dora sakayan eastern armenian for the english-speaking world

EASTERN ARMENIAN FOR THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD

:R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARAN

DORA SAQA|AN

AR:W:LAFA|:R:NE ANGLIA>OS

AARFI FAMAR

XOUGADRAKAN MOT:ZMAMB

:R:WANI P:TAKAN FAMALSARANI FRATARAKCOUJ|OUN :R:WAN - 2007

YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY

DORA SAKAYAN

EASTERN ARMENIAN FOR THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD A CONTRASTIVE APPROACH

YEREVAN STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS YEREVAN - 2007

FTD 809&198&1 GMD 81&2F S 294 Fratarakouj\an h ;ra,.aworw;l fa\ banasirouj\an àkoult;ti gitakan .orfrdi 2007j& fokt;mb;ri 17-i nistoum! Recommended for publication by the Senate of the Armenian Philology Faculty at Yerevan State University on October 17, 2007.

Sakayan, Dora 1931 -

© 2007 Dora Sakayan 1. Armenian language (Eastern version). 2. Contrastive linguistics (Armenian-English contrasts) ISBN 978-5-8084-08 90-6 Artwork inside the textbook by ARTO All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form. Printed in Armenia Yerevan State University Press, 2007

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those, friends and colleagues, who offered encouragement and advice during the preparation of this textbook. I especially appreciated the feedback I received in the final stage of this project from my colleagues at Yerevan State University. I wish to thank in particular • the distinguished Orientalist Arman Akopian, who, on a diplomatic mission in Canada, kindly volunteered to read the manuscript and responded with valuable suggestions;

• Professor Hrachik Mirzoyan who carried out the initial copy-editing of the Armenian text; • Professor Sergey Galstyan who examined, edited and evaluated the linguistic corpus of the book with utmost care; • Professor Samvel Muradyan for reading and approving the appended literary material;

• Associate Professor Svetlana Vardanian for the final copy-editing of the entire textbook. I am also indebted to the Armenologist Davit Gyulzadyan for the proofreading of the Armenian sections, Hasmik Gulakyan and Zareh Tjeknavorian for their assistance during the production of the attached CD, as well as Maro Manavian for professional help with the layout of this textbook. Dora Sakayan Yerevan, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv The Armenian Alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii Introductory Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Unit 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Unit 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Unit 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Unit 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Gambits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Grammar Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Readings About Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Articles from Newspapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Armenian Fables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Armenian Fairy Tales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Armenian Humor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Excerpts from Armenian Prose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Armenian Poems in Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Armenian-English Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 English-Armenian Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 Short Biography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

UNIT CONTENTS UNIT 1 Speech Acts in Dialogues:

Requesting and receiving personal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

Vocabulary:

1. Countries, their people and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 8

Grammar:

VERBS: 1.The Armenian infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. The indicative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 a) the present tense of regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 b) the present tense of some irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. Uses of the present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 NOUNS: 1. The definite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. The indefinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Armenian-English Contrasts:

Armenian equivalents of the English you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Word Formation:

Derivations from country names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Pronunciation:

Armenian word accentuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Orthography:

Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Writing:

A a% S s% O o% Ou ou% Â ®% M m% N n% F f% V v% Ø ø% ( #) . . . 19

UNIT 2 Speech Acts in Dialogues:

1. Identifying things and persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2. Affirming and denying states and actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Vocabulary:

1. Rooms and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. Classroom items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Grammar:

VERBS: Formation of the negative forms of verbs 1. Irregular verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2. Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 NOUNS: Formation of the plural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32


Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Word Formation:

Formation of compound nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Pronunciation:

The letters B b% P p% and " ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Orthography:

Exclamation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Writing:

B b% G g% D d% : ;% X x% H h% E e% J j% I i% L l% (@) . . . . . . . . 39

ix


Making requests and responding to them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vocabulary:

Food

Grammar:

VERBS:

