Buffer Areas of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Eastern Ghat, India. Sunit Kr. Das ... genera and 19 families exist in India [4]. .... Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer,1865.
Academic Journal of Entomology 5 (1): 54-61, 2012 ISSN 1995-8994 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2012.5.1.62116
Diversity, Distribution and Species Composition of Odonates in Buffer Areas of Similipal Tiger Reserve, Eastern Ghat, India Sunit Kr. Das, Rahim A. Ahmed, S.K. Sajan, Nibedita Dash, Pradeep Sahoo, Pankajini Mohanta, H.K. Sahu, S.D. Rout and S.K. Dutta Department of Wildlife and Conservation Biology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur-757003, Baripada, Orissa, India Abstract: Odonates diversity in buffer area of Similipal Biosphere Reserve was observed, where we recorded 58 species. Libellulidae was the richest family with 31 species and Orthretum was the most common genera. The sub-order Zygoptera was represented by 23 species and 35 species represents sub-order Anisoptera. Perennial river system with different habitat types provides good opportunities to these wonderful insect groups to flourish and survive. Mostly odonates were aggregated due to habitat specific nature and random distribution indicates availability of resource utilization to survive. But, in the buffer area high anthropogenic disturbances were observed which creates high biotic pressure on forest. A detailed list of odonates recorded from buffer area is presented. Key words: Odonata
Similipal
Buffer Area
Diversity
INTRODUCTION
Human Disturbance
Conservation
rules the area also provides good opportunities to lesser fauna. Among which odonates are one of most important insect group. The area is full with perennial as well as temporary water bodies and creates the environment to provide to the odonates further opportunity of existence. They show some preferences to specific habitats and their distribution are very much involved in various microhabitats [9]. In the present study we tried to explore the buffer area of the reserve, where we find out diversity and species composition of Odonates in relation to different selected habitats.
Biodiversity conservation and management are worldwide concern [1], where determining the level of diversity of indicator groups of ecosystem should permit the prediction of other taxa to be present [2] and recently the importance and appropriateness of using invertebrate group was well recognized [3]. In the invertebrate world odonates (Dragonflies and Damselflies) are always attract the human beings for their variety of colour, powerful flight and extraordinary sense of vision. Globally 5,740 species of odonates are known of this 470 species in 139 genera and 19 families exist in India [4]. They are valuable as indicators of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem health [5] and also play a vital role as prey and predator to maintain the balance of tropic levels of food chain. They are also an important and widespread component of freshwater ecosystems, being top predators [6]. The prey of the adults consists mostly of the harmful insects of crops, orchards and forest and thus has a regulatory impact on agro-forestry [7]. Odonata occupy almost all kinds of habitats along the habitat permanent gradient ranging from permanent running waters and lakes to small temporary rain pools [8] and in Similipal, where big mammals like Elephant, Gaur and big cats such as Tigers
MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area: In Eastern Ghat, India Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) is one of the major conservation areas extended over an area of 2750 km2 is located in central part of Mayurbhanj District of Orissa, where the buffer zone covers an area of 1555.25 km2 [10]. Similipal is one of the most flourishing and valuable forests of the state with unique habitat of mixed tropical forests in the northern plateau which is dominated by sal forest (Shorea robusta) with hilly terrain ranges from 500m and 600m, with outer areas 1,000-1,100m MSL. moist and dry deciduous forest and harbors a wide variety of
Corresponding Author: Sunit Kr. Das, P.G. Department of Wildlife and Conservation Biology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur-757003, Baripada, Orissa, India.
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Fig. 1: Map of Study Area, Similipal Tiger Reserve flora and fauna. It is covered with a rich canopy of mostly tropical moist deciduous forest, semi evergreen patches and grasslands harbours a rich floral and faunal composition of 1,124 plant species including 64 species of cultivated plants and 93 species of orchids, 42 species of mammals, 264 species of birds, 37 species of reptiles and 13 species of amphibians [11]. The geological formation an assemblage of volcano-sedimentary rocks consisting of an alternating sequence of quartzites and spilitic lavas [12] gives immense water holding capacity to the land. The diverse topography and soil conditions coupled with climatic variation resulted in the rich diversity of the reserve (Fig 1). People in and around the reserve mainly dominated by tribal community such as Kharia, Bhumija, Santal, Kolha, Bhatudi and Mankadia.
