Dispelling the Myth Surrounding Maxwell's

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Feb 6, 2018 - energy harvesting using nanogenerators .... called triboelectric nanogenerators. .... http://www.wbabin.net/science/displacement.pdf ...
Dispelling the Myth Surrounding Maxwell’s Displacement Current Victor Christianto & Florentin Smarandache, 6th Feb. 2018 EECCMC Online Presentation (IEEE)

Abstract • In recent years, there is growing number of proposals to use a novel concept of energy harvesting using nanogenerators • This concept can be used for water wave energy harvesting, wind energy harvesting, but also for self-powered microdevices.

Abstract • This novel concept is based on the reality of Maxwell’s displacement current. • On the other hand, such a displacement current has been debated for many years: is it real or just a mathematical entity?

Aims of our paper • This paper is intended to dispelling the myth surrounding the reality and correct interpretation of displacement current based on Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. • We also briefly discuss a plausible extension of Maxwell equations based on vortex sound theory of Prof. Tsutomu Kambe.

What is Maxwell’s displacement current?

• The displacement current was first postulated by Maxwell in 1861, and it was introduced on consistency consideration between Ampere’s law for the magnetic field and the continuity equation for electric charges. • The displacement current is not an electric current of moving free charges, but a timevarying electric field (vacuum or media), plus a contribution from the slight motion of charges bound in atoms, dielectric polarization in materials.

J D  t D   0

E P  . t t

What is Maxwell’s displacement current? (cont.)

• In the Maxwell’s displacement current, the first term gives the birth of electromagnetic wave, which is the foundation of wireless communication, radar and later the information technology. • equation: J   D   E  P . D

t

0

t

t

J D  t D   0

E P  . t t

The meaning of displacement current • equation:

E P J D  t D   0  . t t

• In Equation above, the first component in the displacement current gives the birth of electromagnetic wave, which later being taken as the approach for developing radio, radar, TV and long distance wireless communication.

J D  t D   0

E P  . t t

The meaning of displacement current (cont.)

• The displacement current is not an electric current of moving free charges, but a time-varying electric field (vacuum or media), plus a contribution from the slight motion of charges bound in atoms, dielectric polarization in materials.

How does Maxwell’s displacement current relate to nanogenerator?

• Our study indicates that the second term in the Maxwell’s displacement current is directly related to the output electric current of the nanogenerator, meaning that our nanogenerators are the applications of Maxwell’s displacement current in energy and sensors. • By contrast, electromagnetic generators are built based on Lorentz force driven flow of free electrons in a conductor.

What is Nanogenerator? • It can be shown that there is relationship between the second term in the displacement current and the output signal from nanogenerators, and show the contribution of displacement current to energy and sensors in the near future.

What is Nanogenerator? • Wang discusses possible applications of a novel concept for energy harvesting called triboelectric nanogenerators. • Self-powered system is a system that can sustainably operate without an external power supply for sensing, detection, data processing and data transmission.

What is Nanogenerator? • Nanogenerators were first developed for self-powered systems based on (a) piezoelectric effect and (b) triboelectrification effect for converting tiny mechanical energy into electricity, which have applications in internet of things, environmental/infrastructural monitoring, medical science and security.

Types of Nanogenerator • (1) Piezoelectric nanogenerator, where the displacement current from the media polarization is: Pi  s  J Di 

 (e) ijk   t  t  jk

• (2) Triboelectric nanogenerator, where the displacement current can be expressed as: JD 

d1 0 /  1  d 2 0 /  2 Dz  I ( z , t ) dz   c t t dt d1 0 /  1  d 2 0 /  2  z 2

Is this displacement current real? • •





According to Tombe: “The modern day displacement current is a highly dubious virtual concept, and it bears no connection to what Maxwell had in mind. Conservation of charge in a capacitor circuit is not an issue which is in anyway addressed by displacement current. Conservation of charge is a hydrodynamical issue that is catered for by Bernoulli’s Principle whereby voltage and charge represent pressure and current represents velocity. Charge variation with time is not a matter which is catered for in any respect within the realm of Ampère’s Circuital Law. If we wish to add a displacement current term to Ampère’s Circuital Law then we must justify it in terms of real current just as Maxwell did.”

