe#]R^n^B]#_b]#ZŽ]#\e#Ž Ž],‘|’”“„•2‘ –„—˜•2™W‘|š ›T•2™2œ S›T•2ž –„—Š–„•2Ÿ„–› •¡`–bŸ„’,•+› œ ›v¢#£+¤¥1›Tœ š Ÿ £ ™,•2¦4“„•2•2›ˆ§`™U¨ ‘ š ›T•S©„ª]«4e#¬W­]©bª ˆ]¯®0]#Žˆ]#^B° e#Z\_W©SiT±²Š­Z]>iTj+j!k ³ Ž(Ž(-´ µ µ hnhnhn¶ \]#° ·ŽTiTjˆj-kˆ¶ Ž(­\]#° ·vŽT¶ Z° µ ef]#^„¸iRjˆ·v¹ ° ]#_bµ ef]#^fiRj!ºT»-¶ \a+¼#½ ¾ —(–b–n¥U—(–„¿(¿ÀR›ˆÁ˜—`•2™,œ¶S ÃL®qa+ÄT]#Å4Æ]R^0kTLjÇ+ÇˆÈ É ,t rwRwR…>‹ˆŒ+‹2u|zUoUÊ w¯ƒS…}BmI…ˆU†&‰Š{Ut2ŒL…ˆ‹2‹,zt#†Sr(U‚>}Bzä#å2è+é~í|ëâBàäfá î[Ò#ï#ðŠñ;Ö+ò-óqÒRïRÒR× Ö+ôˆÙ4Ò#ÐÑ õ1ö#Ù4ôˆÖ+÷bÕ ÚÙò|Ö+Ónî[Ò#øfÚ× ÔfÑÖ+Ә÷fù2ú0ÒRÐÒ#ï#Ôù~ݠވûSÝ+ÝüqÖ+ïRÒRٔýˆÒRÓ þ„ÿ ÑTÑ  ô !Ü Õ„Ñ Ú?Ü Õ„Ð Ñ „ÑTÓfÒ

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