of Odonates from different habitats. In this method target species or group of species observed visually and it is a very effective method for day flying butterflies, moths, dragonflies and damselflies [13]. Mostly species were photographed, but some were also collected with insect catching nets for the proper identification. Collected and photographed species were identified with the help of standard identification manuals [4,14]. Analytical Methods: Two components mainly -diversity (diversity within habitat) and -diversity (between the habitats) were calculated. Measures of -diversity widely used Fisher’s -diversity and Shannon’s diversity indices were calculated, because it is well accepted that all species at a site within and across systematic groups contributes equally to its biodiversity [15]. For analysis of data Biodiversity-Pro software version [16] was used.
Field Methods: Odonata sampling was carried out from July 2010 to January, 2012. We used direct searching and observation method with opportunistic sample collection 55
Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012
RESULTS
Species Diversity and Abundance Pattern: During the study Shannon, Simpson and Hills indices were calculated as a measure of diversity in different habitats of multiple use areas. The Shannon diversity index indicated that riverine forest is relatively diverse (1.613) followed by sal forest (1.424) and grassland (1.363). The Simpson and Hills indices also revealed almost the same order (Table 2). Species were also ranked according to their abundance (Fig. 2). Common species were displayed on the left and rare species are on the right.
Odonata Species Composition: A total of 58 species representing 37 genera from 9 family were recorded from the multiple use area of the reserve. (Table 1) Libellulidae was the dominant family with 31 species, followed by Coenagrionidae (11), Calopterygidae (3), Platycnemididae (3), Protoneuridae (2), Lestidae (2), Chlorocyphidae (2), Gomphidae (2) and Aeshnidae (2). Orthetrum was found to be the most species rich genera with 7 species. Table 1: List of Odonates recorded Family Coenagrionidae
Common Name
Scientific Name Agriocnemis pygmea (Rambur,1842)
PIGMY DARTLET
Coenagrionidae
MILKY DARTLET
Agriocnemis lacteola, Selys,1877
Coenagrionidae
COROMANDEL MARSH DART
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabr.1798)
Coenagrionidae
ORANGE-TAILED MARSH DART
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Brauer,1865
Coenagrionidae
RUSTY MARSH DART
Ceriagrion olivaceum Laidlaw,1914
Coenagrionidae
GOLDEN DARTLET
Ischnura aurora (Brauer,1865)
Coenagrionidae
SENEGAL GOLDEN DARTLET
Ischnura senegalensis (Ramb.1842)
Coenagrionidae
BLUE GRASS DARTLET
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur,1842)
Coenagrionidae
SAFFRON-FACED BLUE DART
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys,1876
Coenagrionidae
BLACK MARSH DART
Onychargia atrocyana (Selys,1865)
Coenagrionidae
PALE SLENDER DARTLET
Aciagrion pallidum Selys, 1891
Protoneuridae
BLACK-WINGED BAMBOOTAIL
Disparoneura quadrimaculata (Rambur,1842)
Protoneuridae
COORG BAMBOOTAIL
Caconeura ramburi(Fraser,1922)
Lestidae
BROWN SPREADWING
Lestes umbrinus Selys, 1891
Lestidae
EMERALD SPREADWING
Lestes viridulus Rambur,1842
Calopterygidae
STREAM GLORY
Neurobasis chinensis (Linnaeus,1758)
Calopterygidae
