DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING AIR QUALITY

DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT SITES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Report 9, Twinning Project Phase 3)

TWINNING PROJECT STRENGTHENING OF INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECTOR OF AIR POLLUTION SR98/IB/EN/03

DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENT SITES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC (Report 9, Twinning Project Phase 3)

BRATISLAVA 2001

Umweltbundesamt. Rechtsform: GmbH, Firmensitz: 1090 Wien, Spittelauer Lände 5, Tel. +43/1/31 304 -0, Fax +43/1/31 304 -5400; http://www.ubavie.gv.at, E-Mail: [email protected] Zweigstellen: A-5020 Salzburg, Innsbrucker Bundesstraße 47, Tel. +43/662/83 33 57 -0, Fax -100; A-9020 Klagenfurt, Siriusstraße 3, Tel. +43/463/34 150 -0, Fax –10 Firmenbuchgericht: Handelsgericht Wien; Firmenbuchnummer: FN 187010s. Raiffeisenlandesbank NÖ-Wien Kto. 503.912, BLZ 32000. DVR 0492221

Report 9

Twinning Project SR98/IB/EN/03

Project title:

Twinning Project SR98/IB/EN/03 "Strengthening of Institutions in the Sector of Air Pollution" between the Slovak Republic and Austria, Mai 2000 to August 2001, financed by the European Commission, DG Enlargement under Phare

Author:

Gilbert Ahamer, PAA

In collaboration with:

Cyril Burda, ďubor Kozakoviþ, Katarína Magulová, Marta Mitošinková, Dušan Závodský, all Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU), ďuba Pavlovová and Viera Slaviková (assistants to PAA)

Slovak translation:

Anna Szulényiová

Project Architecture:

track 1 (Air Quality Framework Dir.)

air quality related

LEGAL

track 2 (IPPC Dir.)

PART

track 3 (other Dir.)

TECHNICAL PART

INTRO Phase 3 Phase 1

Phase 2

emission related

Phases 4, 5 Handbook on air quality management plans

IMPLEMENTATION PART

pilot application

Basic Structure of the Twinning Project. The introductory Phase 1 is to describe the status quo of the situation in the Slovak Republic, Phases 2 to 5 constitute these parts of the work programme of the project which focus on capacity building and strengthening of institutions. They are focused on legal, technical and implementation issues. The area referring to the present report is shaded on the cover page.

Project Structure:

Candidate Country Project Leader (CC PL): Ivan Mojík, Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic Candidate Country Project Manager: Katarína Magulová, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMU) Member State Project Leader: (MS PL): Klaus Radunsky, Federal Environment Agency (UBA) Pre-Accession Adviser (PAA): Gilbert Ahamer Federal Environment Agency (UBA, at SHMU)

See also www.shmu.sk/twinning/Entrance.html

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CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................4 TARGET OF THIS REPORT.......................................................................................5 0

STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

1

STATION BRATISLAVA, PETRŽALKA - MAMATEYOVA

2

STATION BRATISLAVA, TRNAVSKÉ MÝTO

3

STATION BRATISLAVA, KAMENNÉ NÁMESTIE

4

STATION BRATISLAVA, KOLIBA

5

STATION BANSKÁ BYSTRICA, NÁM. SLOBODY

6

STATION RUŽOMBEROK, RIADOK

7

STATION ŽIAR NAD HRONOM

8

STATION PRIEVIDZA

9

STATION HANDLOVÁ

10

STATION BYSTRIČANY

11

STATION ŽILINA, VELKÁ OKRUŽNÁ

12

STATION ŽILINA, VLČINCE

13

STATION HNÚŠŤA

14

STATION MARTIN

15

STATION JELŠAVA

16

STATION KOSICE, STÚROVA

17

STATION KOŠICE, STROJÁRENSKÁ

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STATION KOŠICE, PODHRADOVÁ

19

STATION KOŠICE, VELKÁ IDA

20

STATION PREŠOV, SÍDLISKO III.

21

STATION PREŠOV, SOLIVAR

22

STATION KROMPACHY

23

STATION STRÁŽSKE

24

STATION VRANOV NAD TOPĽOU

25

STATION HUMENNÉ

26

STATION STARINA

27

STATION STARÁ LESNÁ

28

STATION CHOPOK

29

STATION TOPOĽNÍKY

30

STATION LIESEK

31

TRNAVA REGION

32

NITRA REGION

33

STATION SLOVNAFT

34

STATION PODUNAJSKÉ BISKUPICE

35

STATION ROVINKA

36

STATION TRENČIN

37

STATION RUŽOMBEROK SCP

38

STATION LOVČA

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STATION LOVČICA

40

STATION KOJŠOVSKÁ HOĽA

41

STATION ŠTRBSKÉ PLESO

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CONCLUSIONS The following list gives conclusions that apply in general: ·

An analysis of the meteorological data should be made for all station where measurements are performed (wind roses, if possible as a function of wind speed and concentration roses), for others the meteorological data should be provided in suitable form by SHMU (wind roses, if possible as a function of wind speed)

·

Calibration should be safeguarded for all stations in a way that it is always operational

·

Sampling lines should be shortened wherever necessary and possible

·

Obstacles like branches of trees should be removed

·

Measurement sites operated by other bodies (e.g. municipalities, industries or other emitters) should be included into the national network in the sense that data are exchanged and QA/QC obligations are observed

·

The present report should be regularly updated by SHMU (e.g. annually)

·

When SHMU publishes the documentation of the network (e.g. by using the present report) there should be made links available so that the public can access original measurement values directly via internet.

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TARGET OF THIS REPORT The target of this report is given by the Air Quality Framework Directive as one necessary part in the context of the documentation of the site selection procedure described as folows: The documentation of the site selection procedure is a key element to demonstrate compliance with the macro- and microscale siting criteria in the Annexes of DIR 1999/30/EC. Currently, there is a site description available according to Annex II of the Council Decision on Exchange of Information 97/101/EC. In addition, the DIR 1999/30/EC asks for a documentation .... by such means as compass-point photographs of the surrounding area and a detailed map. Sites should be reviewed at regular intervals with repeated documentation to ensure that selection criteria remain valid over time. Ideally, such a documentation should be maintained at the SHMI. The present report undertakes to lay a basis for such a documentation, especially regarding the following necessities: ... To fulfil these requirements measurements should in particular be conducted (i)

To provide data on the areas within zones and agglomerations where the highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit value(s);

(ii)

To provide data on levels in other areas within the zones and agglomerations which are representative of the exposure of the general population.

Additional suggestions regarding site selection and site documentation are: ... Therefore, it is important to have some additional information on the representativeness of the site. This representativeness is largely influenced by the siting of the station in relation to emission sources and local and large scale dispersion conditions (meteorological situation and orographic structure of the terrain). In principle, information on the variation of the pollutant level in space and time is needed. The main sources of information are:

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v Existing measurement data (the interest of the present report) v Indicative measurements v Emission inventories v Modelling. A first assessment of the representativeness can be done by classifying the sites: Classification of sites The classification of sites is a basic tool to obtain some information on the representativeness of sites. Several classification schemes have been worked out, eg. for EUROAIRNET or within the Annex II of the Council Decision on the Exchange of Information. A classification according to the latter scheme is included in the Annex to Report 1 of this Twinning project.

A more sophisticated assessment of existing measurements might include information on emission sources and meteorological data. In addition, some practical factors may also be taken into consideration: - interfering sources; - security; - access; - availability of electrical power and telephone communications; - visibility of the site in relation to its surroundings; - safety of public and operators; - the desirability of co-locating sampling points for different pollutants; - planning requirements. The site selection documentation shall contain the following information (the present report tries to include as much as possible in order to help for the final documentation and for the preparation of Air Quality Management Plans (AQMP) as dealt with in Phase 5 of te present Twinning Project: v Classification of the site according to Annex II of the EoI (already available; should be checked) v Purpose (hot spot; exposure of the general population; ecosystems,...) v For traffic sites: Distance to the kerb site and major traffic junctions v For other stations: Distance to build up areas v Photographs of the surrounding area (in each main direction); any obstacles like trees, buildings etc. impairing the airflow to the sampling point should be visible on the photographs. v A detailed map of the surrounding; within this maps, buildings, roads and land use should be visible. 11.10.01

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v A description of the major emission sources in the vicinity of the sites (Point, line and area sources). The location and distance to the station of these sources should be marked on a map. For large point sources emission data should be included. For line sources, the average daily traffic density should be identified. v Any results from previous investigations which let to the identification of the site. If available: v Micro- and macro-meteorological data, such as wind direction (as wind rose), temperature, occurrence of inversions,... v Estimation of the area of representativeness.

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0 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

The structure of this report on the documentation of the 30 sites mentioned in Twinning Report 1 tried to take into account these suggestions and is given as follows below for each of the 30 sites included in the national network (x = 1 to 30). x

Name of station

x.1

Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area

x.2

Location of the monitoring station

x.3

Assessment of air pollution

x.4

Emission situation

x.5

Site description according to the EoI Directive

x.6

Regional map

x.7

Detailed plan

x.8

Summary for this site

x.9

Suggestion for the future

The macroscale geographical situation of the 30 sites belonging to the national network according to Twinning Report 1 are displayed in Fig. 1 together with the topographical background. The situation of the monitoring stations with respect to present and likely future administrative borders is displayed in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

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Twinning Project SR98/IB/EN/03 Report Nr.

Fig. 1:

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Topographical terrain model of the Slovak Republic with the locations of the 30 air quality monitoring stations (AMS) belonging to the national network as defined in report 1 (source: SHMU) Page 1/257


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Present administrative division of the Slovak Republic with the locations of the 30 air quality monitoring stations (source: report 1)

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Fig. 2:

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Likely future administrative division of the Slovak Republic („AMS zones“) with the locations of the 30 AMS (source: report 1)

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Fig. 3:

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0.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area For transparency reasons the sources of citations used are mentioned. This text is taken from [SHMU annual report 1999, chapter 2.1]

0.2 Location of the monitoring station This text is partly based on [SHMU annual report 1999, chapter. 2.2] (including the typical large wind rose with units in percent, if available [from the same report, ch. 2.3]). In a smaller windrose (units in permill) data from the nearest site available have been taken in order to characterise the most likely input of emissions for the site: Mean Wind Direction Frequency [%o] for the entire year (average 1961-1980). Source: Zbornik Prác, SHMU, Zväzok 33/I, Klimatické pomery no Slovensku, Vybrané charakteristiky. Tab. 6.3. The prevailing wind directions can be seen for the entire territory of the SR in Fig. 4, underlying data are displayed in Tbl. 1.

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Fig. 4:

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Distribution of wind directions with the locations of the 30 air quality monitoring stations (AMS) belonging to the national network as defined in report 1 (data source: SHMU, see Tbl. 1)

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Tbl. 1:


Mean Wind Direction Frequency [%o] for the entire year (average 1961-1980). Source: Zbornik Prác, SHMU, Zväzok 33/I, Klimatické pomery na Slovensku, Vybrané charakteristiky. Tab. 6.3 and 6.6

Station

N

NE

E

SE

S

SW

W

NW

C

Avg. speed

Banská Štiavnica

239

93

42

74

139

42

58

68

245

2.8

Bardejov

98

63

88

217

75

44

94

273

48

3.0

Beluša

127

222

104

25

85

150

74

34

179

2.6

Boľkovce (o. Lučenec)

73

137

70

26

47

157

75

64

351

3.4

Bratislava - Koliba

109

141

145

73

55

34

132

287

24

4.6

Bratislava, letisko

119

146

80

96

62

44

104

259

90

3.8

Trnavská 160

152

83

50

51

29

94

170

211

2.6

BratisIava, cesta Brezno

48

62

116

82

36

56

149

197

254

2.0

Bystrička (o. Martin)

155

70

31

22

104

110

108

39

361

2.7

Čadca

133

92

44

47

56

98

111

74

345

2.4

Čaklov

234

26

14

144

229

40

42

177

94

2.9

Červenica - Dubník

172

88

74

78

144

173

108

135

28

5.6

Červený Kláštor

95

61

75

163

86

68

74

144

234

2.2

Hurbanovo

102

42

84

165

130

76

132

224

45

3.4

Chopok

186

43

30

91

298

58

70

202

22

10.0

Jaslovské Bohunice

173

78

54

162

84

36

92

240

81

3.6

Kmenica nad Cirochou

103

59

24

58

187

84

52

56

377

3.3

Košice, letisko

363

51

22

36

156

130

26

121

95

4.2

Kráľová pri Senci

161

71

72

141

62

44

73

231

145

2.4

Krížna

204

34

18

133

207

103

136

141

24

5.4

Kuchyňa

104

60

35

154

156

81

68

135

207

3.4

Liptovský Hrádok

17

18

44

83

26

20

115

175

502

2.2

Lomnický štít

182

36

28

34

81

120

191

242

86

6.2

Medzilaborce

209

86

24

60

164

75

30

97

255

3.4

Michalovce

90

58

68

150

62

46

48

250

228

3.0

Moldava nad Bodvou

436

57

20

24

202

104

22

27

108

1.9

Muráň

64

84

114

106

54

104

121

67

286

2.4

Myjava

155

42

86

139

90

42

92

149

205

2.3

Nitra

116

125

141

79

47

39

117

194

142

2.4

Nový Tekov

63

86

122

46

26

46

130

161

320

2.5

Oravská Lesná

36

157

14

4

23

277

118

17

354

2.0

Piešťany

220

97

22

129

100

50

52

122

208

4.2

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Plaveč

66

7

6

90

78

16

7

165

565

2.8

Podhájska - Svätuša

76

115

78

92

48

96

29

138

328

3.4

Poprad

40

111

74

95

72

92

293

137

86

4.6

Ratková

73

38

74

48

60

65

33

48

561

2.4

Rimavská Sobota

46

111

95

83

40

78

104

106

337

3.0

Rožňava

188

133

34

106

27

120

21

105

266

2.2

Senica

88

78

42

275

44

42

105

141

185

3.8

Sliač

175

59

22

43

51

74

51

59

466

3.2

Štós - kúpele

100

130

40

96

66

62

43

77

386

3.6

Štrbské Pleso

118

114

36

32

86

170

196

116

132

3.4

Švedlár

194

76

108

100

165

105

83

113

56

2.1

Telgárt

31

109

164

34

55

211

133

28

235

4.9

Tisinec

298

79

20

69

220

30

13

106

165

3.2

Trenčín

129

72

30

99

72

109

48

100

341

4.0

Trstená - Ústie n Priehra- 51 dou

10

21

25

165

67

44

53

564

2.6

Vígľaš - Pstruša

31

20

76

146

32

31

103

133

428

3.2

Ždiar - Javorina

128

105

49

101

232

148

35

56

146

2.1

Žihárec

92

58

122

126

81

78

132

201

110

3.6

Žikava

229

119

100

56

128

48

62

92

166

1.8

Another set of wind roses covers only the western and central parts of Slovakia and were pblished on the basis of data averaging the years 1946 to 1960. From the source SHMU, Klimatické a fenologické pomery Zapado/StredoSlovenského kraja, 1968/1972, the following Fig. 5 displays wind roses including information on the average wind speed.

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Fig. 5:

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Relative frequency of directions and strength of winds for the period 1946 to 1960 – annual period in western Slovakia, source: SHMU, 1968

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Fig. 6:

Relative frequency of directions and strength of winds for the period 1946 to 1960 – annual period in central Slovakia, source: SHMU, 1972

There is no analogous map existing for east Slovakia.

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Distribution of wind directions in the western Slovak Republic (data source: SHMU, see Tbl. 1)

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Fig. 8:

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Distribution of wind directions in the central Slovak Republic (data source: SHMU, see Tbl. 1)

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Fig. 9:

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Distribution of wind directions in the eastern Slovak Republic (data source: SHMU, see Tbl. 1)

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0.3 Assessment of air pollution This chapter is based among others on [SHMU annual report 1999, chapter 2.4]; mean values and exceedances are taken from [Twinning Report3]. It is important to note that this analysis covered the years 1995 to 1999. Related tables have the following format:

Tbl. 2:

Exceedances at air quality monitoring stations according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

pollutant

above LV + above LV above MoT UAT

between LAT below and UAT LAT

Exceedance of alert value

SO2 NO2 PM101 CO The abbreviations in the column heads relate to the values identified in report 3 and indicate: LAT: Lower Assessment Threshold UAT: Upper Assessment Threshold LV:

Limit Value

MoT: Margin of Tolerance Into the table symbols for the following limits are inserted: h:

hourly mean value

8h:

8-hourly mean value

d:

daily mean value

w:

mean value for the winter period

a:

annual mean value

a-veg:

annual mean value for the protection of vegetation2

The number of exceedances of the alert value is given in the rightmost column.

1

2

PM10 values were calculated from PM values (TSP) by multiplying with a factor of 0,83, see chapter on PM in Report 3 for the limits of applicability of this algorithm. Exceedances of the value „a-veg“ refer to NOx, not to NO2. Such exceedances are not relevant (see Report 3 for details).

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0.4 Emission situation Emission data are taken for emitters near the air quality monitoring station, according to information from SHMU [Rezzo, see Tbl. 4] for the 50 largest ones. Data for these other emitters can be directly retrieved from SHMU (REZZO system or the newer NEIS system), as a printout here would exceed the volume for this report. The list includes also sources at a larger distance in order to complete the picture regarding emissions potentially not covered by the existing set of stations. For each region a table with emission data like Tbl. 3 indicates the name and address of the source together with the distance and direction as seen from the monitoring station.

Tbl. 3:

Important sources of emission according to SHMU data for 1999 in tons per year

Location Name, (at x km in x direction, code xxxxxxxx)

PM

SO2

NOx CO

address

Additionally to the larger sources identified in this table (represented by dark blue circles in the regional maps in subchapters x.6).there is also a higher number of small emitters in the area (light green circles in the regional maps). The 8-digit code added relates to the code displayed in the regional map in subchapter x.6 for easy reference. On a national level, there are only few available maps with emission sources that could serve for general orientation and comparison. The ones made available to the author are given in Fig. 10 for SO2 and in Fig. 11 for NOx. At the same time these maps show modelling results for Slovakia. At present, values for modelled levels of concentration appear still to be too low by a factor of 2 according to the MoE and according to direct evidence when comparing model results with measurement results. Nevertheless, these graphs appear to show the relative geographic distribution to a degree sufficient for a preliminary judgement. In both maps the size of the red bullets is given as a function of the emissions in the year 1998 (numbers in thousand tons per year). The black isolines describe the concentration levels as modelled for the annual average concentrations in µg/m³ in the period 1995 to 1999. This period is identical with the reporting period of report 3.