1. Armenian equivalents of the English to be . . . . . . . . . . 52 2. The indicative imperfect tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 POSSESSION: Possessive adjectives, possessive articles, and possessive pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54


Gender in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Word Formation:

1. Derivation of abstract nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2. Derivation of nouns denoting locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Pronunciation:

The letters G g% K k% and Q q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

Orthography:

: ; or H h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

Writing:

> .% ’ ‘% K k% } ]% { [% Z z% | \% < ,% C c% P p . . . . . . . . . . . 62

46

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50


Introducing family and friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Vocabulary:

Family and relatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Grammar

VERBS: The aorist (simple past). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 NOUNS: 1. The declension paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2. The nominative and accusative cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78


Some Armenian expressions of politeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Word Formation:

Diminutives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Pronunciation:

The letters D d% T t% and J j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Orthography:

O o or Ø ø ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Writing:

+ =% W w% T t% R r% " '% Q q% ~ `% Y y% :w% … . . . . . . . . . 85


Asking for opinion and expressing one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

Vocabulary:

Clothing, colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

Grammar:

VERBS: The perfect and pluperfect tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 100 NOUNS: 1. Declension types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The genitive and dative cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102


1. Impersonal sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2. Expressions of like and dislike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Word Formation:

Vowel alterations and mutations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Pronunciation:

The letters { [ and > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Orthograpy:

:w% ;w or … ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

x


Asking about and telling time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

116

Vocabulary:

Time expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

120

Grammar:

VERBS: NOUNS: NUMERALS:

1. The future and the future imperfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2. The imperative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 The ablative case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 1. Ordinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 2. Distributive numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3. Fractional numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Armenian-English Contrasts: Interrogative sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134

Word Formation:

Formation of nouns denoting persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

135

Pronunciation:

The letters } ]% ’ ‘% and Z z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Orthography:

Armenian syllabification and the transitory vowel [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . 137


Discussing health and well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Vocabulary:

Body parts

Grammar:

VERBS: NOUNS:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 1. The subjunctive mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 2. The passive voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 The instrumental case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Armenian-English Contrasts: Prepositions and postpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Word Formation:

Derivation of verbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Pronunciation:

The letters + =% Y y% and C c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Orthography:

Â ® or R r ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164


Describing and comparing people and things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vocabulary: Grammar:

170

1. Profession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 2. Adjectives, antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 1. The mandative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2. The nominalized infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 ADJECTIVES: 1. Functions of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 2. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 PRONOUNS: Declension of personal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 VERBS:

Armenian-English Contrasts: The Armenian deictic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Word Formation:

Formation of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pronunciation:

Armenian ‘diphthongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Orthography:

The spelling of Armenian ‘diphtongs’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

188 191

xi

UNIT 9 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Vocabulary: Grammar:

Armenian-English Contrasts: Word formation: Pronunciation: Orthography:

Discussing weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Nature, flowers, trees, animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 VERBS: 1. Resultative constructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 2. Phrasal or two-part verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 The locative case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 NOUNS: PRONOUNS: Interrogative and relative pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 The relative pronoun or(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Formation of adverbials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Connecting words that belong together (liaison) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Hyphenation in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215


Extending and accepting invitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Vocabulary:

Holidays and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

223

Grammar:

VERBS: The hypothetical mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 PRONOUNS: Reciprocal, possessive, definite pronouns . . . . . . 230 SYNTAX: Simple sentences in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Armenian-English Contrasts: Negation in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Word Formation: Formation of participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Pronunciation: The vowel -e [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Orthography: Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

UNIT 11 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Planning leisure time and vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Vocabulary: City and country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Grammar: SYNTAX: The structure of sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Armenian-English Contrasts: Government of verbs and adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Word Formation: Two-word compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Pronunciation: Interjections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Orthography: Capitalizing words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