CLEAR-WINGED FOREST GLORY
Vestalis gracilis (Rambur,1842)
Calopterygidae
BLACK-TIPPED FOREST GLORY
Vestalis apicalis Selys,1873
Platycnemididae
PIED BUSHDART
Copera ciliate (Selys,1863)
Platycnemididae
BLUE BUSH DART
Copera vittata Selys,1863
Platycnemididae
YELLOW BUSH DART
Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842
Chlorocyphidae
RIVER HELIODOR
Libellago Lineata (Burmeister,1839)
Chlorocyphidae
STREAM RUBY
Rhinocypha bisignata Hagen in Selys,1853
Gomphidae
COMMON CLUBTAIL
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur,1842
Gomphidae
COMMON HOOKTAIL
Paragomphus lineatus (Selys,1850)
Aeshnidae
BLUE-TAILED GREEN DARNER
Anax guttatus (Burmeister,1839)
Aeshnidae
BLUE DARNER
Anax immaculifrons Rambur,1842
Libellulidae
TRUMPET TAIL
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur,1842
Libellulidae
SCARLET MARSH HAWK
Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur,1842)
Libellulidae
LITTLE BLUE MARSH HAWK
Brachydiplax sobrina(Rambur,1842)
Libellulidae
DITCH JEWEL
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabr.1793)
Libellulidae
GRANITE GHOST
Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur,1842)
Libellulidae
EMERALD-BANDED SKIMMER
Cratilla lineata Foerster,1903
Libellulidae
RUDDY MARSH SKIMMER
Crocothemis servilia (Drury,1770)
Libellulidae
GROUND SKIMMER
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,1842)
Libellulidae
BLACKTIPPED GROUND SKIMMER
Diplacodes nebulosa Fabricius, 1793
Libellulidae
FULVOUS FOREST SKIMMER
Neurothemis fulvia (Drury,1773)
Libellulidae
PIED PADDY SKIMMER
Neurothemis tullia (Drury,1773)
Libellulidae
CRIMSON-TAILED MARSH HAWK
Orthetrum pruinosum (Rambur,1842)
56
Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012 Table 1: Continue Family
Common Name
Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae Libellulidae
Scientific Name Orthetrum sabina (Drury,1770) Orthetrum triangulare (Selys,1878) Orthetrum glaucum Brauer, 1865 Orthetrum luzonicum Brauer, 1868 Orthetrum triangulare (Selys,1878) Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider,1845) Palpopleura sexmaculata Fabricius,1787 Pantala flavescens (Fabr.1798) Potamarcha congener (Rambur,1842) Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur,1842) Rhyothemis variegate Linn.1763 Tholymis tillarga (Fabr.1798) Tramea limbata Desjardins,1832 Tramea basilaris Kirby,1889 Trithemis aurora (Burmeister,1839) Trithemis festiva (Rambur,1842) Trithemis pallidinervis Selys,1889 Neurothemis intermedia (Rambur,1842) Urothemis signata (Rambur,1842)
GREEN MARSH HAWK BLUE-TAILED FOREST HAWK BLUE MARSH HAWK TRICOLOURED MARSH HAWK BLUE-TAILED FOREST HAWK TAINEOLATE MARSH HAWK BLUE-TAILED YELLOW SKIMMER WANDERING GLIDER YELLOW-TAILED ASHY SKIMMER RUFOUS MARSH GLIDER COMMON PICTURE WING CORAL-TAILED CLOUD WING BLACK MARSH TROTTER RED MARSH TROTTER CRIMSON MARSH GLIDER BLACK STREAM GLIDER LONG-LEGGED MARSH GLIDER RUDDY MEADOW SKIMMER GREATER CRIMSON GLIDER
Table 2: Alpha Diversity indices for different habitat types Sl No. 1 2 3
Habitats Sal Forest Riverine Forest Grassland
Shannon(H')
Shannon(J)
1.424 1.613 1.363
Simpson(D)
0.842 0.915 0.829
Simpson(1/D)
0.058 0.03 0.061
17.349 33.361 16.387
Hills No(H0) 49 58 44
Table 3: Distribution profiles of Odonata Fauna in Buffer Area of Similipal Tiger Reserve Species (Scientific Name)
Variance
Mean
Chi-sq
d.f.