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Tbl. 4:


Emission data for the fifty most important sources in 1999 as classified by SHMU in tons per year (source: Rezzo, SHMU, ordered by SHMU along the sum of all four emissions)

adresa VYCHODOSLOVENSKE ZELEZIARNE,A.S.,KOSICE OZ - ELEKTRAREN VOJANY 1 A VOJANY 2 ELEKTRARNE NOVAKY O.Z.ZEM.KOSTOLANY SLOVNAFT, VLCIE HRDLO, BRATISLAVA CHEMKO A.S. PRIEMYSELNA 720,STRAZSKE SLOVALCO A.S.-VYROBA ELEKTROLYTICKEHO HLINIKA ZELBA A.S. ODSTEPNY ZAVOD SIDERIT NIZNA SLANA SCP A.S. CELPAP TATRANSKA CESTA RUZOMBEROK BUKOCEL A.S.,HENCOVCE PODNIK SALA TEPLAREN ZVOLEN LUCENECKA 25 ZAV.TEPELNA ENERGETIKA,TEPLARENSKA 3,KOSICE KOVOHUTY A.S. KROMPACHY SEZ S.P. TEPLAREN,ZILINA CHEMES A.S.HUMENNE STUROVO,TOVARENSKA 1 TEPLAREN MARTIN ROBOTNICKA 17 ZAV.ENERGETICKE HOSPODARSTVO ZSNP A.S.ZIAR N/HRON. PREVADZKA ISTEBNE MAYTEX A.S. LIPT MIKULAS TEPLAREN TEPLAREN PS,ENERGETIKA A.S. OTF-ENERGIA S.R.O. NIZNA JUHOCUKOR A.S.,DUNAJSKA STREDA BOSANY ZAVOD SOLO UL.J.JANCEKA RUZOMBEROK MYJAVA HARMANECKE PAPIERNE A.S. HARMANEC MATADOR,A.S.PUCHOV T.VANSOVEJ 1054/45 DIVIZNY ZAVOD ENERGETIKA, SNINA ZTS A.S. NAMESTOVO BIOTIKA,A.S. SLOVENSKA LUPCA CUKROVAR PARTIZANSKA 2 TEPLAREN II.,TURBINOVA UL.3,BRATISLAVA CUKROVARSKA 215,SLADKOVICOVO TOVARENSKA 532 SENICA PETROCHEMA A.S DUBOVA,POSTA NEMECKA NAD HRONOM M.R.STEFANIKA 19,TRENCIN DROTOVNA HLOHOVEC TRNAVSKY CUKROVAR SROBAROVA 5 TRNAVA DREVINA S.R.O.,TURANY CUKROVARSKA 726,SERED TEPLAREN BRATISLAVA II,VYHREVNA JUH TEPLAREN HANDLOVA STRAJKOVA 1 BANA CIGEL PRIEVIDZA TRENCIANSKA TEPLA SUVOZ 1,TRENCIN KOPCIANSKA 20,BRATISLAVA RASTISLAVOVA 12,NITRA-MLYNARCE KOTOLNA,PRI UPUSTE 68,LIPTOVSKY HRADOK

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NOx

SO2

PM 8988 10188 939 1207 506 106 156 589 361 670 37 111 151 151 91 185 23 79 161 14 152 29 174 38 80 17 42 34 13 45 74 25 27 24 181 24 94 10 27 21 40 18 19 29 24 17 14 12 10 12

11555 25158 41300 20310 9482 907 4840 1414 2928 2294 3393 1738 2543 1967 1524 1489 1839 1259 463 1128 506 692 482 653 415 443 504 529 504 247 286 367 410 216 187 334 296 396 200 329 264 284 265 218 236 268 225 191 177 182

CO 18498 17479 4974 4330 1960 17 206 721 738 1276 604 1819 98 936 682 597 341 280 385 207 108 217 83 91 71 199 85 102 142 184 45 108 79 212 53 103 69 60 26 60 27 90 85 95 30 50 42 40 14 34

72316 716 635 698 2842 10202 559 1730 350 95 86 157 530 129 194 170 37 90 511 6 361 148 258 28 237 114 58 8 15 115 149 22 6 58 58 17 14 2 163 5 69 1 15 11 60 4 3 5 33 3

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Fig. 10: Annual average SO2 emissions for 1998 in t/yr (red circles for the largest emitters) and modelled concentration levels given by isolines in µg/m³ for the years 1995 to 1999 (source: SHMU) 11.10.01

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Fig. 11: Annual average NOx emissions for 1998 in t/yr (red circles for the largest emitters) and modelled concentration levels given by isolines in µg/m³ for the years 1995 to 1999 (source: SHMU)

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0.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive The basis characterisation of each site is given according to EoI Decision (97/101/EC) as displayed for example in Twinning Report 1, Table 11 and Annex II. An explanation of the abbreviations used in the present report that comprise three sections follows below: The first character provides information on the type of station: T

Traffic

I

Industrial

B Background (the pollution level is not mainly influenced by any single source or street but rather by the integrated contribution from several sources) The local environment can be classified as U

Urban

SUB Suburban R

Rural

and characterised as R

Residential

C

Commercial

I

Industrial

A

Agricultural

N

Natural

General information (source: SHMU and excursion of the author to the air quality monitoring stations during April 2000), see also Annex II to Report 1 which was printed only in pdf format): §

Name(s) according to usage at SHMU

§

Reference number: zz-nn, where zz = zone number and nn = running station number (see also map in Report 1, Annex 1 on page 61)

§

Name of technical body responsible for the station (if different from that responsible for the network): always SHMU for the stations numbered 1 to 30. For other AMS (not yet belonging to the national network another responsible is mentioned.

§

Type of station - traffic, - industrial, - background,

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§

Purpose of the station (local, national, EU dir., GEMS, OECD, EMEP, . . .): this item is dismissed in the following chapters because all 30 stations belong to the national network. EMEP stations and privately owned stations are identified in the respective texts.

§

Geographical coordinates (it is planned by SHMU to improved this data by making use of a GPS system): - longitude, - latitude, - altitude.

§

NUTS level III - okres = district: according to present use in the Slovak Republic (2000), see Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 - kraj = region: according to present use in the Slovak Republic (2000), see Fig. 2 - AMS zone: according to scenario 3 of report 1 which describes the most likely future change of administrative zoning in the Slovak Republic, see Fig. 3

§

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): list of measurement equipment as documented during the excursion in April 2001

Meteorological parameters measured (e.g. wind direction) Number of inhabitants of the zone: not yet easily applicable, therefore left out Main sources of emission: these are selected from the following possibilities: -

commercial, institutional and residential combustion,

-

waste combustion,

-

industrial combustion,

-

production processes,

-

extraction and distribution of fossil fuels,

-

solvent use,

-

road transport,

-

other mobiles sources and machinery (to be specified),

-

waste treatment and disposal,

-

agriculture,

-

nature.

Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) according to an estimation during the excursion: -

wide street with - large volume of traffic (in excess of 10 000 vehicles a day), - moderate volume of traffic (between 2 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day), - low volume of traffic (less than 2 000 vehicles a day),

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-


narrow street with - large volume of traffic (in excess of 10 000 vehicles a day), - moderate volume of traffic (between 2 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day), - low volume of traffic (less than 2 000 vehicles a day),

-

canyon street with - large volume of traffic (in excess of 10 000 vehicles a day), - moderate volume of traffic (between 2 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day), - low volume of traffic (less than 2 000 vehicles a day),

-

highway - large volume of traffic (in excess of 10 000 vehicles a day), - moderate volume of traffic (between 2 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day), - low volume of traffic (less than 2 000 vehicles a day),

-

others: crossroad, signal lights, parking, bus stop, taxi stop.

Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001) -

Equipment - name, - analytical principle,

-

Characteristics of sampling - location of sampling point (facade of building, pavement, kerbside, courtyard), - height of sampling point, - length of sampling line, - result-integrating time, - sampling time,

-

Calibration (informations given are meant for the appropriate gases) - type: automatic, manual, automatic and manual, - method, - frequency.

0.6 Regional map Following the Air Quality Framework Directive the topographical situation of the measurement site is given by a map describing an area of approximately 10x10 km around the station in order to show the mesoscale setting. Source: GIS department of SHMU, generated by Mrs. Marikovicova, in encapsulated postscript format (eps) by means of ArcInfo. A legend follows below:

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Scale: in the original 1:50.000 (area: 10x10 km) red:

Monitoring station

blue/green:

Sources of pollution (from the set of 50 largest emitters/others)

black:

Topographical layers

blue:

Water flows and ares

brown:

Ways of communication

green:

Railway

The red triangle indicates the site location in an indicative way, however, priority has to be attributed to the information given by the detailed plan of subchapters x.7 as sometimes it might be shifted erroneously.

0.7 Detailed plan How to find the Air Quality Monitoring Stations? The concrete microscale setting is described by this subchapter. All 30 stations belonging to the network can be found by the reader with the help of a road map available in any ordinary bookshop or at filling stations (e.g. Autoatlas of SR, VKU, 1:100,000). The following hierarchy of maps is therefore delivered to the reader: 1. Survey of all stations in the SR with topographic background (Fig. 1) 2. Regional map of the surrounding (about 10x10 km, Figure in subchapters x.6) which shows the local topological situation 3. Detailed plan of the situation (about 500x300 m, Figure in subchapters x.7). In case of unavailability of an electronic city plan the exact location is indicated on a road map by a rectangle which is then enlarged into a detailed plan 4. Selected photograph of the station with indication of direction (Figure in subchapters x.7). This visible picture is completed by the entire series of compass-point photographs taken according to the AQFD and accessible via hyperlink A description of symbols and colours used is following: -

Detailed plan (details indicating the situation of the station added by the author).

Legend to the detailed plan that is displayed for urban areas: White:

small streets

Yellow:

important streets

Orange:

highways

Light green:

meadows

Dark green:

mostly woods

Grey:

other covered areas

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Light blue:

pedestrian zones

Blue:

water

Red:

buildings

Small white box: Air Quality Monitoring Station (AMS) Circles:

trees

Solid line:

fence or wall

Bulk line:

road

Dashed line:

railway

Numbers:

distances to the AMS in m (e.g. distances to kerbsides or houses)

Italic numbers: height of buildings in m For AMS in rural areas or in smaller towns another type of map is displayed that allows to retrieve the location of the detailed sketch shown below it. -

Compass point photographs by the author - One selected and typical photo is inserted into the report - A list of all photographs taken is added below the selected photograph. The reader can access the jpg versions by a mouse klick via the hyperlink. The photo chosen for direct display above is marked by an asterisk “*”.

0.8 Summary for this site A Summary for this site is taking into account the emission and transportation situations as well as emitters not really covered by the present network. It explains the rationale of the selection of the given site. This assessment is based on the criteria laid down in chapter 4.3.4 and 4.3.6 of Report 1. The following text describes the frame of reference of the information given. The individual chapters provide text only in case where the real situation deviates from the criteria. Macroscale siting Sampling points for protection of human health: Ø to provide data on the areas within zones and agglomerations where the highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit value(s); Ø to provide data on levels in other areas within the zones and agglomerations which are representative of the exposure of the general population.

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As a guideline, a sampling point should be sited to be representative of air quality 2 in a surrounding area of no less than 200 m at traffic-orientated sites and of several square kilometres at urban-background sites. Protection of ecosystems and vegetation: Sampling points targeted at the protection of ecosystems or vegetation should be sited more than 20 km from agglomerations or more than 5 km from other builtup areas, industrial installations or motorways. As a guideline, a sampling point should be sited to be representative of air quality in a surrounding area of at least 2 1000 km . A Member State may provide for a sampling point to be sited at a shorter distance or to be representative for air quality in a less extended area, taking account of geographical conditions. Microscale siting The following guidelines should be met as far as practicable: Ø the flow around the inlet sampling probe should be unrestricted without any obstructions affecting the airflow in the vicinity of the sampler (normally some metres away from buildings, balconies, trees, and other obstacles and at least 0,5 m from the nearest building in the case of sampling points representing air quality at the building line); Ø in general, the inlet sampling point should be between 1,5 m (the breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground. Higher positions (up to 8 m) may be necessary in some circumstances. Higher siting may also be appropriate if the station is representative of a large area; Ø the inlet probe should not be positioned in the immediate vicinity of sources in order to avoid the direct intake of emissions unmixed with ambient air; Ø the sampler's exhaust outlet should be positioned so that recirculation of exhaust air to the sampler inlet is avoided; location of traffic-orientated samplers: Ø for all pollutants, such sampling points should be at least 25 m from the edge of major junctions and at least 4 m from the centre of the nearest traffic lane, Ø for nitrogen dioxide, inlets should be no more than 5 m from the kerbside, Ø for particulate matter and lead, inlets should be sited so as to be representative of air quality near to the building line. Point sources For the assessment of pollution in the vicinity of point sources, the number of sampling sites for fixed measurement should be calculated taking into account emission densities, the likely distribution patterns of ambient air pollution and the potential exposure of the population.

0.9 Suggestion for the future Proposed by the author, suggestions for changes or the further design of the network.

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1 STATION BRATISLAVA, PETRŽALKA - MAMATEYOVA 1.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.

Bratislava, letisko N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

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Typical wind rose from the meteorological station located at Bratislava Airport situated at 8 km in ENE direction measured from the city center; evaluation for the years 1961 to 1981, units in permil. The average wind speed amounts to 3.8 m/s.

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1.2 Location of the monitoring station The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2 for easy retrieval. This station is located 4 km in the south, out of the city centre, in the housing estate of prefab built-up area with some 150,000 inhabitants, very close to a moderately busy road. Among the major sources of air pollution belong traffic, power sources and the petrochemical complex Slovnaft, Ltd. The last mentioned contributes to the city’s air pollution mainly with east wind direction.

1.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and NOx as well as for particle matter (PM) which underlines the high level of air pollution. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Bratislava-Mamateyova according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3) based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3).

gas



SO2

d, a, w

h

a, w

2

NO2

a-veg

h

a

0

PM10

a

d

CO

Exceedance alert value

of

8h

1.4 Emission situation Tbl. 2:

Important sources of emission according to SHMU data for 1999 in tons/year (legend see chapter 0.4)

Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

SLOVNAFT, VLCIE HRDLO, BRATISLAVA 1207 (at 3,5 km in E direction, code 20555023)

20310

4330

698

ZAPADOSLOVENSKE ENERGETICKE ZAVODY S.P. 24 CULENOVA 6 BRATISLAVA TEPLAREN II.,TURBINOVA UL.3,BA

216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5

ZAPADOSLOVENSKE ENERGETICKE ZAVODY S.P. 19 TEPLAREN BRATISLAVA II,VYHREVNA JUH

265

85

15

(at 6.5 km in NE direction, code 27853003) MATADOR, A.S. PUCHOV, KOPCIANSKA 20,BA

DIVIZIA

(at 2.5 km in W direction, code 20495024)

Other emissions by Slovnaft in tons/year, source: Rezzo, 1999:

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Benzene H2S

Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

0.2

Additionally to these larger sources (see dark blue circles in Figure 2).there is also a higher number of small emitters in the area (see light green circles in Figure 2). Data for these other emitters can be directly retrieved from SHMU (REZZO system or the newer NEIS system), as a printout here would exceed the volume for this report.

1.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive General information

§

Name: Bratislava, Mamateyova (sometimes also Bratislava, Petržalka is used as a name)

§

Reference number or code: 01-01

§

Basic characteristics: B/U/RC

§

§

§

-

Background

-

Urban

-

Rural/commercial

Geographical coordinates: -

Longitude:

17°08'05"

-

Latitude:

48°07'43"

-

Altitude:

136m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Bratislava V

-

Kraj:

Bratislava

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislava

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): Pollutant

Analytical principle

Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

PM10

this year not working

-

CO

infrared absorption

TEI Model 48

-

O3

ultraviolet absorption

TEI Model 49

-

H2S

UV fluorescence as SO2

TEI Model 340

-

Pb

AAS

Perkin Elmer AANALYST 800

-

Cd

AAS


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Meteorological parameters measured: None at this station. Data available from airport measurements. Main sources of emission: - petrochemical industry (at easterly winds with only 5 to 10% frequency) - commercial, institutional and residential combustion - waste combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - extraction and distribution of fossil fuels - solvent use - road transport Characterization of traffic: - wide street (40m) with single prefab blocks, - high volume of traffic (estimated 15,000 vehicles a day) at 800m direction N - moderate volume of traffic (estimated 5,000 vehicles a day) at 300 direction E - low volume of traffic (about 2,000 vehicles a day) at 20m direction E - parking: local parking at 50 to 100m in both E and S directions - crossroads: minor crossroads at 20m in SE direction Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - For gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 – 3.5m. length of sampling line is approx. 5 m - TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 – 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2 m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check, automatic method from bottles every 23 hours for SO2, NO2, CO.

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1.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 2: Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Petržalka - Mamateyova. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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1.7 Detailed plan

20 m 20 m

20 m 20 m trees

N 0m

50 m

100 m

Fig. 3: Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Petržalka - Mamateyova. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7.

Fig. 4:

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Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Petržalka - Mamateyova in direction N. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N* NE E SE S SW WNW NW Set of compass point photographs showing the entire situation of Bratislava to allow general orientation: panoramaview-N panoramaview-NE panoramaview-E panoramaview-SE panoramaview-S panoramaview-SW panoramaview-W panoramaview-NW panoramaviewdetail-SE

1.8 Summary for this site ·

The rationale of this site appears to be the necessity to have one example in the southern areas of Bratislava with mixed industrial and residential character

·

Given the situation of mainly NW winds the main input has to be expected from Bratislava city center

·

This AMS is exposed to refinery emissions at times of easterly winds.

1.9 Suggestion for the future

·

In the light of the recommendation “... some metres away from trees” it appears that the trees planted at 5 to 10 m from the container almost cover the AMS and represent an obstacle in eastern direction (i.e. the expected refinery emissions) that should be dealt with.

·

Similarly the very high residential blocks could be likely to alter the transport situation, except for the said eastern direction for which the station is well situated.

·

A general remark: practically no VOC (or similar) measurements are in place in the national network.

·

Exchange of data with privately owned AMS (e.g. Slovnaft) should be envisaged in the light of the following recommendation: “For the assessment of pollution in the vicinity of point sources, the number of sampling sites for fixed measurement should be calculated taking into account emission densities, the likely distribution patterns of ambient air pollution and the potential exposure of the population.”

·

It cannot be confirmed that this station really captures the “highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit value(s)”, but it appears as “representative of the exposure of the general population”. Additional measurements or modelling is necessary as a closer analysis.

·

In the light of the recommendation “For the assessment of pollution in the vicinity of point sources, the number of sampling sites for fixed measurement should be calculated taking into account emission densities, the likely distribution patterns of ambient air pollution and the potential exposure of the population.” It s stated that there is no station SE of the large refinery in the prevailing wind direction (NW). This should be direction Samorin according to the result of dispersion modelling (see also the map on modelling results).

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2 STATION BRATISLAVA, TRNAVSKÉ MÝTO 2.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.


W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

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2.2 Location of the monitoring station A map of the geographical location is displayed in chapter 1.6. It lies NE of the Bratislava historic centre at a distance of 2 km. This location is considered to be the centre of a territory of interest. The station is situated near the very busy crossroad Šancová/Trnavská street with Krizná/Vajnorská street. As far as the emissions from traffic are concerned, this location belong to the extremely polluted ones.

2.3 Assessment of air pollution Table 1 shows that for SO2 and NO2 Limit Values plus Margins of Tolerance are exceeded and for PM the Limit Value for the type of limits indicated.

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Bratislava – Trnavské Mýto according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3) based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

Gas


SO2

a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10


d a

h

d

a

h


of

0 0

CO

8h



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698


216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15


DIVIZIA


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Other emissions by Slovnaft in tons/year, source: Rezzo, 1999: Benzene H2S

Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

0.2


2.5 Site description according to the Eol Directive General information

§

Name: Bratislava, Trnavské mýto

§


§

Name of technical body responsible for the station (if different from that responsible for the network),

§

Type of station T/U/RC - traffic, - urban, - residential/commercial.

§

§

Geographical coordinates -

Longitude:

17°07'45"

-

Latitude:

48°09'32"

-

Altitude:

136m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Bratislava II, on the borderline to Bratislava III

-

Kraj:

Bratislavský

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislavský

-

§

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) Pollutant


Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43B

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400 AB

-

CO

infrared absorption

TEI Model 48

-

Pb

AAS

Perkin elmer AANALYST 800

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-

Cd


AAS

Perkin elmer AANALYST 800

Meteorological parameters measured: none, only inside the court which changes characteristics! Main sources of emission -

road transport

Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) -

wide street with large volume of traffic (about 25 000 vehicles a day), stop-and-go traffic at important crossroads being 70 to 100m wide with 3 lanes each

-

AMS situated on the pavement, 3.5 m from the kerbside, 5 from the centre of the nearest traffic lane (i.e. both criteria are met), 15 m from crossing of lanes

-

At 20 m direction ENE there is a red building high 25 m

Information concerning measurement techniques - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5m - PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO, CO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours - TEOM – reference filter gravimetry

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2.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 2:

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Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Trnavské mýto. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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2.7 Detailed plan

15m Site of meteorological station: in the courtyard

Trnavské mýto

25m

N

0m

50 m

100 m

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring stations at Bratislava – Trnavské mýto

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava – Trnavské mýto, view in direction E.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): NE E SE S SW W WNW NW view-E* view-W panoramaview


This station is likely to monitor some of the „highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed” as far as traffic is concerned

·

Regarding industrial sources: in the main wind direction (NE) there is no significant single large emitter. Emitters like Technické sklo in the north of Bratislava are not directly covered by AMS. However, a larger number of medium-size emitters is in this area. It should be cared for appropriately monitoring these emissions.