UNIT 12 Speech Acts in Dialogues: Discussing news. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Vocabulary: Media and news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Grammar: Syntax: Direct and indirect speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Armenian-English Contrasts: Nominalizations in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Reduplication in Armenian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Word formation: Double consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Pronunciation: Rendering English words into Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Orthography: xii

FOREWORD For Armenologists in and outside Armenia, Dora Sakayan does not need introduction. She is the author of several Armenological studies, and the present textbook, Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World, is the sister edition of an earlier textbook of hers, Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking World. Published in Montreal, Canada, in 2000, this manual was very well received all over the world. The present textbook aims at teaching Eastern Armenian, the official language of the Republic of Armenia, to adult beginners. Though the manual is not written specifically with students of Armenian descent in mind, its importance for the younger generations of Diaspora Armenians cannot be stressed enough. It allows them to improve their own linguistic skills and discover the language of their faraway homeland, especially if their parents and family friends spoke West Armenian. Since Armenian outside Armenia could rightly be considered an endangered language, Sakayan’s twin textbooks not only fill a vast gap, but also contribute to the preservation outside its tiny political borders of a language so important for Indo-European research and patristic studies. Each line of this textbook reveals both the skilled educator and the learned scholar, but it is not just a matter of having an in-depth knowledge of the language, extensive classroom experience and thorough training in modern teaching methods. Sakayan also displays a rare and much-coveted talent for knowing how to properly organize her teaching material, how to select the best-suited approach for a given topic and, last but not least, where to find the texts that provide each chapter with a culturally-enriching supplement. Sakayan has found the most productive way of promoting communication skills for both oral and written performances. She has succeeded in incorporating a vast amount of linguistic material into a single textbook by distributing that material methodically among the 12 proportionally structured units. Each of these units deals with a special topic and usually consists of 12 sections of its own in which linguistic phenomena of various levels are discussed in a consistent order. All units start with a dialogue that is followed by an easy-to-comprehend narrative text. After the dialogue come sections of a thematically organized vocabulary, pertinent grammatical explanations, pronunciation, calligraphy, orthography, and word formation. Though each unit includes a specific section on ArmenianEnglish contrasts, the similarities and differences between the two languages are continuously pointed out and, whenever possible, principles of contrastive linguistics are invoked xiii

FOREWORD to provide explanations. The units end with the listing of a few topic-related proverbs, which present ethnographic snapshots of the Armenian nation. As the dialogues expand and the linguistic material becomes richer and more versatile, learners, before they realize it, have acquired an appreciable degree of communicative competence. Reading skills are also progressively developed through a special Romanization method that makes the Armenian script easy to master. At first, texts are read and understood with the help of the section “New Words and Expressions” provided after each text, but this becomes less and less necessary as learners expand their lexicons. The teaching of reading skills gets in addition a cultural overtone through the selection of texts that give a glimpse at Armenian history, folklore, and civilization. Another positive feature of this textbook — a ground-breaking one to my knowledge for foreign language textbooks published in Armenia — is the accompanying CD, produced by the author for self-study. Since the texts are read by native speakers of East Armenian, this CD will prove indispensable for mastering East Armenian pronunciation. The appendix is rich in reference material. The first chapter contains a host of pragmatically organized conversational expressions, and the second chapter features useful grammar tables. The final items of the appendix are the two glossaries, Armenian-English and English-Armenian. The most remarkable part of the appendix, however, is the central part, which consists of an anthology of carefully collected samples of East Armenian prose narratives and poetry. Students have the opportunity not only to familiarize themselves with masterpieces of Armenian literature, but also to read them in the original language. A selected number of poems are provided with an English translation, either reproduced from existing publications or penned by Sakayan. In addition to the literary texts, newspaper articles, medieval fables, and fairy tales have been introduced to give an idea of the gamut of styles in which the Armenian language can appear. Time now to bring these “Few Words” to a close and express to Professor Sakayan my envious admiration for her vigor and unflagging energy, wish her textbook a successful journey, and hope to have the opportunity of welcoming from her more such high quality publications in the near future. Professor Sergey Galstyan Doctor of Philology Department of Armenian Language Yerevan State University