Probability
Aggregation
Agriocnemis pygmea Agriocnemis lacteola, Ceriagrion coromandelianum Ceriagrion cerinorubellum Ceriagrion olivaceum Ischnura aurora Ischnura senegalensis Pseudagrion microcephalum Pseudagrion rubriceps Onychargia atrocyana Aciagrion pallidum Disparoneura quadrimaculata Caconeura ramburi Lestes umbrinus Lestes viridulus Neurobasis chinensis Vestalis gracilis Vestalis apicalis Copera ciliata Copera vittata Copera marginipes Libellago Lineata Rhinocypha bisignata Ictinogomphus rapax Paragomphus lineatus Anax guttatus Anax immaculifrons
290.333 472.333 2144.333 136.333 94.333 5658.333 9.333 76.333 4 32.333 32.333 0.333 1.333 157 884.333 277.333 426.333 74.333 160.333 13 410.333 54.333 341.333 67 2.333 30.333 57.333
40.667 29.667 52.667 19.333 12.667 87.333 3.3333 13.333 19 4.667 12.333 0.6667 1.3333 20 83.333 13.333 14.333 9.3333 12.667 3 21.333 8.333 10.667 12 1.3333 5.667 8.333
14.2787 31.8427 81.4304 14.1034 14.8947 129.5802 5.6 11.45 0.4211 13.8571 5.2432 1 2 15.7 21.224 41.6 59.4884 15.9286 25.3158 8.6667 38.4688 13.04 64 11.1667 3.5 10.7059 13.76
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.000935 5.00E-07 0 0.001013 0.000706 0 0.059177 0.003465 0.812551 0.001134 0.070788 0.612401 0.369441 0.000491 4.32E-05 0 0 0.000443 7.60E-06 0.013063 0 0.001652 0 0.00396 0.1714256 0.00492 0.00118
Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Random Aggregated Random Aggregated Random Random Random Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Aggregated Random Aggregated Aggregated
57
Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012 Table 3: Continue Species (Scientific Name)
Variance
Mean
Chi-sq
d.f.
Probability
Aggregation
Acisoma panorpoides
197.333
19.333
20.4138
2
6.13E-05
Aggregated
Aethriamanta brevipennis
121
13
18.6154
2
0.00013
Aggregated
Brachydiplax sobrina
1.333
1.667
1.6
2
0.54707
Random
Brachythemis contaminata
430.333
60.667
14.1868
2
0.00097
Aggregated
Bradinopyga geminata
1504.333
27.667
108.747
2
0
Aggregated
Cratilla lineata
9
4
4.5
2
0.10303
Random
Crocothemis servilia
1192.333
43.333
55.0308
2
0
Aggregated
Diplacodes trivialis
2726.333
57.333
95.1047
2
0
Aggregated
Diplacodes nebulosa
272.3333
22.333
24.3881
2
1.13E-05
Aggregated Aggregated
Neurothemis fulvia
446.3333
41.667
21.424
2
3.97E-05
Neurothemis tullia
9
3
6
2
0.048449
Random
Orthetrum pruinosum
1265.333
36.333
69.6514
2
0
Aggregated
Orthetrum sabina
1244.333
116.666
21.3314
2
4.13E-05
Aggregated
Orthetrum triangulare
63
11
11.4545
2
0.00345
Aggregated
Orthetrum glaucum
58.333
9.6667
12.069
2
0.00259
Aggregated
Orthetrum luzonicum
152.333
13.667
22.2927
2
2.73E-05
Aggregated
Orthetrum triangulare
3
1
6
2
0.0484
Random
Orthetrum taeniolatum
50.333
6.333
15.8947
2
0.00044
Aggregated
Palpopleura sexmaculata
19
6
6.3333
2
0.04103
Random
Pantala flavescens
1623
83
39.1084
2
0
Aggregated
Potamarcha congener
972.333
23.667
82.169
2
0
Aggregated
Rhodothemis rufa
158.333
12.667
25
2
8.70E-06
Aggregated
Rhyothemis variegate
122.333
16.333
14.9796
2
0.00068
Aggregated
Tholymis tillarga
637
19
67.0526
2
0
Aggregated
Tramea limbata
36.333
13.667
5.3171
2
0.06820
Random
Tramea basilaris
81
29
5.5862
2
0.05958
Random
Trithemis aurora
553
16
69.125
2
0
Aggregated
Trithemis festiva
265.333
11.333
46.8235
2
0
Aggregated
Trithemis pallidinervis
1362.333
33.333
81.74
2
0
Aggregated
Neurothemis intermedia
124
17
14.5882
2
0.00081
Aggregated
Urothemis signata
112
15
14.9333
2
0.00069
Aggregated
d.f. = Degrees of Freedom
Abundance Plot
200
Sal Dominated Forest
Abundance
150
100
Riverine Forest
50 Grassland 0
1
10
Rank
Fig. 2: Species rank abundance plot for three different habitats of Buffer Area 58
100
Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012
Habitat Preference and Species Distribution: Distributions of Odonates in different habitats of buffer area were assessed and result revealed that 22.4% were randomly distributed and 77.6% were aggregated. The aggregated distribution indicated the habitat preference where random distribution indicates the available resource use and suitability to survival (Table 3).