-

This station appears as properly sites and fulfils the requirements of a traffic station

-

Better coverage for other Bratislava based emitters should be safeguarded, however.

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3 STATION BRATISLAVA, KAMENNÉ NÁMESTIE 3.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.


W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

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3.2 Location of the monitoring station For the geographical location see the regional map in chapter 1.6. This station is situated in the city centre, close to supermarket TESCO, in the area of intense car traffic. Its position represents the old part of the city, which is not fully gasified. Location is polluted by major sources, mainly by Slovnaft Ltd., under south-east wind direction.

3.3 Assessment of air pollution Exceedances of Limit Values plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM as shown in Table 1. One of the few concentration roses available is displayed in Figure 2. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Bratislava – Kamenné námestie according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

a

between LAT below and UAT LAT h


h

0

a

0

of

d

CO 3

Concentration rose (µg/m )- Kamenné námestie 1999

NNW

80

N NNE

60

NW

NE

40

WNW

E NE 20

W

E

0

WS W

ESE

SW

SE SSW

SSE S

NOx

Fig. 2:

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SP

Concentration rose for NOx and PM for Kamenné námestie 1999 (source: SHMU).

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Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698


216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15


DIVIZIA


Tbl. 3:


Benzene H2S

Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

0.2


3.5 Site description according to the Eol Directive General information §

Name: Bratislava, Kamenné námestie

§


§

Type of station: B/U/RC - background, - urban, - residential/commercial.

§


Longitude:

17°07'00"

-

Latitude:

48°08'45"

-

Altitude:

139m

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§

§


NUTS level III -

Okres:

Bratislava I

-

Kraj:

Bratislavský

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislavský



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400 AB

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: None at this station. Data available from airport measurements. Main sources of emission -

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with moderate volume of traffic (about 10 000 vehicles a day), important crossroads, AMS on the pavement at 35 m from the kerbside.

-

Behind the AMS there is a 25m high building (broad only 20 m) at a distance of 10 m.

-

At a distance of 5 to 10 m south there is a group of trees.

Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5 to 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5 m - PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 to 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2 m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours. - TEOM – reference filter gravimetry.

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3.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 3:

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Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Kamenné námestie. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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3.7 Detailed plan

15m

10m

30m

25m at 10m

N 0m

50 m

100m

Fig. 4:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava – Kamenné námestie. Legend see chapter 0.7.

Fig. 5

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Bratislava – Kamenné námestie in direction E.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S NW view-E* view-S panoramaview

3.8 Summary for this site

-

The rationale of this station is to cover the city center of Bratislava with its large number of diffuse sources and medium sources. This station is not likely to capture highest levels, but still levels of pollution characteristic for a large number of citizens.

-

The trees situated south of the situation do not yet interfere significantly but their effect should be observed


-

It would be desirable to have another (possibly also traffic oriented along Roznavská) site north of Bratislava and one additional in the east to monitor industrial emissions. The prevailing wind direction (NW) should be taken into account.

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4 STATION BRATISLAVA, KOLIBA 4.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area For the general situation see chapter 1.1 and the map in chapter 1.6. A wind rose of the situation on the hill Koliba, where also the main building of SHMU is situated, is displayed in Figure 1.

Bratislava - Koliba N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 24

Wind data are available from Bratislava Koliba situated directly at the station (average speed of the wind is 4.6 m/s).

4.2 Location of the monitoring station This station measures only ozone and is situated north of Bratislava in a residential area of family houses on the southernmost slope of the small Carpath mountains.

4.3 Assessment of air pollution At this station only ozone is measured. For results see the annual 1999 SHMU report.


Location


SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698

ZAPADOSLOVENSKE ENERGETICKE ZAVODY S.P. 24 CULENOVA 6 BRATISLAVA TEPLAREN

216

212

58

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PM

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II.,TURBINOVA UL.3,BA (at 6.5 km in NE direction, code 27853003) MATADOR, A.S. PUCHOV, KOPCIANSKA 20,BA

DIVIZIA

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15


Tbl. 2:


Benzene H2S

Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

0.2



Name: Bratislava, Koliba

§


§


§

Type of station: B/U/R

§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential.


Longitude:

17°06'

-

Latitude:

48°10

-

Altitude:

288m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Bratislava V

-

Kraj:

Bratislava

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislava


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-

O3


TEI Model 49

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, pressure, etc. – professional meteorological station Main sources of emission -

local heating.

Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): -

for ozone sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m

-

Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 1 hour.

-

Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair

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4.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 2:

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Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava, Koliba. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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4.7 Detailed plan 2000/d 2000/d

15m Private gardens Sports ground

Vancurová

500/d

N 0m

50 m

100m

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Bratislava - Koliba

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Bratislava – Koliba in direction E.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E* S SW W NW view-NW panoramaview


·

The rationale of this station is to have a background site in the lee of the capital for ozone measurement

·

This area has a relatively good image for its air quality, therefore no high concentrations of other pollutants would be expected.

4.9 Suggestion for the future ·

Site well located

·

Concentration roses could be easily derived from meteorological data.

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5 STATION BANSKÁ BYSTRICA, NÁM. SLOBODY 5.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The town is located in the Bystrické valley (river Hron), which is situated at the northern edge of the Zvolen basin and surrounded by the Starohorské hills from north, by the Horehronské valley from north-east and by the Kremnické hills from south-east. A key feature is the situation of the city on the knee of the river Hron that turns from westward to southward direction. According to the climate classification this location belongs within Slovakia to the moderately warm and moist regions with cool winter. The annual average temperature is 8°C. The pre-1 vailing wind direction is from north and north-east, its average speed 2.1 m.s and approximately 33% occurrence of inversion in valley positions. Air pollution is affected by cement and wood processing industries releasing emissions of suspended particles, but also by a large number of local heating sources. Heavy traffic contributes to the high level of air pollution in the town centre as well.

5.2 Location of the monitoring station For the geographic location see Figure 3. This station is placed in the city centre, 100 m from local busy traffic communication, at a distance of 50 m from one and two storey housing estate built up area. This station is located in a part of the city with generally low dispersion conditions.

NW

W

Sliač N 250 200 150 100 50 0

SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 466

A typical wind rose is available from Sliač airport situated at 13 km in S direction (average speed of the wind is 3.2 m/s). Remarkable is the high probability for calms (47%).

5.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and NOx as well as for particle matter (PM10).

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This station Námestie slobody is situated in the city centre, in the area exposed considerably to emissions from car transport and industrial and municipal sources. One rare example of a concentration rose is displayed in Figure 2.

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Banská Bystrica – Nám. Slobody according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d, a


d

h

h, a


of

0 0

CO

8h 3

Concentration rose (µg/m ) B.Bystrica - Nám.slobody 1999

NNW

100

N NNE

80

NW

NE

60 WNW

40

E NE

20 W

E

0

WS W

ESE

SW

SE SSW

SSE S

S O2

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

NOx

SP

A concentration rose is available for this station for three gases (source: SHMU 1999).

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Important sources of emission according to SHMU data for 1999

Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

25

367

108

22

37

3393

604

86

34

529

102

8

296

69

14

BIOTIKA,A.S. SLOVENSKA LUPCA (at 10 km in NE direction, code 25652001) SSE S P ZAVOD TEPLAREN ZVOLEN LUCENECKA 25 (at 20 km in S direction, code 27384002) HARMANECKE PAPIERNE A.S. HARMANEC (at 15 km in NW direction, code 21579001)

PETROCHEMA A.S DUBOVA, POSTA NEMECKA NAD HRONOM

(at 21 km in NE direction, code 23958001)

94


Name: Banská Bystrica, Námestie Slobody

§


§


§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential.


Longitude:

19°09'30"

-

Latitude:

48°44'12"

-

Altitude:

343m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Banská Bystrica

-

Kraj:

Banskobystrický

-

AQM Zone:

Banskobystrický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400 A

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-


-

CO

infrared absorption

ML 9830

-

O3


ML 9811

-

Pb

AAS


AAS


Cd

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission -


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


80 m wide street with moderate volume of traffic at 250 m direction W (4 000 vehicles a day),

-

wide street with high volume of traffic at 500 m in direction S (10 000 vehicles a day)

-

situated on a parking with low frequency.

Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - For gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.2 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check, automatic method from permeation tube for NO2 and SO2, from bottle for CO every 23 hours. - O3 - IZS check every 23 hours - TEOM – reference filter gravimetry.

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5.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 3:

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Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Banská Bystrica, Nám Slobody. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6. Remark: red triangle should be moved left.

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5.7 Detailed plan

10m trees at 15m high 5m 30m

trees at 8m high 5m

6m 175m to street 25m 25m 25m 200m to street

N 4000/d 0m

50 m

100 m

Stavebná ulica 10000/d

Autobus station

Fig. 4:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Banská Bystrica

Fig. 5:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Banksá Bystrica in direction NE.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE* E SE S SW W generalview-E generalview-SE generalview-S generalview-W generalview-NW panoramaview-E panoramaview-S panoramaview-SW


·

It is the rationale of this station to monitor the situation in this important central Slovak town of Banská Bystrica in a typical way.


This station is not badly located but it does not seem to capture „highest concentrations occuring to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed”. A more detailed analysis of the distribution of concentration levels in the Banská Bystrica area as a function of sources inside and outside the immediate urban area would be desirable

·

However, it can be said even without such a more detailed study that it would be desirable to locate the station nearer to the main line of traffic (National Roads 66 and 59).

·

An efficient alternative should be found taking into account both the area of Banská Bystrica and Zvolen and not omitting relevant concentrations that could occur in zone 07.

·

Therefore relocation of this station is suggested, namely in a way to convert it to a traffic station that captures at the same time important sources.

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6 STATION RUŽOMBEROK, RIADOK 6.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The location of the city comprises the western part of the Liptovská basin on the confluence of rivers Váh, Revúca and Likavka. Mountains ranges Veľká Fatra constitutes the border towards west, the Chočské mountains in the north and the Low Tatras in the south. From a climatic point of view this location is characterised as cooler with an annual average temperature of 7.1°C. The most frequent wind direction is from west, the average speed -1 amounts to 1.6 m.s . Air pollution by classical pollutants is due to the operation of heating plant technology and local industry. North Slovakian pulp and paper processing plants (SCP) are the largest industrial source of air pollution. A considerable share of this pollution is caused by the small local sources as well. Mixture of predominantly organic-sulphur compounds, leaking episodically from the technology of pulp production causes specific and smelly air pollution.

6.2 Location of the monitoring station The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. Figure 1 shows a typical wind rose. This station is located in the garden of an elementary school, close to the low traffic communication. In surrounding the low built-up area of family houses prevails. Major pollution source the Slovakian pulp and paper processing plants Ružomberok is situated north-east of the monitoring station. Liptovský Hrádok N 250 200 NE NW 150 100 50 W 0 E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 502

Nearest typical wind data are available from Liptovský Hrádok situated at 30 km in SE direction (average speed of the wind there is 2.2 m/s).

6.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are no exceedances of the Limit Values, a result which is not significant due to the short period of operation of this site. However, the nearby site of Polik exhibited exceedances of the annual NOx Limit Value in earlier years, the LAT for the hourly and annual NO2 as well as the annual Limit Value for SO2 and the UAT for daily mean values for SO2. The station Polik was situated from 1995 to 1998 along the main road leaving Ru11.10.01

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zomberok in western direction at a distance of 30 m from the road and at 30 m from surrounding 15 m high walls. Therefore an analysis should be based on both stations. In this location (Ružomberok) the number of stations was reduced to one AMS, which monitors also hydrogen sulphide as an indicator for sulphur compound emissions from the Slovak pulp and paper processing plants. Oxides of nitrogen play a most important share in air pollution of the town apart from the odour substances. The station Riadok has been put into operation since June 1, 1999, therefore the results do not provide a sufficient basis for the assessment of pollution in this location.

Tbl. 1:

gas

Exceedances at Ružomberok Riadok according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3), regarding significance and Ruzomberok Polik see text.

above LV + MoT

above LV

above UAT

below LAT

Exceedance of alert value

SO2

h, d, a, w

0

NO2

h, a, a-veg

0

PM10

between LAT and UAT

d

a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

589

1414

721

1730

17

443

199

114

161

463

385

511

SEVEROSLOVENSKE CELULOZKY A PAPIERNE, A.S. SCP CELPAP TATRANSKA CESTA RUZOMBEROK (at 1 km in E direction, code 25380003) SEVEROSLOVENSKE CELULOZKY A PAPIERNE, A.S ZAVOD SOLO UL.J.JANCEKA RUZOMBEROK (at 1 km in E direction, code 25380008) OFZ, A.S. ISTEBNE (at 16 km in NW direction, code 22139001)


§

Name: Ružomberok, Riadok

§


§


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§

§

§

§


Type of station: B/U/RI -

background,

-

urban,

-

residential/industrial.


Longitude:

19°18'27"

-

Latitude:

49°04'32"

-

Altitude:

485m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Ruzomberok

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinský



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

beta-absorption

VEREWA F 703

-

O3


TEI Model 49

-

H2S


TEI Model 340 (to be confirmed)

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: none Main sources of emission - production processes, - road transport, - local heating. Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) -

wide street with low volume of traffic (500 vehicles a day),

Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 4m

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- TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Same type of container as in Martin. - Calibration: zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours (absent during excursion). - Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair.

6.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Ružomberok, Riadok. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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6.7 Detailed plan

tree at 5m high 5m

tree at 5m high 5m 9m from kerbside

500/d

0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Ružomberok

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Ružomberok in direction NE.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE* SE S SW W SCP-N SCP-NE SCP-E SCP-S SCP-SW SCP-W SCP-NW.

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It is the rationale of this site to monitor the urban background of Ruzomberok and some of the industrial emissions in this small industrial center.


It is important to have a station sited in Ruzomberok; but is appears as questionable if the present site is really useful to monitor „highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed”. For that target a closer analysis of the transport circumstances in this urban area is useful.

·

At any rate it is necessary to monitor SCP and Solo emissions more closely, for example by the privately station already operated near the SCP area.

·

The present location does not capture emissions from the nearby east-west traffic junction represented by the National Road N16 (E50, Bratislava - Kosice) which crosses with N59 (E77, Warsaw - Budapest) right in Ruzomberok. It appears as desirable to monitor these emissions in an appropriate way.

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7 STATION ŽIAR NAD HRONOM 7.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. The area of the Žiarska basin is closed from more sides, bordered by the Pohronský Inovec in the south-west, by the Vtáčnik and the Kremnické hills in the west up to the north and by the Štiavnické hills in the east up to the south-east. The area is characterised by the very unfavourable meteorological conditions with regard to the level of air pollution by industrial emissions in ground level -1 layer. Annual average of wind speed in all directions is 1.8 m.s , the value approximately 3 -1 times lower than that one in Bratislava (5.2 m.s ). The east and north-west wind directions occur there most frequently during the entire year. The major share in air pollution is due to the aluminium production and power generation. Recently two investors have entered: Norsk Hydro and Slovalco.

7.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is placed at a boundary-line of the 4-storey house built-up area and open space sloping down from the station. Meteorological station is next of the monitoring station. However, no wind data were available, therefore a wind rose of a site situated in a nearby mountain region is displayed in Figure 1. Wind directions down in the Ziar nad Hronom are certainly determined to a higher degree by the situation at the confluent of two valleys.

Banská Štiavnica N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 245

Nearest (only partly typical) wind data are available from Banská Štiavnica situated at 14 km in S direction (average speed of the wind is 2.8 m/s).

7.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and PM10.

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Only one automatic monitoring station in town Žiar nad Hronom is presently in operation in this area, in former times there were also stations in Lovca and Lovcica (see these chapters). The station monitors major air pollution source in the area, the SNP plant.

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Žiar nad Hronom according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w


d

NO2

a-veg

PM10


h

0

h, a

0

of

d, a

CO



Location

PM

ZSNP A.S. SLOVALCO ELEKTROLYTICKEHO HLINIKA HOSPODARSTVO

NOx

CO

106

907

17

10202

79

1259

280

90

A.S.-VYROBA

(at 2 km in S direction, code 27437007) ZAV.ENERGETICKE N/HRON.

SO2

ZSNP

(at 1.5 km in S direction, code 27437006)

A.S.ZIAR


Name: Žiar nad Hronom

§


§

Type of station: B/U/RCI

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential/commercial/industrial.


Longitude:

18°51'07"

-

Latitude:

48°35'17"

-

Altitude:

263m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

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§

-


-

Kraj:

Banskobystrický

-

AQM Zone:

Banskobystrický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

beta-absorption

VEREWA F 703 (presently out of

TSP

function) -

O3

ultraviolet-absorption

TEI Model 49 (presently out of

function) -

Pb

AAS

Perkin Elmer AANALYST 800 (sampler present)

-

Cd

AAS

Perkin Elmer AANALYST 800 (sampler present)

Meteorological parameters measured: Professional meteorological station. Main sources of emission -


-

road transport,

-

local heating.

Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations): only small roads in the vicinity. Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 5m. - TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 15 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, but bottles were missing at the time of excursion. - Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair.

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7.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

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Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Žiar nad Hronom. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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7.7 Detailed plan

8m garage

row 40m

10m from baraka

of

14 trees high branches 1-5m near AMS

10m,

12m

steep slope into valley fence around meteor. garden 0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Žiar nad Hronom

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Žiar nad Hronom in direction S.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S* S- SW W WNW NW view-measurement view-PC viewZSNP view-ZSNP


It is the rationale of this station to monitor the emissions of the two industrial plants located near Ziar nad Hronom.


Given the presumably complex wind situation along the Hron valley it is difficult to find an appropriate location for a container. It should be made use of the meteorological data measured there in order to identify an optimal location.

·

The number of Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) should be adapted to the expected emissions.

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8 STATION PRIEVIDZA 8.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area This area represents a central Slovak basin surrounded by mountain ranges of 800 to 1200m which is open only in SW direction along the upper river Nitra in direction of Partizanske. The Horná Nitra basin from Handlova to Bystričany is a very remarkable center of brown coal mining and combustion mainly by the power plant of Novaky. Prevailing wind direction is affected considerably by the orientation of this basin. The most frequent winds occur there from north-north-east directions (around 40% probability for wind directions from N to NE in the upper Nitra basin according to the Phare project wind roses). A second maximum of wind direction probability lies around SW directions (around 23%) which underlines the importance of this station for monitoring. The low value of annual aver-1 age wind speed 2.3 m.s indicates the unfavourable conditions for emission dispersion and transport. No sufficiently prepared wind data are present for this site, however. Therefore it is made use of the wind roses covering the years 1946 to 1960 as displayed in chapter 0.2. The predominant share in air pollution of this area is due to the power plant situated about 10 km southwest in Zem. Kostolany near Novaky. The low quality of fuels for power generation and in the commercial/residential sectors contributes to air pollution in this area to a great extent. The coal in use contains apart from sulphur also arsenic. To a lesser extent the emissions from sources of chemical industry and local heating contribute as well. A large industrial area is situated at 1 km in direction SW to SE.

8.2 Location of the monitoring station This Air Quality Monitoring Station is located in the town centre, at the area close to the 4storey residential buildings and buildings of similar height. Near the station a traffic road passes by. There are no wind data from the last decades, therefore the wind roses from chapter 0.2 covering the years 1946 to 1960 could be used as a surrogate.

8.3 Assessment of air pollution There are installed three automatic monitoring stations in the area of Horná Nitra (Upper Nitra). The station in Bystričany is oriented in the direction of predominant air circulation from the major emission source in the area, the SEZ (Slovak power plants), Ltd. Nováky. The other stations do monitor ambient air quality in Prievidza and Handlová. According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Prievidza according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

h, d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d, a



of

17 h

a

0

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

939

41300

4974

635

80

415

71

237

152

506

108

361

24

236

30

60

SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE - ELEKTRARNE NOVAKY O.Z. ZEM.KOSTOLANY (at 10 km in SW direction, code 27305001) KOZELUZNE GROUP BOSANY, A.S. (at 32 km in SW direction, code 20393001 ) PASINVEST A.S. PARTIZANSKE, TEPLAREN (at 11 km in SW direction, code 24542001) HBP A.S. BANA CIGEL PRIEVIDZA (at 4 km in SE direction, code 20815001)

Tbl. 3:

Locations at a further distance (that are not covered by the present set of stations)

SLOVENSKA ARMATURKA MYJAVA, A.S. (at 70 km in NW direction, code 23892002 )

42

504

85

58

10

396

60

2

17

268

50

4

14

225

42

3

MERINA A.S. M.R.STEFANIKA 19,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452007) POVAZSKY CUKROVAR A.S. - TRENCIANSKA TEPLA (at 42 km in NW direction, code 26437001) ENERGOTRENS S.R.O. - SUVOZ 1,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452006)

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Name: Prievidza

§


§

Type of station: B/U/RC

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential/commercial.