xiv

PREFACE ABOUT THIS TEXTBOOK Eastern Armenian for the English-speaking World is an introductory, yet complete first-year course for adults in the English-speaking world. It is a handbook for both the prospective teacher and the student of Armenian. However, the full guidance given in this textbook will allow motivated learners to use it for self-instruction as well. Of the two existing versions of standard Armenian, Eastern (EA) and Western (WA), this textbook deals with Eastern Armenian, the official language of the Republic of Armenia (see pp. xix-xx). This book incorporates the recent achievements of applied linguistics into the instruction of EA. While many modern foreign-language textbooks have drawn on these insights, textbooks on Armenian have not kept pace with the new trends. This textbook differs from other Armenian manuals in many ways. 1. Although grammar is treated as an important aspect in mastering the language, other linguistic areas also receive attention. The main body of the book includes 12 units, each of which contains the following sections: I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

DIALOGUES TEXT NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS THEMATIC GROUPS OF WORDS GRAMMAR (MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX) ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS WORD FORMATION PRONUNCIATION ORTHOGRAPHY WRITING EXERCISES PROVERBS

This structure is maintained in all units, guaranteeing a smooth progression in the mastering of EA. GRAMMAR (morphology and syntax) in this book is not a goal in itself, but a means of achieving “communicative competence.” Grammatical categories are selected and carefully introduced in each unit in accordance with their functionality. Furthermore, an organxv

PREFACE ized section of grammatical tables is appended to the book for reference. Cross-references in each unit reinforce the students’ cognitive knowledge of Armenian grammar. 2. The textbook is conceptualized pragmatically, aiming at active rather than passive knowledge. Its main goal is to enable students to interact in Armenian by carrying out fundamental speech acts, such as making a request and responding to it, expressing agreement or disagreement, conveying information and reacting to it, seeking an opinion and expressing one, asking for advice and giving it, etc. Students will learn how to engage in small talk about health, weather, and so on. Each unit opens with DIALOGUES, a short exchange of utterances used in a given situation. DIALOGUES focus on a particular speech act that evokes normally anticipated responses. The idea is to promote oral skills for recurring everyday situations. Learning to apply linguistic material to innumerable universal lifesettings is the main goal of DIALOGUES. This section is supported by a special division in the APPENDIX under the heading GAMBITS (see p. 301). These are conventionally accepted expressions to be used as tools for communication. GAMBITS are arranged according to the speech acts they carry out, and are provided as useful material for memorization. Students are presented with GAMBITS as lexical units, regardless of their grammatical complexity. Familiarity with complex GAMBITS will help students to internalize grammatical forms. 3. TEXTS are short reading passages of various origins. Some are selected and adapted from existing Armenian textbooks. Others are written by the author of this textbook. TEXTS enrich the vocabulary of students and develop their narrative and descriptive skills. They can be reinforced through a systematic analysis and thorough discussion in class. To acquaint students with Armenian folklore, each unit includes a few Armenian proverbs with their English translation. Proverbs are thematically and structurally related to the main topic of each unit. Vocabulary drawn from each TEXT appears in translation in NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS. The section THEMATIC GROUPS OF WORDS will expand students’ active and passive vocabulary.

4. This book places special emphasis on Armenian-English contrasts. All discussions in the book’s various sections are based on such a contrastive approach. A special section, ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS, explains Armenian idiosyncrasies at various linguistic levels that might otherwise escape the students’ — and in some cases even the teacher’s — attention. Translations from and into English also play a role in revealing linguistic contrasts. Explanations are given throughout the book in English. 5. WORD FORMATION, an essential but often overlooked area in language instruction, is given proper treatment. Each unit discusses derivation, composition or inversion patterns that are productive in certain word classes in Armenian. The advantage of this approach is xvi