previously 16 species of odonates reported [26] and 31 species recorded from Baripada forest division [27]. Recently Odonata diversity of Orissa and Eastern Ghat was well documented and information on 92 species collected from Similipal [14]. In the present study we mainly focused on the diversity of this magnificent insect group in buffer area of the reserve including multiple use areas and we recorded 58 species. We found that riverine forest is diverse in comparison to sal forest and grassland habitat. Their distribution profile indicates that mostly they are aggregated. In all seasons odonates are widely distributed, mostly in monsoon. But in other seasons the distribution not so much affected due to available water sources throughout the year. Odonates are mainly aquatic insect group and their part of lifecycle completed through aquatic environment. In Similipal numerous streams of small and big flowing over the entire reserve and join into the perennial water system mainly represented by the major rivers like Burhabalanga, Palpala Bandan, Salandi, Kahairi, East and West Deo. All rivers with the riparian zones, perennial streams and meadows form key areas of the reserve and provide best opportunity to the odonates to flourish.
DISCUSSION The need to prepare an inventory of an asset arises because of its perceived value [17] and it is applicable incase of animals also. It is a well known fact that mapping and monitoring of biodiversity is the first step in systematic conservation planning [18] and a thorough knowledge of living forms of a Conservation area is very essential for proper management [19]. For designing, implementing and evaluating the success of any conservation programe, it is imperative to monitor the status, distribution and trends in the population of target species [20]. Information on Odonates from different parts of India is well documented [21-25, 4]. From Similipal
Fig. 3: Images of Dragonflies (suborder-Anisoptera A-C) and Damselflies (suborder-Zygoptera D-F) A. Palpopleura sexmaculata, B. Anax immaculifrons, C. Orthetrum triangulare, D. Disparoneura quadrimaculata E. Neurobasis chinensis, F. Copera ciliate (Photo by Sunit Kr. Das-A,C,E; Pradeep Sahu-B; S.K. Sajan-D and Rahim A. Ahmed-F). 59
Acad. J. Entomol., 5 (1): 54-61, 2012
Odonates are predatory in nature, but also a good source of energy to different animals, especially for birds and other insects such as spiders. Being as indicators of environment odonates are sensitive towards their surroundings and changes in their ambience may lead to the changes in their status. Recent studies in the Western Ghat of India have indicated that change in land use patterns leads to change in odonates community structure [14]. During our study we observed that the buffer area of Similipal is highly disturbed. Species such as Brachythemis contaminate mainly sighted in so many places near to the human settlements and its presents clearly indicates the poor water quality of that area. But presents of species mainly from Gomphidae family also indicates the undisturbed and good water and forest quality in some parts. The Tiger reserve is represented by three villages inside the core and sixty one villages in the buffer area. Due to low level of skills, lower educational levels, socio-cultural traits local peoples in and around the reserve heavily depend upon the forest products and in the absence of sustainable livelihood opportunities day by day forest areas become degraded very rapidly. Activities such as woodcutting, looping and cattle grazing with sporadic forest fire incidents were very common scenario which creates most severe effects on forest. We found people are mostly engaged in these activities because they have no other livelihood opportunities. Awareness programmes on community participation in wildlife conservation and to encourage them towards sustainable livelihood opportunities such as Eco-Tourism is needed to change their attitude, thinking and level of dependency on forest resources.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Similipal Biosphere Reserve authority for their support, especially Field Director, Similipal Tiger Reserve and other staff for their constant support during data collection to complete this research work. Finally we are thankful to our all classmates of Wildlife and Conservation Biology Department and Zoology Department for their valuable suggestions to improve the manuscript. REFERENCES 1. Ramesh, T., K. Jahir Hussain, K.K. Satpathy, M. Selvanayagam and M.V.R. Prasad, 2010. Diversity, Distribution and Species Composition of Ants fauna at Department of Atomic Energy(DAE) Campus Kalpakkam, South India; World J. Zoology, IDOSI Publication, 5(1): 56-65. 60
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