Longitude:

18°37'30"

-

Latitude:

48°45'11"

-

Altitude:

269m

NUTS level III: - Okres:

Prievidza

- Kraj:

Trenčiansky

-

§

AQM Zone:

Trenčiansky



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

- TSP

beta absorption

VEREWA F 703

- O3


TEI Model 49

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


- Remark: Pb and Cd samplers were in repair at the time of the documentation excursion. PM10 will be installed in the framework of a Phare project. Meteorological parameters measured: none Main sources of emission: - industrial combustion, power plants, - production processes, - extraction and distribution of fossil fuels, - road transport, - local heating.

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Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) - wide street with moderate volume of traffic (between 2 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day) at 200m E - 8m from kerbside - small parking around AMS. Information concerning measurement technique: - For gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 to 3.5m. length of sampling line is approx. 5m - TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.8 m. - Sampling time is every 20 seconds and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check, automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, bottles presently missing. - Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair.

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8.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Prievidza. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6. The red triangle should be situated about 1 km northwards.

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8.7 Detailed plan

35m

35m

35m

Garage 2m 40m

15000/d

30m, small parking Police 10m

500/d

5000/d

N 0m

50 m

100 m

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Prievidza. Legend see in Chapter 0.7

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Prievidza in direction NE.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE* E SE S W NW view-SW viewW view-Novaky.


The rationale of this station is to be situated in the second most probable wind direction of the largest SO2 emitter in the SR. Together with the Bystricany station it is indispensable for the network.

·

Additionally it captures part of the urban emissions from the small town of Prievidza.

8.9 Suggestions for the future ·

This site is well located.

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9 STATION HANDLOVÁ 9.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area This area represents a central Slovak basin surrounded by mountain ranges of 800 to 1200m which is open only in SW direction along the upper river Nitra in direction of Partizanske. The Horná Nitra basin from Handlova to Bystričany is a very remarkable center of brown coal mining and combustion mainly by the power plant of Novaky.

Prevailing wind direction is affected considerably by the orientation of this basin. The most frequent winds occur there from north-north-east directions (around 40% probability for wind directions from N to NE in the upper Nitra basin according to the Phare project wind roses). A second maximum of wind direction probability lies around SW directions (around 23%) which underlines the importance of this station for monitoring. The low value of annual aver-1 age wind speed 2.3 m.s indicates the unfavourable conditions for emission dispersion and transport. No sufficiently prepared wind data are present for this site, however. Therefore it is made use of the wind roses covering the years 1946 to 1960 as displayed in chapter 0.2. The predominant share in air pollution of this area is due to the power plant situated about 10 km southwest in Zem. Kostolany near Novaky. The low quality of fuels for power generation and in the commercial/residential sectors contributes to air pollution in this area to a great extent. The coal in use contains apart from sulphur also arsenic. To a lesser extent the emissions from sources of chemical industry and local heating contribute as well. A large industrial area is situated at 1 km in direction SW to SE.

9.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is placed in the predominantly family house area. Among the major emission sources belong power sources and industry, for example one visible site situated at 1 km from Handlova center in SE direction.

9.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2 and NO2 as well as exceedances of Limit Value for PM10. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Handlová according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

h, d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10



of

17 h d

a

0

a

CO

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Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

29

218

95

11

SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE, A.S. ELEKTRARNE NOVAKY ZAVOD TEPLAREN HANDLOVA STRAJKOVA 1 code 21560001


Name: Handlová

§


§


§

Type of station: B/U/RCI

§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential/commercial/industrial


Longitude:

18°45'32"

-

Latitude:

48°44'00"

-

Altitude:

437m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Prievidza

-

Kraj:

Trenčiansky

-

AQM Zone:

Trenčiansky



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure 11.10.01

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Main sources of emission (e.g. at 1 km and Novaky at some 15 km WSW) -


-

extraction and distribution of fossil fuels,

-

local heating, especially from family houses.

Information concerning measurement techniques -

for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.8 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m

-

PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 – 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-

Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes.

-

Calibration: SO2, NO2: zero span check, automatic method from permeation tube every 23 hours

-

TEOM: reference filter gravimetry.

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9.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Handlová. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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9.7 Detailed plan

N 0 km

Fig. 2:

5 km

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Handlová (box enlarged)

house with tree Morovnianská cesta

5m from street

Nord

Stefaniková

fence 6 trees: 8-12m high branches already above AMS

School area, slope towards east

Fig. 3:

11.10.01

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Handlová

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Fig. 4:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Handlová in direction NNE.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NNE* NE SE SSE S SSW SW W NNW


The rationale of this station is to be situated in an important brown coal mining center in middle Slovakia

·

Futhermore it covers to a small extent emissions from a nearby power plant (Novaky) and the local emissions

·

The area is relatively well aerated or at least has a different characteristic due to its situation near a saddle from the Nitra to the Hron valley.


·

The problem of branches above AMS should be dealt with

·

A site with higher probability of elevated emissions could be used.

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10 STATION BYSTRIČANY 10.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area This area represents a central Slovak basin surrounded by mountain ranges of 800 to 1200m which is open only in SW direction along the upper river Nitra in direction of Partizanske. The Horná Nitra basin from Handlova to Bystričany is a very remarkable center of brown coal mining and combustion mainly by the power plant of Novaky. Prevailing wind direction is affected considerably by the orientation of this basin. The most frequent winds occur there from north-north-east directions (around 40% probability for wind directions from N to NE in the upper Nitra basin according to the Phare project wind roses). A second maximum of wind direction probability lies around SW directions (around 23%) which underlines the importance of this station for monitoring. The low value of annual aver-1 age wind speed 2.3 m.s indicates the unfavourable conditions for emission dispersion and transport. No sufficiently prepared wind data are present for this site, however. Therefore it is made use of the wind roses covering the years 1946 to 1960 as displayed in chapter 0.2. The predominant share in air pollution of this area is due to the power plant situated about 10 km southwest in Zem. Kostolany near Novaky. The low quality of fuels for power generation and in the commercial/residential sectors contributes to air pollution in this area to a great extent. The coal in use contains apart from sulphur also arsenic. To a lesser extent the emissions from sources of chemical industry and local heating contribute as well. A large industrial area is situated at 1 km in direction SW to SE. There are no wind data from the last decades, therefore the wind roses from chapter 0.2 covering the years 1946 to 1960 could be used as a surrogate.

10.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is situated in the zone of a transformation station of Slovenske Elektrarne, in an area planted by fruit-trees. The significant source of the power plant Nováky (ENO) is at a distance of 1.5 km from the monitoring station. Direction of wind is affected considerably by geography and orientation of the basin. The most frequent winds occur there from northnorth-east directions (around 40% probability for wind directions from N to NE in the upper Nitra basin according to the d’Appolonia Phare project).

10.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Bystričany according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

h, d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d



of

20 h, a

0

a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

939

41300

4974

635

80

415

71

237

152

506

108

361

24

236

30

60

SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE - ELEKTRARNE NOVAKY O.Z. ZEM.KOSTOLANY (at 10 km in SW direction, code 27305001) KOZELUZNE GROUP BOSANY, A.S. (at 32 km in SW direction, code 20393001 ) PASINVEST A.S. PARTIZANSKE, TEPLAREN (at 11 km in SW direction, code 24542001) HBP A.S. BANA CIGEL PRIEVIDZA (at 4 km in SE direction, code 20815001) Table 3: sent set of stations)

Locations at a further distance (that are not covered by the pre-

SLOVENSKA ARMATURKA MYJAVA, A.S. (at 70 km in NW direction, code 23892002 )

42

504

85

58

10

396

60

2

17

268

50

4

14

225

42

3

MERINA A.S. M.R.STEFANIKA 19,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452007) POVAZSKY CUKROVAR A.S. - TRENCIANSKA TEPLA (at 42 km in NW direction, code 26437001) ENERGOTRENS S.R.O. - SUVOZ 1,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452006)

11.10.01

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Name: Bystričany

§


§

Type of station: B/SUB/A

§

§

§

-

background,

-

suburban,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

18°31'00"

-

Latitude:

48°40'02"

-

Altitude:

251m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Prievidza

-

Kraj:

Trenčiansky

-

AQM Zone:

Trenčiansky

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) (as of April 2001) Pollutant


Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

beta absorption

VEREWA F 703

-

New PM10 is expected from Phare sources

Meteorological parameters measured: none Main sources of emission -


-

local heating.

Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) - wide street with large volume of traffic (around 8000 vehicles a day) at 200m Information concerning measurement techniques - For gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 6m

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- TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 to 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5m (should be shortened). - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO), bottles presently missing.

10.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Bystričany. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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10.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 2:

5 km

N

Plan of the air quality monitoring station at Bystričany (see frame)

30 m

relative height: 1m 6m

20m bush: 4.5 to 5 m high, branches reach container road to Prievidza

area of trafo station

Fig. 3:

11.10.01

gate building

5000 8000/d

to

Detailed situation of the air quality monitoring station at Bystričany

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Fig. 4:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Bystričany in direction NNE.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NNE* E ESE SE view-N view-S view-NW view-W view-detail-N view-detail-NNE view-SW-trafo-covered.


The rationale of this station is to be situated in the most probable wind direction from the Novaky plant


Station in principle situated in correct direction but it should be deliberated on the basis of more detailed meteorological data, measurements and modelling to shift it further away from the Novaky plant so that the maximum of the emissions can be best captured

·

Sampling lines could easily be made shorter

·

There is no measuring station for the Váh valley. Emitters in this area are listed below in the table of subchapter 4. It is highly recommended to incorporate the present mobile AMS in the town of Trencin into the national network.

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11 STATION ŽILINA, VELKÁ OKRUŽNÁ 11.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The town itself is spread in the valley of middle Váh river, in the basin of central Považie (Vah valley). The Žilina basin is situated at moderately altitude. From east the Little Fatra mountains border the area, from the south the White Carpathians and from the north-west the Javorníky mountains. According to the climate characteristics the area belongs to the moderately warm region. In the area of a basin, the relative humidity of air is higher and also the number of foggy days is among the highest one throughout the year. Slight windiness of av-1 erage wind speed 1.3 m.s and occurrence of calm up to 62% characterise this area. From the standpoint of potential air pollution, the wind conditions in the Žilina basin are very unfavourable and thus relatively smaller sources of emissions lead to the high level of air pollution in ground level layer. Air pollution by classical pollutants is due to the local heating plant of the Slovak Power Plants, but local chemical operations and mainly heavy traffic in the town centre participate in it as well.

11.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is located in the town centre of a moderately densely built area of 1-5-storey buildings, at a distance of 10 m from a busy traffic road.

11.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM10. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Žilina – Veľká Okružná according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

h

NO2

a-veg

a

PM10

d, a

CO

11.10.01



of

2 h

0 8h

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Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

151

1967

936

129

692

217

148

SEZ S.P. TEPLAREN,ZILINA (at 1 km in NW direction, code 27460007)

POVAZSKE STROJARNE, ENERGETIKA A.S., TEPLAREN PS,ENERGETIKA A.S.

(at 25 km in SW direction, code 24893001)

29


Name: Žilina, Veľká Okružná

§


§

Type of station T/U/RCI

§

§

§

-

traffic

-

urban

-

residential/commercial/industrial


Longitude:

18°44'18"

-

Latitude:

49°13'12"

-

Altitude:

390m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Žilina

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinský

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) (as of April 2001) Pollutant


Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

CO

infrared absorption

ML 9830

Meteorological parameters measured: none

11.10.01

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Main sources of emission -

industrial combustion (direction W: textile industry, direction E: chemocellulose, at 1 km in direction ENE: chemical works, 250 m in direction ESE: local heating and hospital),

-


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with moderate volume of traffic (approximately 8000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 3.8 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5m

-

PM 10 sampling head is above ground 3.0 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


-

location of sampling point is 4 m from a wall.

-

Calibration zero span check:

11.10.01

-

automatic method from bottles every 23 hours (SO2, NO, CO)

-

TEOM –reference filter gravimetry.

Page 3 of 257

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11.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Žilina, Veľká Okružná. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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11.7 Detailed plan

15m 3m 40m from street

tree 5m at 3m

11m from kerbside

0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Žilina

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Žilina, Veľká Okružná in direction WNW.

11.10.01

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S SW W WNW* NW container-N.

11.8 Summary for this site -

The rationale of this station is to capture traffic emissions along a buzy ring road together with the concentration levels typical for the city and including the effects of the industrial area in the eastern parts of the urban area.


-

Station in principle well sited

-

As this is one of the few traffic oriented sites, it should be moved nearer to the kerbside so that the distance is completely in compliance with the AQF Directive.

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12 STATION ŽILINA, VLČINCE 12.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The town itself is spread in the valley of middle Váh river, in the basin of central Považie (Vah valley). The Žilina basin is situated at moderately altitude. From east the Little Fatra mountains border the area, from the south the White Carpathians and from the north-west the Javorníky mountains. According to the climate characteristics the area belongs to the moderately warm region. In the area of a basin, the relative humidity of air is higher and also the number of foggy days is among the highest one throughout the year. Slight windiness of -1 average wind speed 1.3 m.s and occurrence of calm up to 62% characterise this area. From the standpoint of potential air pollution, the wind conditions in the Žilina basin are very unfavourable and thus relatively smaller sources of emissions lead to the high level of air pollution in ground level layer. Air pollution by classical pollutants is due to the local heating plant of the Slovak Power Plants, but local chemical operations and mainly heavy traffic in the town centre participate in it as well.

12.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is placed in the north-east part of the town, in the housing area of Vlčince, about 0.7-1.5 km far from the industrial zone. The position is open in all directions and representative for the wind speed and wind direction measurements.

12.3 Assessment of air pollution For this station exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM10 (Table 1).

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Žilina – Vlčince according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d, a

between LAT below and UAT LAT h h, a


of

3 0

CO

12.4 Emission situation As shown in Table 2 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM10.

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Tbl. 2:


Exceedances at Žilina – Veľká Okružná according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

h

NO2

a-veg

a

PM10

d, a



of

2 h

0

CO

8h

Tbl. 3:


Location (at further distance of this AMS)

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

13

504

142

15

692

217

148

MATADOR,A.S.PUCHOV T.VANSOVEJ 1054/45 (at 32 km in SW direction, code 25050002)

POVAZSKE STROJARNE, ENERGETIKA A.S., TEPLAREN PS, ENERGETIKA A.S.

(at 25 km in SW direction, code 24893001)

29

12.5 Site description according to the Eol Directive

General information §

Name: Žilina, Vlčince

§


§

Type of station: B/U/RI

§

§

-

-

background

-

urban

-

residential/industrial


Longitude:

18°46'20"

-

Latitude:

49°12'40"

-

Altitude:

368m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Žilina

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

AQM Zone:

11.10.01

Žilinský

Page 2 of 257

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§




Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

O3


ML 9810

-

H2S


ML 8770 Convertor ML 9850

-

Pb & Cd

Perkin Elmer

PEA Analyst 800

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, pressure. Main sources of emission -


-


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with moderate volume of traffic (some 2 000 vehicles a day),

-

20 m from both kerbsides.


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 3.8 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5m.

-

PM 10 sampling head is above ground 3.0 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


Calibration zero span check, -

automatic method from bottles every 23 hours (SO2, NO). H2S from permeation tube

-

TEOM – reference filter gravimetry

-

Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair.

11.10.01

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12.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Žilina, Vlčince. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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12.7 Detailed plan

fence 2m

10m

5m

30m

meadow

10m

0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Žilina - Vlčince

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Žilina - Vlčince in direction N.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N* E SE S SW NW.

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The rationale of this station is to monitor the emissions downwind of the industrial center of Žilina taking into account the relatively high probability of winds from western to northern directions. However, this area is a zone of remarkably high tendency for calm periods (61.2% during 1946 to 1960).

-

Near to the station there is also the national road linking western and central Slovakia, but the distance is too high to serve as a traffic station.

12.9 Suggestion for the future -

If necessary, station could be moved to a more appropriate location (e.g. including emissions from transit traffic) in case of shortcomings of AMS equipment

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13 STATION HNÚŠŤA 13.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The area is situated in the valley of Rimava river. Along quite a narrow valley, individual mountain ranges of relatively great elevation are extending. Short-term measurements confirm -1 the expected low wind speeds of about 1.5 m.s on an average and considerably high occurrence of calm (>56% in Ratková). The area is polluted mainly by the chemical production in Hnúšťa (2 km south) and by the magnesite plant in Hačov (2 km north). Commercial activities of these polluters could have been cut down during the latest years according to local information.

NW

W

Ratková N 250 200 150 100 50 0

SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 561

Nearest typical wind data are available from Ratková situated at 10 km in E direction (average speed of the wind is 2.4 m/s).

13.2 Location of the monitoring station For the geographical situation see Figure 2. This station is situated in the north edge of the town, approximately 100 m far from state road No. 531, in an open area.

13.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM10.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Hnúšťa according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d


d


h

0

h, a

0

of

a

CO

13.4 Emission situation It is remarkable that both sources of emission do not figure among the larges 50 sources but produced rather high levels of air pollution. For quantitative emission data see the Rezzo file for 1999.


Name: Hnúšťa

§


§


§

Type of station: B/SUB/RI

§

§

§

-

background

-

suburban,

-



Longitude:

19°57'12"

-

Latitude:

48°35'04"

-

Altitude:

315m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Rimavská Sobota

-

Kraj:

Banskobystrický

-

AQM Zone:

Banskobystrický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

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-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

O3


ML 9810

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, pressure. Main sources of emission -


-

local heating.


wide street with low volume of traffic (ca. 1 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5.5 m

-

PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.2m.

-


-

Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, but bottles were not present

-

TEOM – reference filter gravimetry

-


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13.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

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Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Hnúšta. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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13.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 3:

5 km

N

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Hnúšťa (box enlarged below)

Flat commercial building

Small road; slope towards east (10%) Small bridge fence around AMS

Cemetry with chapel

Fig. 4:

11.10.01

50m from road

Private houses with gardens

road Hnusta

to

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Hnúšťa

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Hnúšťa in direction SW

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE SSW SW* W NW view-N view-S.


It is the rationale of this station to monitor the relatively remote, but intensively polluted area near two sources which is characterized by low wind speeds.

·

The siting was chosen geographically between the two sources which appears as appropriate.


·

In case of urgent need of AMS stations this station could be relocated if local emitters are really closed down.

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14 STATION MARTIN 14.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. The town of Martin is situated in the Turčianska basin on confluence of rivers Turiec and Váh, surrounded by the mountain ranges Veľká and Malá Fatra. The area of the basin located between high mountains has unfavourable climatic conditions from a standpoint of pollutant emission dispersion. -1 Frequent occurrence of inversions, low average wind speed of about 2.8 m.s and high relative humidity contribute to higher concentrations of oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulphur and suspended particulate matter. To the largest emission sources belong heavy engineering, local heating plants of the Central Slovakian power plants and car transport.

14.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is placed in the area of an elementary school in the town centre (address: Divadelná 23), very close to the pedestrian zone and approximately 200 m from a busy traffic communication. It is surrounded by 2-storey buildings from one side and by a free zone of the sport school area from other sides.

Bystrička (o. Martin) N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 361

Nearest typical wind data are available from Bystrička situated about 2 km SW (average speed of the wind is about 2.7 m/s).

14.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and NO2 and exceedances of the Limit Value for PM10.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Martin according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

h

NO2

a-veg

a

PM10



of

3 h

0

d, a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

23

1839

341

37

40

264

27

69

STREDOSLOVENSKE ENERGETISKE ZAVODY, TEPLAREN MARTIN ROBOTNICKA 17

code 23616006 DREVINA GROUP A.S. KOSICE - DREVINA S.R.O.,TURANY



Name: Martin

§


§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential.