Is this displacement current real? • It appears to us that the only way to figure out the reality of Maxwell’s displacement current is either to measure it with capacitor, or use it for nanogenerators. In other words, it seems possible that future nanogenerators will expose the hidden reality behind displacement current, or may be a new term needs to be added.

Plausible extension of displacement current • There are a number of proposals to revise Maxwell equations. But few has considered a fresh starting point with regards to the structure of ether. • It is very interesting to note that Prof. T. Kambe from University of Tokyo has made a connection between the equation of vortex sound and fluid Maxwell equations. • He wrote that it would be no exaggeration to say that any vortex motion excites acoustic waves.

Plausible extension of displacement current (cont.) • Then he obtained an expression of fluid Maxwell equations as follows [3]: H  0 E  q   E  t H  0 a 02   H   t E  J

Plausible extension of displacement current (cont.) • Where [4]: • a0 denotes the sound speed, and q   t (   )  , J   t2 v   t h  a o2   (   )

• In our opinion, this new expression of fluid Maxwell equations suggests that there is a deep connection between vortex sound and electromagnetic fields.

Plausible extension of displacement current (cont.) • However, it should be noted that the above expressions based on fluid dynamics need to be verified with experiments. • It is our hope that such a new interpretation and modification of Maxwell equations based on vortex sound will lead to further development in nanogenerators technology.

Concluding remarks • In recent years, there is growing number of proposals to use a novel concept of energy harvesting using nanogenerators. • This concept can be used for water wave energy harvesting, wind energy harvesting, but also for self-powered microdevices. • This novel concept is based on the reality of Maxwell’s displacement current. • On the other hand, such a displacement current has been debated for many years: whether it is real or just a mathematical entity.

Concluding remarks (cont.) • This paper is intended to dispelling the myth surrounding the reality and correct interpretation of displacement current based on on Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. • We also briefly discuss a plausible extension of Maxwell equations based on vortex sound theory of Prof. Tsutomu Kambe. • It is our hope that discerning the myth from reality is very important step toward tapping and harvesting energy from the hidden electromagnetic structure in Nature.

References : • James C. Maxwell. On Physical Lines of Force. 1861. http://vacuumphysics.com/Maxwell/maxwell_oplf.pdf. See also J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73. • Zhong Lin Wang. On Maxwell’s displacement current for energy and sensors: the origin of nanogenerators. Materials Today, Volume 00, Number 00, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2016.12.001 • Victor Christianto, Yunita Umniyati, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets. On Plausible Role of Classical Electromagnetic Theory and Submicroscopic Physics to understand and enhance Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR): A Preliminary Review. J. Cond. Matt. Nucl. Sci., April 2017. http://www.iscmns.org

References • Marco Landini. About the Physical Reality of "Maxwell's Displacement Current" in Classical Electrodynamics. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 144, 329343, 2014 • J.D. Jackson. Maxwell’s displacement current revisited. Eur. J. Phys. 20 (1999) 495–499. PII: S01430807(99)06956-1 • Frederick David Tombe. Displacement Current. http://www.wbabin.net/science/displacement.pdf

References • Krishnasamy T. Selvan. A revisiting of scientific and philosophical perspectives on Maxwell’s displacement current. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 51, No.3, June 2009 • D.F. Bartlett & T.R. Corle. Measuring Maxwell’s Displacement Current inside a Capacitor. Physical Review Letters vol. 55 no. 1, 1985. • Xiao-Song Wang. Derivation of Coulomb’s Law of Forces Between Static Electric Charges Based on Spherical Source and Sink Model of Particles. arXiv: physics/0609099v2 [physics.gen-ph]

•THANK YOU! • Presented by : • Victor Christianto, 6th Feb. 2018 • Founder of www.ketindo.com • Email: [email protected]