PREFACE enormous: Students learn to recognize and analyze the basic elements of words. As they progress, students also learn to create new words by analogy with models they have already learned. A special table in the GRAMMAR APPENDIX gives an overview of affixes (prefixes and suffixes) that are productive in the formation of various word classes. 6. Armenian is by no means a common language. For the majority of students who undertake the study of Armenian, it can be a great challenge, especially in view of its unique alphabet. In order to overcome difficulties with spelling and pronunciation, a special system of transcription-romanization has been created. To ease both the spelling and the pronunciation of Eastern Armenian words, this transcription system takes into account not only graphic correspondences, but also phonetic subtleties of Armenian. A special trait of this romanization system is that it inserts the vowel [§] (schwa) not only in all positions where it is spelled by the letter e% but also where it is not written but pronounced as a transitory sound, which is indicated by [§]. This approach facilitates the reading of certain Armenian words with consonant clusters. For example, the Armenian male name Mkrtic [M§k§rtic¿hŒ] consists of five consonants and only one vowel, but constitutes three syllables. This is due to the transitory vowel [§] that is not written but pronounced between consonants. In the first half of the 12 units, almost all newly introduced words and texts are transcribed. In the second half, however, transcription is used more sparingly, disappearing gradually towards the end of the book. At this point, students are expected to have mastered the skill of reading Armenian. One could argue that the transcription should have been eliminated at a much earlier stage. However, it was maintained for two reasons: First, to facilitate cross-referencing throughout the book; second, to provide additional direction to students working without the guidance of a teacher. 7. Along with square brackets [...] used for transcription, parentheses (...) are often used as structural (morpho-syntactic) glosses in English. The glosses (see 3. below) explain those Armenian phrase and sentence structures that are fundamentally different from the free English translation (see 4. below), presented in italics. The structural glosses illustrate differences in word order, case, number, etc. As a result, a phrase or a sentence may appear in four lines: 1. Armenian text: 2. Transcription: 3. Structural gloss: 4. Free English translation:

Am®an ar…e kixic h! [Am¤an arev§ kizic¿hŒ e] (Summergen sun-thenom scorching is) Summer sun is scorching.

8. The section WRITING introduces the 38 letters of the Armenian alphabet throughout the first four units. Letters are presented as calligraphic samples with their printed and translitxvii

PREFACE erated counterparts. However, this should not prevent students from practicing writing at a much earlier stage, using the samples provided with the Armenian alphabet (see pp. xxii-xiii). Writing skills need to be developed throughout the entire learning progress. 9. Each unit has a section of EXERCISES which draws on newly acquired knowledge or reviews linguistic material from previous units. All EXERCISES, both traditional and innovative, aim at the development of communicative competence. To ensure the crucial shift from traditional third-person narrative sentences — which are often isolated and unrelated — to interactions containing “I” and “you,” communicative exercises have been introduced. These are exercises based on micro-dialogues, patterns of two or more interlocking utterances that consist of a stimulus by speaker A and a response by speaker B, and vice versa. The micro-dialogues contain recurring routine expressions, i.e. GAMBITS (see p. 301), and a variable lexical-grammatical content, i.e. vocabulary and grammatical forms, that have already been learned. The student is asked to modify the variable content using the pattern given for each communicative exercise. In a more creative type of communicative exercise, students are instructed to produce certain speech acts and to react to them in simulated real-life settings. For instance, they are asked to initiate polite requests and to react with adequate responses in Armenian. This type of communicative exercise ensures the meaningful practice of forms and structures necessary for successful interaction. Most of these communicative exercises are designed for oral work in class and should be supervised by the teacher. Only selected exercises could be assigned as homework after careful preparation by the instructor in class. This applies especially to the initial stages of instruction. 10. The purpose of the introductory unit (p. xxv) is to acquaint students with a new world of sounds and to lay the foundation for instruction in East Armenian. 11. The APPENDIX, which follows the 12 units, constitutes the next half of this textbook. It contains a collection of passages from masterpieces of East Armenian literature, prose, poetry, and folklore, as well as newspaper articles that offer an insight into Armenian culture and civilization. Most of the poems appear in English translation. The GAMBITS section represents an important part of East Armenian routine expressions, some useful tools for every-day communication. TABLES give an overview of East Armenian grammar, and an ARMENIAN-ENGLISH and ENGLISH-ARMENIAN GLOSSARY with each entry romanized aids in independent study. A vast BIBLIOGRAPHY of academic books on East Armenian grammar used in this textbook is also annexed. The textbook ends with a subject INDEX. 12. The textbook is accompanied by a CD in which the sections DIALOGUES (I), TEXTS (II), and PRONUNCIATION (VIII) are systematically recorded. Some additional texts from the APPENDIX, both prose and poetry, are also read by native speakers of Armenia. xviii