Longitude:

18°55'26"

-

Latitude:

48°04'03"

-

Altitude:

396m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Martin

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinsky

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§




Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43B

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

beta-absorption

VEREWA F 703 (out of order)

-

O3


TEI Model 49 (out of order)

Meteorological parameters measured: temperature. Main sources of emission - industrial combustion, - production processes, - road transport, - local heating. Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) - narrow street with low volume of traffic (about 2 000 vehicles a day), Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.7 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 5m. - TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 2.6 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration: zero span check (SO2,NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, in case bottles are present - Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair.

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14.6 Regional map

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Martin. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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14.7 Detailed plan

2000/d

1000/d tree high 40m

tree high 25m

120m

0m

Fig. 3:

50 m

100 m

play5m

17m

Divadelná ulica

children’s ground

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Martin

.

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Martin in direction SE.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE SE* S SW W NW.

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It is the rationale of this station to monitor both industrial and residential emissions in the basin Martin is situated in

·

This station does not represent a traffic station.


The station should best be transferred by some 10 m westward in order to avoid the influence of the tree.

·

There should be undertaken a more thorough analysis of wind data in order to support the choice of location or to alter it.

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15 STATION JELŠAVA 15.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. Jelšava is situated in the area which lies in the southern part of the Jelšava’s mountains, bordered in the north-east by the massive Hrádok, in the south-west by the Železnické foothills and in south by the Jelšava kras. The terrain is relatively broken along the central small river Muráň, oriented from northwest to south-east. Consequently air circulation is indicated by the direction of the valley of -1 river Muráň. Annual average wind speed is relatively low, only 2.5 m.s . The frequent occurrence of surface inversions during the nights is due to the broken mountain terrain. Two massives, Skalka and Slovenská skala, bordering the valley, also contribute to the occurrence of inversions. The major share in air pollution oroginates from the Slovak magnesite plants Jelšava and Lubeník, situated in the north-west from the town and from small local heating systems.

15.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is situated close to the historical town centre, approximately 50 m from the main road. It is surrounded by low serial built up area open to the dominant pollution source of this location, the Slovakian magnesite plants. Station is situated in a valley position of only slight -1 windiness (1.9 m.s ) and increased occurrence of inversions (compare Figure 1).

NW

W

Ratková N 250 200 150 100 50 0

SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 561

Nearest typical wind data are available from Ratková situated at 11 km in SW direction (average speed of the wind is 2.4 m/s, calms are occurring at over 56%).

15.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for PM10 as well as exceedances of the Limit Value for SO2.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Jelšava according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w


NO2 PM10


h, d

0

h, a, a-veg

0

of

d, a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

156

4840

206

559

ZELBA A.S. SPISSKA NOVE VES - ODSTEPNY ZAVOD SIDERIT NIZNA SLANA (at 16 km in SE direction, code 24091001)

Additionally there are the magnesite plants as mentioned in the text of subchapter 1.


Name: Jelšava

§


§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

20°14'18"

-

Latitude:

48°37'48"

-

Altitude:

255m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

11.10.01

Revúca

Page 2 of 257

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§


-

Kraj:

Banskobystrický

-

AQM Zone:

Banskobystricky



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

O3

ultraviolet-absorption

ML 9811

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission - production processes, - local heating. Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations) - wide street with low volume of traffic (some 500 vehicles a day). Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - Calibration for SO2 and NO2: zero span check, automatic method from permeation tube every 23 hours. - Calibration manual method with primary ozone generator 2 times a year and after every repair. - IZS check every 23 h.

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15.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Jelšava. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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15.7 Detailed plan

0 km

N

5 km

Fig. 3:

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Jelšava (box enlarged below)

direction downhill and castle

direction magnesit plant behind hill

church with 2 towers church direction of these 3 landmarks road to center at 2.5m: small hut 2.5m high

AMS at 6m: kindergarden at Jesenského 31 3m high

at 100m: buildings 8m high in Jesenského street

Fig. 4:

11.10.01

N

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Jelšava (box from above)

Page 5 of 257

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Jelšava in direction NW.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE SE S WSW W NW* view-NE view-E.


It is the rationale of the present station to monitor the (mainly PM) emissions of the local industrial plants near Jelsava

·

In line with the main wind direction down the valley this station is situated south-east of the main source in the urban area.


This station is well situated. Unlike eventually Hnusta it could not be removed.

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16 STATION KOSICE, STÚROVA 16.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The city of Košice spreads out in the valley of the Hornád river and its surroundings. According to the geographical classification it belongs to the zone of the Inner Carpaths. From southwest, the Slovenský Kras intervenes into this area, in the north the Slovenské Rudohorie and in the east the Slánske hills spread out. Among these mountain ranges the Košice basin is situated. Mountain ranges configuration affects the climate conditions in this area. Prevailing wind from sharp north is characterized by relatively higher wind speeds, on average 5.7 m.s -1 1 . Annual average wind speed from all directions is 3.6 m.s . The major share in air pollution of this area is caused by heavy industry, mainly engineering industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Energy sources, among which the city heating plants and local boiler rooms emit smaller amounts of pollutants. Nine automatic monitoring stations were in operation in east Slovakia in 1999. Three of them monitored air pollution levels at the territory of Košice and one is situated in the adjacent municipality Veľká Ida. In 1998 the air pollution monitoring was enhanced and a further station in Prešov has been put into operation.

Košice, letisko N 250 200 NW 150 100 50 W 0

SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 95

Nearest typical wind data are available from Košice Airport (average speed of the wind is 4.2 m/s).

16.2 Location of the monitoring station This station represents the city centre. It is placed in an open area, in the centre of the Osloboditeľov square, between a car parking and a symbolic cemetery. Roads of inner circle, in a distance of about 15 m north and 50 m south out of the station, go in east-west direction. In the vicinity of the station there is no significant pollution source.

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16.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and exceedances of the Limit Value for PM10.

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Košice – Štúrova according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas




SO2

a, w

d

0

NO2

a-veg

PM10

a

h

h

of

0

d, a

CO

8h



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

Benzene

VYCHODOSLOVENSKE ZELEZIARNE,A.S.,KOSICE (at 12.0 km in SW direction, code 22750001) SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE, ENERGETIKA OZ KOSICE

A.S.

(at 3.5 km in SE direction, code 22692004)

8988 11555 18498 72316 226

TEPELNA

111

1738 1819 157

3825


Name: Košice, Štúrova

§


§


§

Type of station: T/U/RCI

§

-

traffic,

-

urban,

-

residential/commercial/industrial.


Longitude:

21°15’47”

-

Latitude:

48°43’01”

-

Altitude:

199m

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§

§


NUTS level III -

Okres:

Košice

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Košický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

CO

infrared absorption

ML 9830

Meteorological parameters measured, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission -


-


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with large volume of traffic (in excess of 10 000 vehicles a day)


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 3.5 m.

-

PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5 m.

-


-

Calibration zero span check automatic method from bottles for CO and permeation tube for NO2 and SO2 every 23 hours, bottles presently absent.

-

TEOM – reference filter gravimetry.

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16.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring stations in Košice. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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16.7 Detailed plan

20m

3000/d

17m from kerbside Supermarket Dargov

35m

30000/d

6m high monument

15m 0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan od the air quality monitoring station at Košice – Štúrova

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Košice – Štúrova in direction W

11.10.01

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S SW WSW W* NW.


The rationale of this station is to monitor typical levels for the center of Kosice (250,000 inhabitants)

·

It is situated along an important way of communication.


Site appears as principally well situated – even if the problem of capturing the emissions of the steel plant south of Kosice persits

·

Minor changes of siting were reported to be impossible due to architectural reasons

·

The influence of the trees near the station should be cared for by appropriate means.

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17 STATION KOŠICE, STROJÁRENSKÁ 17.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The city of Košice spreads out in the valley of the Hornád river and its surroundings. According to the geographical classification it belongs to the zone of the Inner Carpaths. From southwest, the Slovenský Kras intervenes into this area, in the north the Slovenské Rudohorie and in the east the Slánske hills spread out. Among these mountain ranges the Košice basin is situated. Mountain ranges configuration affects the climate conditions in this area. Prevailing wind from sharp north is characterized by relatively higher wind speeds, on average 5.7 m.s -1 1 . Annual average wind speed from all directions is 3.6 m.s . The major share in air pollution of this area is caused by heavy industry, mainly engineering industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Energy sources, among which the city heating plants and local boiler rooms emit smaller amounts of pollutants. Nine automatic monitoring stations were in operation in east Slovakia in 1999. Three of them monitored air pollution levels at the territory of Košice and one is situated in the adjacent municipality Veľká Ida. In 1998 the air pollution monitoring was enhanced and a further station in Prešov has been put into operation.


SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 95

Nearest typical wind data are available from Košice Airport (average speed of the wind is 4.2 m/s)

17.2 Location of the monitoring station This station represents the north part of the historic city. It is located next to the town hall, in a densely built-up part of the city, about 15 m far from the surrounding buildings. 24 m is the distance of a station from the road of inner circle. Under the south wind, the location is exposed to the exhaust gases coming from traffic in Moyzesova street.

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17.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2 and NO2.

Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Košice – Strojárenská according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w

NO2

a-veg


d h

PM10

d


h

0

a

0

of

a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

Benzene

VYCHODOSLOVENSKE ZELEZIARNE,A.S.,KOSICE (at 12.0 km in SW direction, code 22750001)

8988 11555 18498 72316 226

SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE, A.S. TEPELNA ENERGETIKA OZ KOSICE


111 1738 1819 157

3825


Name: Košice, Strojárenská

§


§


§

Type of station: T/U/RC

§

-

traffic,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

21°15’17”

-

Latitude:

48°43’37”

11.10.01

Page 2 of 257

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-

§

§

Altitude:


200m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Košice

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Košický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

beta-absorption

R&P 1400

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: none. Main sources of emission -


-


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


large volume of traffic (some 30 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m

-

PM 10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-

Calibration: zero span check (SO2, NO), usually automatic method using defined gases every 23 hours but not at the time of the excursion.

-


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17.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01


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17.7 Detailed plan

Presidential palace 20m 0 m

50 m

15m 30m 15m 24m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Košice – Strojárenská

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Košice – Strojárenská in direction NE.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): NE* SE S SW W.


The rationale of this site could be to have a second monitoring station near the city center of Kosice.


Station in principle well situated

·

It could be deliberated to better capture emissions from industrial sources in the urban area of Kosice as this station is quite near to the Sturová station.

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18 STATION KOŠICE, PODHRADOVÁ 18.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The city of Košice spreads out in the valley of the Hornád river and its surroundings. According to the geographical classification it belongs to the zone of the Inner Carpaths. From southwest, the Slovenský Kras intervenes into this area, in the north the Slovenské Rudohorie and in the east the Slánske hills spread out. Among these mountain ranges the Košice basin is situated. Mountain ranges configuration affects the climate conditions in this area. Prevailing wind from sharp north is characterized by relatively higher wind speeds, on average 5.7 m.s -1 1 . Annual average wind speed from all directions is 3.6 m.s . The major share in air pollution of this area is caused by heavy industry, mainly engineering industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Energy sources, among which the city heating plants and local boiler rooms emit smaller amounts of pollutants. Nine automatic monitoring stations were in operation in east Slovakia in 1999. Three of them monitored air pollution levels at the territory of Košice and one is situated in the adjacent municipality Veľká Ida. In 1998 the air pollution monitoring was enhanced and a further station in Prešov has been put into operation.


SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 95


18.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is situated in the lee of the Hradová mountain being topped by a remarkable antenna north of Kosice. It is located in the grounds of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, in a relatively open area, in the north edge of the housing estate Podhradová and the city itself. Under the south air circulation, when the dispersion conditions are mostly worsened, the location is exposed to a considerable extent. Northerly winds, however, are by far the most probable ones. Only Ozone is measured here, even if on the SHMU premises another container can be found which was formerly in use. The inlet is in the second floor (seen from the window) hanging out of a window 8 m above the meteorological garden in room no. 212 (see photo). 11.10.01

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18.3 Assessment of air pollution At this station only ozone is measured. For results see the annual 1999 SHMU report.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

Benzene


8988 11555 18498 72316 226



111 1738 1819 157

3825


Name: Košice, Podhradová

§


§

Type of station B/U/RC

§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential/commercial


Longitude:

21°14'45"

-

Latitude:

48°45'17"

-

Altitude:

248m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Košice

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Košický

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) -

Pollutant


Name

O3


ML 9812

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, meteorological garden.

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Main sources of emission - local heating. Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - Sampling time is every 5 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes. - location of sampling point: 0.1 m from facade of building, - height of sampling point: 8 m above ground which is a slope - length of sampling line: approx. 1 m. - Calibration: manual calibration to primary ozone generator twice a year and after every repair.

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18.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

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18.7 Detailed plan

towards valley

meteorological garden

0 m

50 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of air quality monitoring station at Košice – Podhradová. The inlet is indicated by the small arrowand situated at the corner of the building.

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Košice - Podhradová with the inlet in direction NE.

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE* E SE S SW W NW inlet-E view-NE.


The rationale of this station apparently is to measure ozone in the lee of the large city of Kosice making use of the infrastructure of the local branch of the SHMU.

18.9 Suggestion for the future -

Suitability of location for ozone still to be evaluated in a more detailed way.

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19 STATION KOŠICE, VELKÁ IDA 19.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The city of Košice spreads out in the valley of the Hornád river and its surroundings. According to the geographical classification it belongs to the zone of the Inner Carpaths. From southwest, the Slovenský Kras intervenes into this area, in the north the Slovenské Rudohorie and in the east the Slánske hills spread out. Among these mountain ranges the Košice basin is situated. Mountain ranges configuration affects the climate conditions in this area. Prevailing wind from sharp north is characterized by relatively higher wind speeds, on average 5.7 m.s -1 1 . Annual average wind speed from all directions is 3.6 m.s . The major share in air pollution of this area is caused by heavy industry, mainly engineering industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Energy sources, among which the city heating plants and local boiler rooms emit smaller amounts of pollutants. Nine automatic monitoring stations were in operation in east Slovakia in 1999. Three of them monitored air pollution levels at the territory of Košice and one is situated in the adjacent municipality Veľká Ida. In 1998 the air pollution monitoring was enhanced and a further station in Prešov has been put into operation.


SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 95


19.2 Location of the monitoring station For the geographical situation see Figure 2. This station is located in the south-east part of the municipality Veľká Ida, nearby the East Slovakian iron works (Vychodoslovenske Železiarne VSŽ, now owned by US Steel), in a relatively open area. The station has been purchased by VSŽ in order to control the effect of this works on ambient air quality in the municipality. For a wind rose see chapter 16.2. In previous years under the Phare program studies with a larger number of measurement sites have been undertaken and a report has been produced according to SHMU staff. 11.10.01

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These results are important to complement the picture that relies on a presently too low number on AMS for this important source. These studies were reportedly stopped due to lack of funding.

19.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2, NO2 and PM10. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Košice – Veľká Ida according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

Gas


SO2

d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

d, a


a

CO


h

0

h

0

of

8h



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

Benzene


8988 11555 18498 72316 226



111 1738 1819 157

3825


Name: Veľká Ida

§


§


§

Type of station: B/SUB/RI - background, - suburban, - residential/industrial.

§

Geographical coordinates

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§

§


-

Longitude:

21°10'34"

-

Latitude:

48°35'31"

-

Altitude:

207m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Košice

-

Kraj:

Košicky

-

AQM Zone:

Košicky



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400

-

CO

infrared absorption

TEI Model 48C

-

O3


ML 8810

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS




-

production processes, power plans,

-

local heating.


wide street with low volume of traffic (2 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


-

Calibration: zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours for CO, bottles for NO and SO2 were reported to arrive the next day.

-

Calibration manual method with primary ozone geberator 2 times a year after every repair.

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-

IZS check every 23 h.

-


19.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

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Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Košice, Veľká Ida. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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19.7 Detailed plan

N 0 km

Fig. 3:

5 km

Situation of air quality monitoring station at Košice – Veľká Ida (box enlarged below)

crossing railway lines

30m Railway station Velká Ida

15m 200m

from railway house no. I 511

Letná with

family

ulica houses

Direction south: hill with waste landfill from VSZ

Fig. 4:

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Detailed plan of air quality monitoring station at Košice – Veľká Ida

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Košice - Veľká Ida in direction ENE

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE ENE* E SE S SW W NW view-E view-S generalview-SE generalview-SSE generalview-S detailview-SE.


The rationale is to monitor the emissions of the steel plant based south of Kosice which is very important

·

The rationale of the short distance to the station is reported to capture CO emissions

·

However, it cannot be said that this station monitors emissions at the distinctly prevailing wind direction (south).


AMS location is important for CO monitoring (letal accidents have been reported from previous years)

·

Suggestion: as station is not situated in wind direction, another (one or rather a set) AMS are needed in direction S of the steel plant, for example in the villages of Chym-Perin or Gombos.

·

The emissions of the steel plant are in fact very eminent so that proper monitoring must really be cared for.

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20 STATION PREŠOV, SÍDLISKO III. 20.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location is displayed in Figure 1. Prešov lies in the north promontory of the Košice basin. Surrounding mountains of the Šariš highland and the Slánské mountain range reach the altitudes of 300- 400 m above sea level. The highest hill Stráža north of the town protects the town from cool arctic air. The town lies on a slope inclined to the south and thus cool air runoff is provided, which settles in calm circumstances at the bottom of the basin. In the course of a year the northern air circulation prevails and is also the strongest. The next maximum of wind direction belongs to southern direction. Good ventilation of the town is provided by the widening of a valley itself in the confluence of the Sečkov into Torysa. A major share in air pollution of the town was caused by the city owned boilers, mainly lacking separation technique, traffic, as well as secondary suspended particles.

20.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is placed in an open area next to a supermarket with a large parking, at the boundary-line of a new housing estate and north-west part of the historical town centre. Nearby, approximately 50 m, the main road leads to Levoča. The town boiler room using solid fuel is about 1000 m north from the station, but combustion activities there could have decreased during the latest years. The average speed of the wind amounts to 4 m/s.

20.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2 and exceedances of the Limit Value for PM10. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Prešov – Sídlisko III according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w

d

NO2 PM10

d



h

0

h, a, a-veg

0

of

a

CO

20.4 Emission situation See chapter on Presov – Solivar.

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§

Name: Prešov, Sídlisko III.

§


§


§

Type of station: B/U/RC

§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

21°13'54"

-

Latitude:

49°00'03"

-

Altitude:

245m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Prešov

-

Kraj:

Prešovský

-

AQM Zone:

Prešovsky



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43A

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

TEI Model 42

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400



-

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with large volume of traffic (about 25 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m,

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-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


-

Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, bottles were reported to be returned the day after the excursion.

-


20.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

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Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Prešov, Sídlisko III. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

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20.7 Detailed plan

Levocská 36, fitness center 12m high

Kaufland

15m new parking

0m

Pub „ pri mlyne at 20m

50m to road

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Prešov – Sídlisko III

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Prešov – Sídlisko III in direction SE

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE* S SW W NW detail-SE.

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The rationale of this site was to monitor emissions of nearby heat plants and at the same time concentration levels near the city center.


-

In former times emissions in the vicinity were larger due to local heat plants. AMS should be shifted elsewhere in order to capture higher emissions, namely nearer to the center or offwind of local industrial sites. The site is particularly well ventilated as a result of the small river nearby

-

Distance from the busy road is too large.

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21 STATION PREŠOV, SOLIVAR 21.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location is displayed in Figure 1. Prešov lies in the north promontory of the Košice basin. Surrounding mountains of the Šariš highland and the Slánské mountain range reach the altitudes of 300- 400 m above sea level. The highest hill Stráža north of the town protects the town from cool arctic air. The town lies on a slope inclined to the south and thus cool air runoff is provided, which settles in calm circumstances at the bottom of the basin. In the course of a year the northern air circulation prevails and is also the strongest. The next maximum of wind direction belongs to southern direction. Good ventilation of the town is provided by the widening of a valley itself in the confluence of the Sečkov into Torysa. A major share in air pollution of the town was caused by the city owned boilers, mainly lacking separation technique, traffic, as well as secondary suspended particles.

21.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is located in the south-east part of the town in an open zone of a thin low built up area in a vicinity of cross-road Solivarská and General Petrov streets.

21.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 as well as exceedances of the Limit Value for particle matter (PM10). Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Prešov – Solivar according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w


d

NO2 PM10


of

h h, a, a-veg

d

a

CO

8h

21.4 Emission situation see chapter 20.4.


Name: Prešov, Solivar

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§


§


§

Type of station: T/U/RC - traffic, - urban, - residential/commercial.

§

§

§


Longitude:

21°15'59"

-

Latitude:

49°58'43"

-

Altitude:

255m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Prešov

-

Kraj:

Prešovský

-

AQM Zone:

Prešovský



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

PM10

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

CO

infrared absorption

ML 9830

-

O3


ML 9810

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, pressure. Main sources of emission -

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with moderate to high volume of traffic (10 000 vehicles a dayat 30 m east and 20 000/day at 12 m south).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5 m.

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-

PM10 sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


-

Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from bottles every 23 hours, presently only the NO bottle is present, others are expected to come.

-


-


21.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Prešov, Solivar. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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21.7 Detailed plan to Presov center

10000/d prefab 20m

30m slight slope

3m, at 6m tree at 5m, branches above AMS 12m from kerbside Hostinec Kleopatra

private houses 0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Prešov - Solivar

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Prešov – Solivar in direction WNW

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NNE NE E SE S W WNW* NW container-N.


It is the rationale of this station to monitor the urban background of Presov together with traffic related emissions along a major junction.


Station in principle well located; a more concrete study of the wind directions should be elaborated in order to evaluate which of the urban sources are covered.

·

The problem of the branches already hanging over the station should be dealt with (by shifting 15m westwards)

·

In order to make this site a real traffic site, the minimum distance of 5m to the kerbside should be kept and consequently the station be shifted westwards in direction of the General Svoboda road (just next to the existing concrete fundament)

·

Meteorological data should be analysed and coupled to concentration data.

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22 STATION KROMPACHY 22.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 1. Krompachy is located in a valley system with well developed local air circulation. The southern part of the town is situated in the valley of the Slovinský brook. Surrounding elevations reach up to 1050 m. The northern part of the town is situated in the valley of the river Hornád. This valley is east-west oriented. Air circulation is indicated by the orientation of the valley, but there is no typical -1 measurement data available. Annual average wind speed is low, amounting to only 1.4 m.s . The main share of air pollution is quite visibly due to the non-ferrous metal works Krompachy, situated north-east of the station and secondly due to local heating.

22.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is located in the valley of the Slovinský potok, at the south-west edge of the town, away from busy roads, 2 km south-west out of the ferrous metal plant Kovohuty Krompachy. The surrounding built-up area comprises multi-storey houses. It is a valley position with increased occurrence of inversion.

22.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and NO2 as well as exceedances of the Limit Value for particle matter (PM10). Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Krompachy according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

d, a, w

NO2

a-veg

PM10

between LAT below and UAT LAT h

d


h

6

a

0

of

a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

151

2543

98

530

VITRUM, A.S. LEHOTSKA CESTA PRIEVIDZA – VITRUM A.S. KROMPACHY


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Name: Krompachy

§


§


§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

20°52'24"

-

Latitude:

48°55'04"

-

Altitude:

385m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Spišská Nová Ves

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Košický



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

Pb

AAS


-

Cd

AAS


Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity. Main sources of emission -


-

local heating.


wide street at 200m with low volume of traffic (500 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5 m.

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-

Heavy metals and TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5 m.

-


-

Calibration zero span check (SO2, NO), automatic method from permeation tube every 23 hours.

-


22.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Krompachy. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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22.7 Detailed plan

N 0 km

Fig. 2:

5 km

Situation of air quality monitoring station at Krompachy (box enlarged below)

. direction Krompachy and National Road 547

30m

30m 30m

direction of main emitter

at 30m

the

garages

AMS 20m from

30m

Slovinský brook

into wood

Lorencová ulica

direction uphill

30m

Fig. 3:

11.10.01

N

Detailed plan of air quality monitoring station at Krompachy (enlargement)

Page 4 of 257

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Fig. 4:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Krompachy in direction N

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N* NE E S SW W NW NNW viewemitter-N detailview-emitter-N.


It is the rationale of this station to monitor the emissions of the copper plant situated in Krompachy.


Free ventilation of air might be hindered by the 8-storey high residential blocks surrounding the monitoring station, this is especially true for the direction NE, in which the emitter is located

·

This site appears as not appropriate in order to measure the “the highest concentrations occur to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed” because there is strong evidence that it is situated away form the prevailing wind direction, but at the almost opposite end of the town

·

Only in cases of low speed of wind (inversion for a sufficient time) this station is capturing a significant level of pollutants

·

Station should be placed in the main valley downwind from the main emitter.

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23 STATION STRÁŽSKE 23.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location is given in Figure 2. Strážske is located east of the Vihorlat mountains in the north part of the East-Slovakian lowlands, directly in the so-called Brekovská gate where air circulation speed is increased, mainly from the north quadrant. Average wind speed is 3.4 m.s-1. Wind speed is distinguished by a distinctive daily rhythm and has a minimum during night hours. Wind direction is affected by the situation relating to neighboring hills; the nearest data available are the ones for Michalovce displayed in Figure 1. Local chemical industry is the main source of air pollution in this area.

NW

W

Michalovce N 250 200 150 100 50 0

SW

E

SE S

Fig. 1:

NE

calm: 228

Nearest only partly typical wind data are available from Michalovce situated at 14 km in SE direction (average speed of the wind is 3 m/s)

23.2 Location of the monitoring station The station at Strážske is situated in a partly open area, in the west edge of a town, in the housing estate with a local boiler room, approximately 1 km east-south-east from the Chemko Strážske plant.

23.3 Assessment of air pollution According to Table 1 exceedances of Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance are reported for SO2 and NOx.

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Strážske according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas


SO2

a, w

NO2

a-veg


d

PM10


h

0

h, a

0

of

d, a

CO



Location

NOx

CO

Benzene

PM

SO2

506

9482 1960 2842 40

CHEMKO A.S. PRIEMYSELNA 720,STRAZSKE (at 1.5 km in NW direction, code 25893001)

SE A.S. BRATISLAVA - OZ - ELEKTRAREN VOJANY 1 A VOJANY 2

(at 35 km in SE direction, code 26997002)

10188 25158 17479 716


§

Name: Strážske

§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-

residential.


Longitude:

21°49'48"

-

Latitude:

48°52'21"

-

Altitude:

134 m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Michalovce

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Košický

11.10.01

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§




Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400A

Meteorological parameters measured, wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission -


-


-

solvent use,

-

road transport.


wide street with moderate volume of traffic (between 5 000 and 10 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 2 m

-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5 m.

-


-

Calibration: zero span check, for SO2 and NO2: automatic method from permeation tube every 23 hours.

-


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23.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Strážske. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6. Remark: the red symbol is erroneously too far west!

Page 4 of 257

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23.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 3:

5 km

N

Detailed plan of air quality monitoring station at Strážske (box enlarged below)

trees at 15m, 25m high grey building at 15m, 10m high

Building with blue stripes

yellow 10m high

building

at

30m,

90m Mierová ulica

church

Fig. 4:

11.10.01

Detailed situation of air quality monitoring station at Strážske (enlargement)

Page 5 of 257

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Strážske in direction NW

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S W NW* view-S view-W.


It is the rationale of this station to capture emissions from the nearby chemical plant, but it is not situated in the prevailing wind direction.

23.9 Suggestions for the future ·

This station should be moved to near the railway station in order to improve interception of pollutants from the chemical plant. Opinions from local SHMU-Kosice and SHMUBratislava staff should be taken into account for concrete siting as well as observations of fall-out during winter time.

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24 STATION VRANOV NAD TOPĽOU 24.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. Vranov lies in the valley of the river Topľa, which then passes on into the East Slovak lowlands. This location is bordered towards west by the Slánske hills and towards north by the zone of the Carpaths. Air circulation is given by the north-north-west orientation of the valley Topľa. The main air pollution source of the area is the local wood processing industry and local heating systems.

24.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is placed in the centre of the small town, in front of the administrative building, approximately 2 km north-west of the plant Bukóza Vranov (cellulose, furniture, emitting also sulphides and mercaptans). Alongside the main road, in a distance of about 30 m from the station there is a surrounding area with 3- and 4-storey residential houses. There are no appropriately significant wind data, therefore Figure 1 shows the nearest possible data.

Čaklov N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 94

Nearest (but not really representative) wind data are available from Čaklov situated at 5 km in W direction (average speed of the wind is 2.9 m/s)

24.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2 and NOx as well as exceedances of the Limit Value for particle matter (PM10).

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Tbl. 1:


Exceedances at Vranov nad Topľou according to report 3 based on the years 1995 to 1999 (legend see chapter 0.3)

gas




SO2

a, w

d

0

NO2

a-veg

PM10

a

h

h

d

of

0

a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

361

2928

738

350

BUKOCEL A.S.,HENCOVCE (at 4 km in SE direction, code 21604001)


Name: Vranov nad Topľou

§


§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

21°41'26"

-

Latitude:

48°53'12"

-

Altitude:

128m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Vranov nad Topl'ou

-

Kraj:

Presovský

-

AQM Zone:

Prešovský

11.10.01

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§




Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400A

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission -


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


wide street with moderate volume of traffic (some 5 000 vehicles a day).


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5m.

-


-


-


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24.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Vranov Nad Topľou. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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24.7 Detailed plan

direction uphill

40m from street municipal library at 20m high 20m wall at 0.5m

(= hospital) church 6000/d

high 2m

0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Vranov nad Toplou.

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Vranov nad Toplou in direction SW.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N E SE S SW* W NW

11.10.01

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It is the rationale of this site to monitor the emissions of the largest plant in Vranov/Hencovce while covering also the urban background of this small town.


Available wind data show that it is highly unlikely that the present location is exposed to winds from the main local emitter. Therefore this site appears as inappropriate (“the likely distribution patterns of ambient air pollution” is only partly taken into account), it is recommended to relocate it in direction south of the main emitter.

·

This station is likely to measure largely local urban emissions.

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25 STATION HUMENNÉ 25.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. Humenné is situated in the valley of river Laborec, which is protected in the north by a wide zone of the Carphaths and in the south by the mountain range Vihorlat. The valley is north-east oriented. With regard to the complexity in geography, the prevailing wind direction is not unambiguously definitely formed. The occurrence of calm is relatively high (>37%). Local chemical industry presents the main air pollution source in this area.

25.2 Location of the monitoring station The station is located in the south part of a town centre at the border of a pedestrian zone of minimum car transport (parking 50-100 m from AMS) and has the address of námestie Slobody. Surrounding objects are connected to the central heating. The most important air pollution source - Chemes Humenné is located approximately 2 km west of the site.

Kmenica nad Cirochou N 250 200 NW NE 150 100 50 W 0 E

SW

SE calm: 377

S

Fig. 1:

Nearest typical wind data are available from Kamenica nad Cirochou situated at 6 km in E direction (average speed of the wind is 3.3 m/s)

25.3 Assessment of air pollution As shown in Table 1 there are exceedances of the Limit Value plus Margin of Tolerance for SO2. Tbl. 1:

Exceedances at Humenné accoring to report 3

gas




SO2

a, w

d

h

0

h, a,

0

NO2

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of

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a-veg PM10

d, a

CO



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

91

1524

682

194

247

184

115

CHEMES A.S.HUMENNE code 22012001 a location further away: VIHORLAT, SNINA

A.S.

DIVIZNY

ZAVOD

ENERGETIKA,


45


Name: Humenné

§


§


§


§

§

§

-

background,

-

urban,

-



Longitude:

21°53'08"

-

Latitude:

48°54'35"

-

Altitude:

160m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Humenné

-

Kraj:

Prešovský

-

AQM Zone:

Presovský

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001) -

Pollutant


Name

SO2

UV fluorescence

ML 9850

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-

NOx

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

ML 9841

-

TSP

TEOM

R&P 1400A

-

O3


ML 9811

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Main sources of emission -


-

road transport,

-

local heating.


for gases sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m

-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1.5 m and above ground 4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m.

-


-


-


-

IZS every 23 h.

-

TEOM – reference filter humidity.

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25.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Humenné. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6. Remark: Legend is erroneously shifted too far south-west

Page 4 of 257

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25.7 Detailed map

40m modern church with spiral tower

5m 30 m

15m

cinema 10m

0m

50 m

100 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Humenné

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Humenné in direction NE

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE* ENE E ESE SE S SW W WSW NW view-SW.


It is the rationale of this station to monitor emissions of the local chemical plant and also the urban background.


A relocation of the station should be reconsidered after a more thorough analysis of the local wind system. On the basis of the wind data present it is not yet possible to consistently check the prevailing wind direction due to its dependency of the topographic profile.

·

Meteorological data should be consistently analysed.

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26 STATION STARINA 26.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area This is the first background station dealt with. For the geographical situation see Figure 2. This station is intended as a background station in far east Slovakia. Nearest larger polluters are situated in the town of Humenné at about 80 km in direction SW. The geographical situation is given by the southern slope of the lower Beskyds, a range reaching 1000 m altitude.

26.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is situated in the zone of drinking water reservoir Starina along the Cirocha river, 345 m above sea level, 22°15'35" longitude, 49°02'32" latitude. Nearby only the building of watershed Bodrog and Hornád is situated. Station started to operate in 1994. The same year the station has become a part of EMEP network. The wind situation can be described by Figure 1 as a surrogate for closer wind data which are not computed.

Kmenica nad Cirochou N 250 200 NE NW 150 100 50 E W 0

SW

SE calm: 377

S

Fig. 1:

Nearest typical wind data are available from Kamenica nad Cirochou situated at 23 km in SW direction (average speed of the wind is 3.3 m/s)

26.3 Assessment of air pollution See the annual SHMU report of 1999 which is displayed as Table 1 and Table 2. Tbl. 1:

Annual average concentrations in ambient air – 1999 (source: SHMU 1999) SP

SO2-S 3

µg/m

11.10.01

3

µg/m

NO2-N 3

µg/m

2-

HNO3-N SO4 -S 3

µg/m

3

µg/m

-

NO3 -N

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m3

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

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SP

SO2-S 3

NO2-N

2-

HNO3-N SO4 -S

3

3

-

NO3 -N

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

14.6

5.6

5.0

0.7

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m3

20.5

3.04

1.46

0.32

1.14

0.21

Tbl. 2:

3

3

59

Zn

Ni

V

Cr

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

87.8

2.1

0.1

2.6

Annual weighted means in monthly precipitation – 1999

Precip. mm

pH

761.5

4.8

+

+

Conduct.

Na

µS/cm

mg/l

mg/l

23.78

0.25

0.24

K

2+

Zn

Fe

Al

Mn

Cl

mg/l

mg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

mg/l

0.065

0.35

15

24

3.3

0.27

-

2-

Mg

2+

Ca

17

+

NH4 -N NO3 -N SO4 -S

-

PO4

3-

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0.56

0.45

0.88

0.05



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

45

247

184

115

VIHORLAT A.S. DIVIZNY ZAVOD ENERGETIKA, SNINA (at 10 km in SW, direction, code 25694001)

26.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive General information

§

Name: Starina

§


§


§

Type of station: B/R/A

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

22°15'35"

-

Latitude:

49°02'32"

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-

§

§

Altitude:


345m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Snina

-

Kraj:

Prešovský

-

AQM Zone:

Prešovský

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): see subchapter 26.3.

Measurement programme (source: SHMU 1999): SO2, NOx, HNO3 - 24-hour averages Gas components

O3 - continuous registration by analyser VOCs C2 - C6 10 –15 minute sampling 2x weekly at 12.00 noon

Ambient air

SP mass concentration Atmospheric aerosol

1, 3 or 7 day sampling interval Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, V, Ni, Cd - monthly averages 2SO4 , NO3 - 24- hour averages

Precipitation

Daily precipitation

2+ pH, conductivity, SO4 , NO3 , Cl , NH4 , + + 2+ 2+ 3Na , K , Ca , Mg , F , PO4

Monthly precipitation

pH, conductivity, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4+, + + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ Na , K , Ca , Mg , Zn , Mn , Fe , 3+ 3Al , F , PO4

Methods of sample collection and determination (source: SHMU 1999): Ambient air Collection

Determination

SO2

filter W41 impregnated by IC - Dionex KOH

NOx

after oxidation into NaOH and guajacol absorption solution

HNO3

filter W41 impregnated by IC - Dionex KOH

O3

registration by TE analyzer

principle - UV absorption

VOCs C2 - C6

stainless steel canister

GC-Chrompack + FID

11.10.01

spectrophotometrically, spectrophotometer Unicam modified Saltzman method

Page 3 of 257

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filter Sartorius

SP

gravimetrically

Heavy metals - Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, V, filter Sartorius Ni, Cd

after digestion in MW-oven by AAS Perkin Elmer AANALYST 800 in flame, or graphite atomiser

SO42-

filter W40

ITP from water solution

NO3-

filter W40

ITP from water solution Precipitation pH meter electrode

pH conductivity

wet only" SO42-, NO3-, Cl , gauges WADOS NH4+, K+ or Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, "bulk" - PE bucket PO43-, FZn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Al3+

rain

ORION,

glass

conductometer WTW IC - Dionex

AAS – Perkin Elmer AANALYST 800, in flame or graphite atomiser

-

Calibration: 2 times per year.

-


-

Meteorological parameters measured: wind direction and wind speed.

-

Main sources of emission: none.

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26.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Starina. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 5 of 257

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26.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 3:

N

5 km

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Starina (box enlarged below).

water reservoir

30m dam (as high as AMS)

main road at 50m, 20m higher

small street

guardian house

Fig. 4:

11.10.01

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Starina

Page 6 of 257

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Starina in direction N.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N* NE E SE S SW W NW.


The rationale of this station is to monitor the background in the center of a remote wooded area.


Station well situated for the target of a background station.

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27 STATION STARÁ LESNÁ 27.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 1. It is situated on the southeastern slope of the High Tatra mountains.

27.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is situated in the area of the Astronomic Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences on the south-east edge of TANAP (National Park of the Tatras), 2 km north from village, 808 m above sea level, 20°17'28" longitude, 49°09'10" latitude. This station started measurements in 1988. Since 1992 the station has become a part of EMEP network.

27.3 Assessment of air pollution Tbl. 1:

Annual average concentrations in ambient air - 1999 SP

SO2-S 3

NO2-N

2-

HNO3-N SO4 -S

3

3

-

NO3 -N

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

15.6

6.0

3.8

0.5

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m3

22.1

1.71

1.57

0.07

1.06

0.30

Tbl. 2:

3

3

65

Zn

Ni

V

Cr

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

36.6

1.7

0.3

1.6

Annual weighted means in monthly precipitation - 1999

Precip. mm

pH

702.5

4.8

+

+

Conduct.

Na

µS/cm

mg/l

mg/l

21.83

0.21

0.24

K

2+

Zn

Fe

Al

Mn

Cl

mg/l

mg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

mg/l

0.065

0.35

13

20

3.9

0.32

-

2-

Mg

2+

Ca

21

+


-

PO4

3-

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0.55

0.42

1.00

0.04

27.4 Emission situation As this is a background station, there are no remarkable emitters nearby.

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27.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive General information §

Name: Stará Lesná

§


§


§

§

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

20°17'28"

-

Latitude:

49°09'10"

-

Altitude:

810m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Kežmarok

-

Kraj:

Presovský

-

AQM Zone:

Prešovský

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): see also measurement program in chapter 26.5 on Starina -

Pollutant


Name

O3


TEI Model 49C

Meteorological parameters measured: complete meteorological station. Main sources of emission: none. Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): -

For gas (O3): sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground 3.5m, length of sampling line is approx. 1.5m

-


-

Calibration: every 23 h.

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27.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Stará Lesná. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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27.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 2:

5 km

N

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Stará Lesná (box enlarged below)

Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAV)

AMS parking

meteorological garobservatory

Hotel Academia

Fig. 3:

11.10.01

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Stará Lesná (box from above)

Page 4 of 257

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Fig. 4:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Stará Lesná in direction SW.

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE SW* W NW.


It is the rationale for the present station to monitor the background values in the slightly elevated altitudes of the clearer Tatra region.

·

A reduced amount of emissions could originate from the nearby touristic villages.


Station well located.

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28 STATION CHOPOK 28.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. Chopok mountain is one of the highest points of the range of the Low Tatras stretching east-west south of the range of the High Tatras.

28.2 Location of the monitoring station Meteorological observatory of the Slovak hydrometeorological institute, located on the crest of the Low Tatras, 2 008 m above sea level, 19°35'32" longitude, 48°56'38" latitude. Measurements started in 1977. Since 1978 the station has become a part of EMEP network and GAW/BAPMoN/WMO network.

Chopok N 250 200 150 100 50 0

NW

W

NE

E

SW

SE calm: 22

S

Fig. 1:

Wind data are available from Chopok (average speed of the wind is 10 m/s)


Annual average concentrations in ambient air - 1999

SP

SO2-S

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m3

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

13.8

1.12

0.90

0.08

0.47

0.19

90

2.4

1.6

2.8

0.3

Zn

Ni

V

Cr

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

87.8

2.1

0.1

2.6

11.10.01

3

HNO3-N SO4 -S

-

µg/m

3

NO2-N

2-

µg/m

3

3

3

NO3 -N

Page 1/257

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Tbl. 2:



Precip. mm

pH

1185.3

4.5

Conduct. Na+

K

+

Mg

2+

µS/cm

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

24.17

0.23

0.21

0.069

Ca

2+

-

Zn

Fe

Al

Mn

Cl

mg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

mg/l

0.36

40

42

25

5.2

0.36

+

-

2-

NH4 -N NO3 -N SO4 -S PO4

3-

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0.68

0.47

1.17

0.04

28.4 Emission situation There are no sources in the region.


Name: Chopok

§


§


§

Type of station: B/R/N

§

§

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

natural


Longitude:

19°35'32"

-

Latitude:

48°56'38"

-

Altitude:

024m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Liptovský Mikuláš, (on the border to Brezno)

-

Kraj:

Žilinský (on the border to Banskobystrický)

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinský, (on the border to Banskobystrický)

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): see measurement programme in chapter 26.5 on Starina

Meteorological parameters measured: full station. Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): not available as visit was repeatedly not possible during excursion due to weather conditions in April 2001.

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28.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Chopok. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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28.7 Detailed plan

0 km

5 km

N Fig. 3:

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Chopok (situated in box)


It s the rationale of this station to monitor on a spot both as remote as possible but still accessible and equiped with meteorological and technical infrastructure.


Currently no objections.

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29 STATION TOPOĽNÍKY 29.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. This region is situated right in the Danube plain and characterized by uniform wind conditions.

29.2 Location of the monitoring station The site is 15 m south-east of a small bridge next to the pump station Aszód belonging to the network of water administration on the confluent of the Chotárny kanal with the Small Danube (Malý Dunaj), 7 km south-east from village Topoľníky, in plain terrain of the Danube lowlands, 113 m above sea level, 17°51'38" longitude, 47°57'36" latitude. Only (gasified) family houses of employees of the pump station are situated nearby. Measurements have been carried out since 1982.

NW

W

Žihárec N 250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 110

Nearest typical wind data are available from Žihárec situated at 13 km in NE direction (average speed of the wind is 3.6 km/s). Other typical wind roses see maps in chapter 0.3

29.3 Assessment of air pollution Tbl. 1: SP

Annual average concentrations in ambient air – 1999 SO2-S

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m3

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

26.2

4.38

3.01

-

1.68

1.01

53

17.1

8.0

6.2

0.6

11.10.01

3

HNO3-N 3

SO4 -S

-

µg/m

3

NO2-N

2-

µg/m

3

3

NO3 -N

Zn

Ni

V

Cr

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

54.3

4.9

2.1

3.6

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Tbl. 2:



Precip. mm

pH

715.3

5.1

Conduct. Na+

K

+

Mg

2+

µS/cm

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

15.09

0.12

0.24

0.090

Ca

2+

-

Zn

Fe

Al

Mn

Cl

mg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

mg/l

0.56

10

10

19

3.8

0.32

+

-

2-

NH4 -N NO3 -N SO4 -S PO4

3-

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0.38

0.41

0.77

0.02

29.4 Emission situation There are no emitters in the immediate neighbourhood. However, Table 3 notes also sources in a larger area in order to maintain comparability with the level of detail in other chapters. See also chapter 1.4 on Bratislava based sources. Tbl. 3:


Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

670

2294

1276

95

185

1489

597

170

10

177

14

33

27

410

79

6

181

187

53

58

27

200

26

163

21

329

60

5

18

284

90

1

38

653

91

28

DUSLO SALA A.S. - PODNIK SALA (at 25 km in SW direction, code 26018003) ASSIDOMAN, STUROVO,TOVARENSKA 1 (at 70 km in SE direction, code 26155002) FERRENIT MLYNARCE

A.S.,

RASTISLAVOVA

12,NITRA-

(at 45 km in NE direction, code 24016016) SURIANSKY CUKROVAR PARTIZANSKA 2

A.S.

SURANY,

(at 32 km in NE direction, code 26189002) TRNAVSKY CUKROVAR, 215,SLADKOVICOVO

CUKROVARSKA

(at 29 km in NW direction, code 25596002 ) SLOVAKOFARMA A.S. ZELEZNICNA 12, HLOHOVEC (at 50 km in N direction, code 21630003) TRNAVSKY CUKROVAR SROBAROVA 5 TRNAVA (at 52 km in NW direction, code 26479007) CUKROVAR NOVA A.S., CUKROVARSKA 726, SERED (at 31 km in NW direction, code 25522009) JUHOCUKOR A.S., BRATISLAVSKA DUNAJSKA STREDA (at 13 km in W direction, code 21366001)

11.10.01

CESTA

1246

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Name: Topoľníky

§


§


§

§

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

17°51'38"

-

Latitude:

47°57'36"

-

Altitude:

114m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Dunajská Streda (on the border to three other districts)

-

Kraj:

Trnavský (on the border to Nitrianský)

-

AQM Zone:

Trnavský (on the border to Nitrianský)

Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): see chapter 29.3, additionally O3 -

Pollutant


Name

O3


TEI Model 49

Meteorological parameters measured: unknown. Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): see measurement programme in chapter 26.3, additionally concerning O3: -

sampling head is above the container approx. 0.5 m and above ground (i.e. here: top of the dam along the canals) 3.5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 1.2m.

-

TSP sampling head is above the container approx. 1 m and above ground 3 m, length of sampling line is approx. 1.5 m.

-


-

Calibration: no zero span check, manual calibration of O3 two times a year.

-


-

Ozone measurement was not functioning during the excursion.

11.10.01

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29.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Topoľníky. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6.

Page 4 of 257

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29.7 Detailed plan

Stará cierná voda

Malý Dunaj

Chotárny kanal

0 km

Fig. 3:

5 km

N

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Topolníky (box enlarged below)

Administratve building and pump

alley high 30m

wood high 30m

bridge

at 25m from AMS AMS with fence

Chotárny kanal

Road on to Topolniky

Fig. 4:

11.10.01

dam

2 houses each

at

30m

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Topolníky (enlarged box)

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Topolníky in direction E

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E* ESE SE S SW W NW container-measurement container-pump.


It is the rationale of this station to measure the background concentration in the rural danube basin.

·

A larger number of medium-size emitters are situated within a range of 40 km.

·

There appears to be generally good mixing of air masses in the danube plain.


Location appears to be well chosen.

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30 STATION LIESEK 30.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2. This station is situated on the north-western slope of the High Tatra range in an area bordering Poland and its industrial regions near Krakow.

30.2 Location of the monitoring station The situation of this meteorological observatory of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute is on the west side of Roháče mountain, nearby the village Liesek, 692 m above sea level, 19°40'46" longitude, 49°22'10" latitude. Measurements started to be carried out in 1988. Since 1992 the station has become a part of EMEP network. Nearest typical wind data are given in Figure 1. Trstená - Ústie nad Priehradou N 250 200 NE NW 150 100 50 E W 0

SW

SE calm: 564

S

Fig. 1:

Nearest typical wind data are available from Trstená – Ústie nad Priehradou (average speed of the wind is 2.6 m/s).


Annual average concentrations in ambient air - 1999 SP

SO2-S 3

3

NO2-N 3

2-

HNO3-N SO4 -S 3

3

-

NO3 -N

O3

Pb

Mn

Cu

Cd

µg/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

15.5

21.9

24.1

0.6

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m

µg/m3

30.9

4.10

1.99

0.06

1.26

0.53

-

Zn

Ni

V

Cr

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

ng/m3

3.0

0.7

4.3

111.5

11.10.01

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Tbl. 2:


Annual weighted means in monthly precipitation – 1999

Precip. mm

pH

853.4

4.7

+

+

Conduct.

Na

µS/cm

mg/l

mg/l

19.33

0.25

0.30

K

2+

Zn

Fe

Al

Mn

Cl

mg/l

mg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

µg/l

mg/l

0.073

0.33

103

23

4.9

0.37

-

2-

Mg

2+

Ca

17 +


-

PO4

3-

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0.66

0.40

0.84

0.05

30.4 Emission situation Table 3 indicates sources at a larger distance of this station. Tbl. 3:


Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

174

482

83

258

74

286

45

149

OTF-ENERGIA S.R.O. ZAVODNA 459 NIZNA (at 13 km in SW direction, code 24077001) ZTS STROJARNE A.S. NAMESTOVO (at 15 km in NW direction, code 23934001)

30.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive General information: §

Name: Liesek

§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

19°40'46"

-

Latitude:

49°22'10"

-

Altitude:

692m

NUTS level III -

Okres:

Tvrdošín

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinský

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Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): see Table 1 and measurement programme in subchapter 26.3 as well as below. This is a regional station. Observed during excursion: - 2 samplers for HM (grey) and TSP (see photos) - 2 rainmeters for day and night - SO2 and NOx via filter, in outdated container - Ozone measurement is planned for the future. Meteorological parameters measured: meteorological garden adjacent Main sources of emission: -

residential combustion.

Characterization of traffic (only for traffic-orientated stations): no road in vicinity.

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30.6 Regional map

N

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Liesek. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 4 of 257

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30.7 Detailed plan

N Fig. 3:

Situation of the air quality monitoring station at Liesek (box enlarged below)

old railway line out of function at 15m high

meteorological den

gar-

12m,

Former building of Liesek railway station, now used by the meteorological station

small rural road for access, ending here

N Fig. 4:

11.10.01

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Liesek (enlargement from above)

Page 5 of 257

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Fig. 5:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring at Liesek in direction W

Set of compass point photographs (available via link): N NE E SE S SW WSW W NNW view-W* container W-O3-inlet.


It appears to be the rationale of the present station to monitor background concentrations in an area away from larger sources

·

It has to be noted that in this region (and principally throughout most of Slovakia) there is visible and striking emission due to local heating activities using local brown coal with its elevated sulphur content.


Station in principle well situated, however the influence of local heating should be taken into account more closely.

·

An new container for measurement devices could be envisaged.

·

Meteorological data should be available in a suitably aggregated form (wind roses and concentration roses).

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31 TRNAVA REGION 31.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The entire region of Trnava does not dispose of an AMS as of now therefore it is mentioned on this chapter. Two stations would be necessary according to Report 1, one of which has to be a traffic station. The southern part of this kraj belongs to the Danube plain with good borderconditions for transport of air masses, this plain reaches far northwards into the narrowing Váh valley near Piestany. Separated by the Lower Carpath mountains (up to 700 m) at the western Slovak frontier the Morava valley is stretching with a lesser amount of emitters. The center of economic activity lies in the city of Trnava.

31.2 Location of the monitoring station It appears necessary to monitor both the urban situation at Trnava and the situation caused by the several larger emitters in the plain. Across the entire region NW winds are predominant causing also Bratislava based emissions to be transported here, especially from Slovnaft.

Jaslovské Bohunice N 250

NW

NE

200 150 100 50

W

E

0

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 81

Nearest typical wind data are available from Jaslovské Bohunice situated at 20 km in NE direction from Trnava (average speed of the wind is 3.6 km/s)

31.3 Assessment of air pollution No measurements so far.

31.4 Emission situation See directly the Rezzo file. 11.10.01

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31.5 Site description according to the EoI Directive Not applicable.

31.6 Regional map Not applicable.

31.7 Detailed plan Not applicable.


It appears necessary to monitor both the emissions of the urban area of Trnava and the other more dispersed industrial sites in the region such as Hlohovec, Sladkovicovo, Rohoznik, Gbely, Myjava and others to a sufficiently representative degree.


It is proposed to locate one traffic related station in Trnava (in the region of the crossing Hospodarská ulica and Kollárova ulica).

·

Secondly it is proposed to incorporate the stations owned and run by Slovnaft

·

If possible, also other industrial centers should be monitored.

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32 NITRA REGION 32.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The entire region of Nitra does not dispose of an AMS as of now. Two stations would be necessary according to Report 1, one of which has to be a traffic station. The southern part of this kraj belongs to the Danube plain with good borderconditions for transport of air masses, this plain reaches northwards direction Topolcany into mountainous areas reaching altitudes of 800m.

32.2 Location of the monitoring station Not applicable.

32.3 Assessment of air pollution See directly Rezzo file.

32.4 Emission situation Not applicable.


32.6 Regional map Not applicable.

32.7 Detailed plan Not applicable.


The Rezzo database shows a number of emitters in this region located among others in Šaľa, Komarno, Nové Zamky and others.

11.10.01

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It is proposed to locate one traffic station in the Nitra area, for example at the crossing of Sturova ulica with Stefanikova trieda as this has high traffic frequency.

·

Secondly it is proposed to locate the second station a few kilometers south-east of Duslo Šaľa in order to monitor this important emitter, for example in Horný Jatov.

11.10.01

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33 STATION SLOVNAFT 33.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.


W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

calm: 90

Typical wind rose from the meteorological station located at Bratislava Airport situated at 8 km in ENE direction measured from the city center; evaluation for the years 1961 to 1981, units in permil. The average wind speed amounts to 3.8 m/s

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33.2 Location of the monitoring station This (mobile) site is privately owned and run by Slovnaft. It is situated near the main gate of the refinery area between residential blocks. Address: Sidlisko Slovnaft, number 43.

33.3 Assessment of air pollution Slovnaft is reporting half-hourly measurement values online on a screen in the entrance hall of the main gate to the refinery (which is also open to the public) in the framework of ISO14000. Additionally, in former times results were reportedly also displayed on a screen in the city center for two years at the crossing of Klobucnická street and SNP square. This information of the public, however, has been abolished. The website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_p1.asp describes history and situation of these Slovnaft owned stations. Via their website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_ovzdusie.asp Slovnaft informs the public about emissions and measurement values (e.g. half-hourly values and the last monthly mean value). Printed monthly information is provided by Slovnaftské noviny (Slovnaft news) that should be fed into further analysis in the national framework.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698


216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15


DIVIZIA



Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

0.2

Additionally to these larger sources (see dark blue circles in Figure 2) there is also a higher number of small emitters in the area (see light green circles in Figure 2). Data for these other 11.10.01

Page 2 of 257

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emitters can be directly retrieved from SHMU (REZZO system or the newer NEIS system), as a printout here would exceed the volume for this report. Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

670

2294

1276

95

185

1489

597

170

10

177

14

33

27

410

79

6

181

187

53

58

27

200

26

163

21

329

60

5

18

284

90

1

38

653

91

28

DUSLO SALA A.S. - PODNIK SALA (at 25 km in SW direction, code 26018003) ASSIDOMAN, STUROVO,TOVARENSKA 1 (at 70 km in SE direction, code 26155002) FERRENIT MLYNARCE

A.S.,

RASTISLAVOVA

12,NITRA-

(at 45 km in NE direction, code 24016016) SURIANSKY CUKROVAR PARTIZANSKA 2

A.S.

SURANY,

(at 32 km in NE direction, code 26189002) TRNAVSKY CUKROVAR, 215,SLADKOVICOVO

CUKROVARSKA

(at 29 km in NW direction, code 25596002 ) SLOVAKOFARMA A.S. ZELEZNICNA 12, HLOHOVEC (at 50 km in N direction, code 21630003) TRNAVSKY CUKROVAR SROBAROVA 5 TRNAVA (at 52 km in NW direction, code 26479007) CUKROVAR NOVA A.S., CUKROVARSKA 726, SERED (at 31 km in NW direction, code 25522009) JUHOCUKOR A.S., BRATISLAVSKA DUNAJSKA STREDA

CESTA

(at 13 km in W direction, code 21366001)

1246


Name: Slovnaft (or Vlčie hrdlo)

§

Reference number or code: 01-xx

§

Basic characteristics: B/U/I

§

-

Background,

-

Urban,

-

Industrial.


Longitude:

about 17°10'30"

-

Latitude:

about 48°07'30"

11.10.01

Page 3 of 257

Report 9

-

§

§

Altitude:


135m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Bratislava II

-

Kraj:

Bratislava

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislava



Name

-

SO2

unknown

Horiba

-

NOx

unknown

Horiba

-

NO2

unknown

Horiba

-

PM10

TEOM

RP, MLU, R & p 1400A

-

CO

unknown

Horiba

-

O3

unknown

Horiba

-

H2S

unknown

Horiba

-

THC

unknown Horiba (the THC value consists of methane and NMHC values)

-

BTX

unknown Horiba (BTX means benzene, Toluene and Xylene)

Meteorological parameters measured: measurement of meteorology is included. Main sources of emission: - petrochemical industry (at easterly winds with only 5 to 10% frequency) - commercial, institutional and residential combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - extraction and distribution of fossil fuels - solvent use - road transport. Characterization of traffic: - Situated within single prefab blocks, - moderate volume of traffic (estimated 5,000 vehicles a day) at 200 direction N.

11.10.01

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33.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map (10 km wide) of the air quality monitoring station at Slovnaft, Vlčie hrdlo. The site is indicated by a white box. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 5 of 257

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33.7 Detailed plan

0 m

50 m

N

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Slovnaft, Vlčie hrdlo (indicated by a white box). The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Slovnaft in direction ESE. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

11.10.01

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N NE ESE* SE.


The rationale of this site is to monitor directly at the refinery area of the largest Slovak refinery.


This station appears well situated for southern to eastern wind directions

·

This station should be integrated into the national network in the sense that data are made available to SHMU and QA/QC procedures and requirements are followed.

11.10.01

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34 STATION PODUNAJSKÉ BISKUPICE 34.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.


W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

calm: 90


Page 1/257

Report 9


34.2 Location of the monitoring station This site is privately owned and run by Slovnaft. It is situated inside a football stadion in a prefab residential area.

34.3 Assessment of air pollution See description of Slovnaft station, the same applies for here. Slovnaft is reporting half-hourly measurement values online on a screen in the entrance hall of the main gate to the refinery (which is also open to the public) in the framework of ISO14000. Additionally, in former times results were reportedly also displayed on a screen in the city center for two years at the crossing of Klobucnická street and SNP square. This information of the public, however, has been abolished. The website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_p1.asp describes history and situation of these Slovnaft owned stations. Via their website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_ovzdusie.asp Slovnaft informs the public about emissions and measurement values (e.g. half-hourly values and the last monthly mean value). Printed monthly information is provided by Slovnaftské noviny (Slovnaft news) that should be fed into further analysis in the national framework.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698


216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15

(at 6.5 km in NE direction, code 27853003)

MATADOR, A.S. PUCHOV, KOPCIANSKA 20,BA

DIVIZIA



Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

11.10.01

0.2

Page 2 of 257

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Additionally to these larger sources (see dark blue circles in Figure 2, Station Slovnaft).there is also a higher number of small emitters in the area (see light green circles in Figure 2, Station Slovnaft). Data for these other emitters can be directly retrieved from SHMU (REZZO system or the newer NEIS system), as a printout here would exceed the volume for this report.


Name: Podunajské Biskupice

§


§


§

§

§

-

Background,

-

Urban,

-

Industrial.


Longitude:

about 17°12'30"

-

Latitude:

about 48°07'30"

-

Altitude:

135m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Bratislava II

-

Kraj:

Bratislava

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislava



Name

-

SO2

unknown

Horiba

-

NOx

unknown

Horiba

-

NO2

unknown

Horiba

-

PM10

TEOM

RP, MLU, R & P 1400A

-

CO

unknown

Horiba

-

O3

unknown

Horiba

-

THC

unknown

Horiba (the THC value consists of meth-

ane and NMHC values) Meteorological parameters measured: no. Main sources of emission: - petrochemical industry (at easterly winds with only 5 to 10% frequency)

11.10.01

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- commercial, institutional and residential combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - extraction and distribution of fossil fuels - solvent use.

34.6 Regional map This site is situated 4 km east of main entrance to Slovnaft refinery.

34.7 Detailed plan

0 m

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

50 m

N

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Podunajské Biskupice. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Page 4 of 257

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Fig. 3:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Podunajske Biskupice in direction N. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N* NE S.


The rationale of this site is to monitor emissions from the refinery area at westerly wind directions.


This station appears well situated for western and south-western wind directions.

·


11.10.01

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35 STATION ROVINKA 35.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Bratislava covers an area of 370 km2 along both banks of the Danube, at the boundary-line of Danube plain of the Little Carpathians and the Bor lowlands in an elevation of 130-514 meters. Wind patterns of this area are affected by the slopes of the Little Carpathians, which interfere into the north part of the city. Geographical effects enhance the wind speed from prevailing directions. The ventilation of the city is favourably affected by high wind speeds, -1 reaching over 5 m.s on annual average. With regard to prevailing north-west wind, the city is situated favourably to major air pollution sources, which are concentrated at relatively small area between south and north-eastern as well as northern periphery of Bratislava. The main share in air emission is from chemical industry, power generation and car transport. Secondary suspended particles, the level of which depends upon meteorological factors, land use and agricultural activities and characteristics of surface are a significant secondary source of air pollution in the city. The wind situation is described here to the extent possible given available data. Based on SHMU sources cited in chapter 0.1 wind roses have been drawn for the nearest typical site (Figure 1, covering 21 years). A comparable from the SHMU 1999 report covers the last available year but shows two times more wind directions. It shows that the maximum of wind probability in 1999 was evenly distributed to NW and WNW directions. Concentration roses would be desirable for a consistent assessment of location of sites but are available for a very small amount of Slovak stations.


W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

calm: 90


Page 1/257

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35.2 Location of the monitoring station This site is privately owned and run by Slovnaft. It is situated on a dam protectiong against floods from the danube at the western border of the village Rovinka, about 6 km southeart of the Slovnaft area. The site is 500 m west of the National Road 63 (E575) near a water reservoir in an open and agricultural area bordered by newly built family houses.

35.3 Assessment of air pollution See chapter on Slovnaft station, the same applies for here. Slovnaft is reporting half-hourly measurement values online on a screen in the entrance hall of the main gate to the refinery (which is also open to the public) in the framework of ISO14000. Additionally, in former times results were reportedly also displayed on a screen in the city center for two years at the crossing of Klobucnická street and SNP square. This information of the public, however, has been abolished. The website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_p1.asp describes history and situation of these Slovnaft owned stations. Via their website http://www.slovnaft.sk/enviro/enviro_ovzdusie.asp Slovnaft informs the public about emissions and measurement values (e.g. half-hourly values and the last monthly mean value). Printed monthly information is provided by Slovnaftské noviny (Slovnaft news) that should be fed into further analysis in the national framework.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO


20310

4330

698


216

212

58

BRATISLAVA 12

191

40

5


265

85

15


DIVIZIA



Mn

Cu

Pb

HCl

HF

Phenol

TOC

225

0.09

0.025

0.015

0.013

0.6

66

50

11.10.01

0.2

Page 2 of 257

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Additionally to these larger sources (see dark blue circles in Figure 2, Station Slovnaft).there is also a higher number of small emitters in the area (see light green circles in Figure 2, Station Slovnaft). Data for these other emitters can be directly retrieved from SHMU (REZZO system or the newer NEIS system), as a printout here would exceed the volume for this report.


Name: Rovinka

§


§


§

§

§

-

Background,

-

Urban,

-

Industrial.


Longitude:

about 17°13'50"

-

Latitude:

about 48°06'

-

Altitude:

131m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Bratislava II

-

Kraj:

Bratislava

-

AQM Zone:

Bratislava



Name

-

SO2

unknown

Horiba

-

NOx

unknown

Horiba

-

NO2

unknown

Horiba

-

PM10

TEOM

RP, MLU, R & P 1400A

-

CO

unknown

Horiba

-

O3

unknown

Horiba

-

THC

unknown Horiba (the THC value consists of methane and NMHC values)

Meteorological parameters measured: none.

11.10.01

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Main sources of emission: - petrochemical industry (at easterly winds with only 5 to 10% frequency) - commercial, institutional and residential combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - extraction and distribution of fossil fuels - solvent use.

35.6 Regional map Site is situated 5 km south-east of main entrance to Slovnaft refinery.

35.7 Detailed plan

Slovnaft area

0 km

Fig. 2:

11.10.01

5 km

N

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Rovinka. The location is indicated by a white box. The Slovnaft area has been marked by a rectangle. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Page 4 of 257

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Fig. 3:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Rovinka in direction W (to the towers of the refinery and Bratislava). Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): S SW W*.


The rationale of this site is to monitor emissions from the refinery area at westerly wind directions.


This station appears well situated for western and south-western wind directions.

·


11.10.01

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36 STATION TRENČIN 36.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area Trenčin is the center of an area basically without any measurement equipment in the national network but of existing emission sources (see Figure 10 and Figure 11 on modelling results in chapter 0.4).

36.2 Location of the monitoring station The geographical location of this mobile station is directly west of the historic city centre, on a parking next to which the traffic from the bridge across the river Váh is fed into the National Road 607 leading through the Váh valley.

36.3 Assessment of air pollution Data not available as station is reportedly operated by the City of Trenčin.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

939

41300

4974

635

80

415

71

237

152

506

108

361

24

236

30

60

SLOVENSKE ELEKTRARNE - ELEKTRARNE NOVAKY O.Z. ZEM.KOSTOLANY (at 10 km in SW direction, code 27305001) KOZELUZNE GROUP BOSANY, A.S. (at 32 km in SW direction, code 20393001 )

PASINVEST A.S. PARTIZANSKE, TEPLAREN (at 11 km in SW direction, code 24542001) HBP A.S. BANA CIGEL PRIEVIDZA (at 4 km in SE direction, code 20815001)

Locations at a further distance (that are not covered by the present set of stations): SLOVENSKA ARMATURKA MYJAVA, A.S. (at 70 km in NW direction, code 23892002 )

42

504

85

58

10

396

60

2

17

268

50

4

MERINA A.S. M.R.STEFANIKA 19,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452007) POVAZSKY CUKROVAR A.S. - TRENCIANSKA TEPLA (at 42 km in NW direction, code 26437001)

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ENERGOTRENS S.R.O. - SUVOZ 1,TRENCIN (at 41 km in NW direction, code 26452006)

14

225

42

3


Name: Trenčin

§


§

Basic characteristics: B/U/RC

§

§

§

-

Background

-

Urban

-

Residential/commercial


Longitude:

about 18°02'

-

Latitude:

about 48°53'20"

-

Altitude:

about 210m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Trenčin

-

Kraj:

Trenčianský

-

AQM Zone:

Trenčianský



Name

-

SO2

UV fluorescence

TEI Model 43B

-

NOx

chemiluminescence

PEI M42

-

NO2

chemiluminescence

PEI M42

beta absorption

Environnement France MPSI 100

- TSP

Meteorological parameters measured: meteorology measures (details unknown) Main sources of emission: - commercial, institutional and residential combustion - waste combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - road transport.

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Characterization of traffic: - wide street with moderate volume of traffic (estimated 7,000 vehicles a day) at 100m direction N Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - For gasses sampling head is above ground approx. 3.4 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2.5m. - TSP sampling head is above ground 3.6 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2m. - Sampling time is every 10 second and result-integrating time is 30 minutes.

36.6 Regional map Not present as station is not part of national network.

36.7 Detailed plan

direction castle hill

30m from crossroads

at 40m, Parking 20m high 200 places 5m from kerbside

0 m

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

50 m

N

Detailed plan of the mobile air quality monitoring station at Trenčin. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Page 3 of 257

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Fig. 2:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Trenčin in direction SW. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): SW* panoramaviewS panoramaview-SW.


The rationale of this site is to monitor concentration levels in the urban area of Trenčin together with the background of the middle Váh valley.

·

The following reasons could make it a representative station: its placement in an area where the middle Váh valley is narrowed by the range of Strazovské Vrchy reaches until the river by the promontory of the Trenčin castle mountain which serves as an obstacle for air masses moving down the valley.

·

Additionally this site appears to comprise the commercial urban background as well as traffic emissions at the crossroads of two main junctions.


This site is well located and should be included into the national network in the sense that data are made available to SHMU and QA/QC procedures and requirements are followed.

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37 STATION RUŽOMBEROK SCP 37.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The location of the city comprises the western part of the Liptovská basin on the confluence of rivers Váh, Revúca and Likavka. Mountains ranges Veľká Fatra constitutes the border towards west, the Chočské mountains in the north and the Low Tatras in the south. From a climatic point of view this location is characterised as cooler with an annual average temperature of 7.1°C. The most frequent wind direction is from west, the average speed -1 amounts to 1.6 m.s . Air pollution by classical pollutants is due to the operation of heating plant technology and local industry. North Slovakian pulp and paper processing plants (SCP) are the largest industrial source of air pollution. A considerable share of this pollution is caused by the small local sources as well. Mixture of predominantly organic-sulphur compounds, leaking episodically from the technology of pulp production causes specific and smelly air pollution.

37.2 Location of the monitoring station This station is located near the fence of the SCP plant 1.5 km east of the city centre along the National Road N18 that presently still carries the main traffic from Bratislava to Kosice along the northern route through Slovakia as long as the highway in not yet finished. There are no wind data available for this region.

37.3 Assessment of air pollution Values not available as not part of the national network.



Location

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

589

1414

721

1730

17

443

199

114

161

463

385

511

SEVEROSLOVENSKE CELULOZKY A PAPIERNE, A.S. SCP CELPAP TATRANSKA CESTA RUZOMBEROK (at 1 km in E direction, code 25380003) SEVEROSLOVENSKE CELULOZKY A PAPIERNE, A.S ZAVOD SOLO UL.J.JANCEKA RUZOMBEROK (at 1 km in E direction, code 25380008) OFZ, A.S. ISTEBNE (at 16 km in NW direction, code 22139001)

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Name: Ružomberok SCP

§


§

Basic characteristics: B/U/IC

§

§

§

-

Background

-

Urban

-

industrial/commercial


Longitude:

about 19°19'

-

Latitude:

about 49°04'30"

-

Altitude:

about 492m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Ružomberok

-

Kraj:

Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Žilinský



Name

-

SO2

unknown

TEI Model 43

-

NOx

unknown

TEI Model 42

-

NO2

unknown

TEI Model 42

-

PM10

TEOM

R & P 1400A

Meteorological parameters measured: wind speed, wind direction, pressure and temperature. Main sources of emission: - chemical industry - commercial, institutional and residential combustion - industrial combustion - production processes - road transport. Characterization of traffic: - wide street with high volume of traffic (estimated 15,000 vehicles a day) at 80m direction S.

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37.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Ružomberok, SCP. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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37.7 Detailed plan

SCP building

20 m

trees

access road to small parking in front of SCP plant 15000/d

0 m

50 m

N

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Ružomberok SCP. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Ružomberok SCP in direction N. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N* NE E S SW W NW.


The rationale of this site is to monitor emissions from the SCP plant.

·

There is no wind data available for the entire region. Wind situation is complicated by the situation at the confluent of valleys.

·

Station is too far from kerbside in order to fulfil the criterion of 5m for traffic stations.


This station should be integrated into the national network in the sense that data are made available to SHMU and QA/QC procedures and requirements are followed

·

Additionally it could be made advantage by making it a traffic station after shifting it some 100 m southwards.

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38 STATION LOVČA 38.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2, Station Žiar nad Hronom. The area of the Žiarska basin is closed from more sides, bordered by the Pohronský Inovec in the south-west, by the Vtáčnik and the Kremnické hills in the west up to the north and by the Štiavnické hills in the east up to the south-east. The area is characterised by the very unfavourable meteorological conditions with regard to the level of air pollution by industrial -1 emissions in ground level layer. Annual average of wind speed in all directions is 1.8 m.s , -1 the value approximately 3 times lower than that one in Bratislava (5.2 m.s ). The east and north-west wind directions occur there most frequently during the entire year. The major share in air pollution is due to the aluminium production and power generation. Recently two investors have entered: Norsk Hydro and Slovalco.

38.2 Location of the monitoring station The geographical location of this station is 3 km west of the sources in this industrial area (see map in chapter 7.6).

38.3 Assessment of air pollution Data not available.



Location ZSNP A.S. SLOVALCO ELEKTROLYTICKEHO HLINIKA

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

106

907

17

10202

79

1259

280

90

A.S.-VYROBA

(at 2 km in S direction, code 27437007) ZAV.ENERGETICKE HOSPODARSTVO ZSNP A.S.ZIAR N/HRON.



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38.6 Regional map

N Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Žiar nad Hronom. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 2 of 257

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38.7 Detailed plan

0 km

5 km

Fig. 2:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring stations at Lovca and Lovcica. The sites are indicated by a white square. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Fig. 3:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Lovca in direction SW. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N NE E SE S SW* W NW


The rationale of this site was to monitor additional locations around Žiar nad Hronom as it appeared difficult to capture the emissions sufficiently well by only one site.


An analysis for the transport situation in the Žiar nad Hronom area should be undertaken.

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39 STATION LOVČICA 39.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area The geographical location of this station is displayed in Figure 2, Station Žiar nad Hronom. The area of the Žiarska basin is closed from more sides, bordered by the Pohronský Inovec in the south-west, by the Vtáčnik and the Kremnické hills in the west up to the north and by the Štiavnické hills in the east up to the south-east. The area is characterised by the very unfavourable meteorological conditions with regard to the level of air pollution by industrial -1 emissions in ground level layer. Annual average of wind speed in all directions is 1.8 m.s , -1 the value approximately 3 times lower than that one in Bratislava (5.2 m.s ). The east and north-west wind directions occur there most frequently during the entire year. The major share in air pollution is due to the aluminium production and power generation. Recently two investors have entered: Norsk Hydro and Slovalco.

39.2 Location of the monitoring station Station is placed at a boundary-line of the 4-storey house built-up area and open space sloping down from the station. Meteorological station is next of the monitoring station. However, no wind data were available, therefore a wind rose of a site situated in a nearby mountain region is displayed in Figure 1. Wind directions down in the Žiar nad Hronom are certainly determined to a higher degree by the situation at the confluent of two valleys.

Banská Štiavnica N NW

W

250 200 150 100 50 0

NE

E

SW

SE S

Fig. 1:

calm: 245

Nearest (only partly typical) wind data are available from Banská Štiavnica situated at 14 km in S direction (average speed of the wind is 2.8 m/s)

39.3 Assessment of air pollution Until 1999 SO2, NOx and TSP have been measured at this station.

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Location ZSNP A.S. SLOVALCO ELEKTROLYTICKEHO HLINIKA

PM

SO2

NOx

CO

106

907

17

10202

79

1259

280

90

A.S.-VYROBA

(at 2 km in S direction, code 27437007) ZAV.ENERGETICKE HOSPODARSTVO ZSNP A.S.ZIAR N/HRON.



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39.6 Regional map

N Fig. 2:

11.10.01

Regional map of the 10x10 km around the air quality monitoring station at Lovčica. Source: SHMU. Legend see in Chapter 0.6

Page 3 of 257

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39.7 Detailed plan

0 km

5 km

Fig. 3:

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring stations at Lovca ad Lovcica. The sites are indicated by a white square. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Fig. 4:

Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Lovčica in direction NW. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

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Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N NE E ESE SE SW W NW*.


The rationale of this site was to monitor additional locations around Žiar nad Hronom as it appeared difficult to capture the emissions sufficiently well by only one site.


An analysis for the transport situation in the Žiar nad Hronom area should be undertaken.

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40 STATION KOJŠOVSKÁ HOĽA 40.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area On top of the mountain range Volovské vrchy west of Košice there is a meteorological station including one of the two Slovak weather radar stations. In this building on Kojšovská Hoľa (1245 m) ozone measurement is undertaken.

40.2 Location of the monitoring station The building of the station is on top of the mountain .The inlet is situated directly outside a window in the first floor oriented direction north-east, 5 m above ground.

40.3 Assessment of air pollution Direct information from SHMU is necessary.

40.4 Emission situation No main sources in the vicinity, the next large one is the East Slovak Steel plant 25 km south-east near Kosice.


Name: Kojšovská Hoľa

§


§

Basic characteristics: B/R/N

§

§

-

Background,

-

Rural,

-

Natural.


Longitude:

20°59’14”

-

Latitude:

48°46’57”

-

Altitude:

1246

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Gelnica (near the border to Košice-okolie)

-

Kraj:

Košický

-

AQM Zone:

Spišský (near the border to Košický)

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§


Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): -

Pollutant


Name

O3


ML 9811

Meteorological parameters measured: unknown. Main sources of emission: none Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): - For ozone sampling head is above ground 5 m, length of sampling line is approx. 2 m. - Calibration: no zero span check, 2 times a year manual calibration.

40.6 Regional map Not prepared, as station is outside national network.

40.7 Detailed plan

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Kojšovská Hoľa. The white bar indicates 100 m. The site is indicated by the box between Gelnica and Kosice, it is situated on the mountain top. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Page 2 of 257

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Fig. 2:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Kojšovská Hoľa in direction N. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N NE E S SE W WNW NW detailview-SE inlet-N view-N* view-E.


The rationale of this site is to measure the background in east Slovakia. Long range impact from Košice based steel plant and the urban area is possible.


Station could be included into national network and eventually be extended also to other gases.

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41 STATION ŠTRBSKÉ PLESO 41.1 Characterisation of air pollution monitoring area This area is situated on the southern slope of the central High Tatras in a renown touristic area at an altitude of 1350m.

41.2 Location of the monitoring station The station is located in a observatory run by the SHMU in a small kiosk on the top of the roof of one of the large hotels in the region, the 4-storey Hotel Helios.

41.3 Assessment of air pollution No data available as not part of the network as defined in Report 1.

41.4 Emission situation No important emitters in the vicinity.


Name: Štrbské pleso

§


§


§

§

-

background,

-

rural,

-

agricultural.


Longitude:

about 20°04'

-

Latitude:

about 49°05'30"

-

Altitude:

about 1350m

NUTS level III: -

Okres:

Poprad, near the border to Liptovský Mikulaš

-

Kraj:

Prešovský, near the border to Žilinský

-

AQM Zone:

Spišský, near the border to Liptovský/Turčiansky,

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§


Pollutants measured (as of April 2001): -

Pollutant


Name

O3

not documented

not documented

Meteorological parameters measured: meteorological station. Main sources of emission: none Information concerning measurement techniques (as of April 2001): not available

41.6 Regional map Not available as outside the national network as defined in Report 1.

41.7 Detailed plan

0 km

Fig. 1:

11.10.01

5 km

N

Detailed plan of the air quality monitoring station at Štrbské pleso. The station is indicated by the white box. The white bar indicates 100 m. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Page 2 of 257

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Fig. 2:


Selected photograph of the air quality monitoring station at Štrbské Pleso in direction W. Legend and source: see chapter 0.7

Set of compass point photographs (available via link, see chapter 0.7): N ENE NE E SE S W* inlet-SW inlet-NW rotunda-SW view-S


The rationale of this site is to monitor in a clean area where meteorological and technical infrastructure is provided.


It could be envisaged to include this station into the national network.

·

It could be envisaged to include this station into the national network.

AEIOU *

11.10.01

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DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING AIR QUALITY

DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING AIR QUALITY

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