PREFACE

ON THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE, THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET AND THE SUBTLETIES OF THE TWO VARIETIES, EAST AND WEST ARMENIAN 1. Armenian is an ancient yet vibrant language that represents its own independent branch in the Indo-European family of languages. The six million people who speak Armenian around the world have been divided geographically and linguistically into two communities, the Eastern and the Western. Accordingly, as a literary language, Armenian exists in two versions: East Armenian (EA) and West Armenian (WA). EA is based on the dialect of the Ararat valley and the city of Yerevan; WA originates from the Armenian dialect of Istanbul. EA is the official language of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the language of Armenians living in the former Soviet Union, Iran, and India. WA is the language of the greater Armenian diaspora throughout the Middle East, Asia Minor, Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Since 1991, however, the year when the independent Republic of Armenia was established, many Armenians have left their country and settled in the West. It is thus difficult to draw a strict distinction between East and West Armenian communities, since the diaspora increasingly uses both varieties of Armenian. Differences between the two versions manifest themselves in both grammar and vocabulary, but most significantly in pronunciation. Orthography also differs: While in the early years of Soviet Armenia a simplifying spelling reform was adopted for EA, rules of traditional orthography as found in Grabar, the Classical Armenian, were preserved in WA. All these differences do not, however, greatly hinder communication between Armenians of different backgrounds. 2. The Armenian alphabet is a set of 38 characters unique to Armenian, used in all three of its manifestations: Classical Armenian or Grabar, EA and WA. This alphabet was developed in A.D. 405 by the cleric of the Armenian royal court, prominent scholar Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The order of the letters in the Armenian alphabet suggests that it was modeled after the Greek alphabet. Originally, the Armenian alphabet had 36 characters. However, two letters, Ø ø and ~ `% were added in the middle ages to meet the need of writing foreign names and borrowed words. In 1922, along with revisions to the traditional orthography, the Soviet reform implemented certain changes to the Armenian alphabet. The most significant change was the outmoding of the 34th letter of the original alphabet, I u% and the addition of the combined graphic sign ou for [u] in its place. The reform also supplemented the alphabet with the ligature … to replace the combination ;+u. Today, the extensively used ligature … is officially recognized as a complementation rather than an integral part of the Armenian alphabet for EA use. xix

PREFACE This alphabet thirty consonants and eight vowels. Most of the letters also have numerical values (see p. xxii-xxiii). 3. Differences between the pronunciation of the Armenian alphabet in the two versions of Armenian, Eastern and Western, involve mainly the consonant system, and particularly the stops. As a result of a consonant shift, WA has deviated considerably from its phonetic origins and has shifted from a three-part to a two-part consonant system that consists of one voiced and one voiceless stop: (1) (2)

p [b] '% b [p]

k [g] q% g [k]

t [d] j% d [t]

‘ [d¿z] ]% z [t¿s]

y [j] =% c [c¿h]

A similar two-part system can be found in other Indo-European languages. Compare the one in English: b/p g/k d/t The EA pronunciation of the Armenian alphabet corresponds phonetically to that of Classical Armenian. Each character has a distinct phonetic value, which explains the number of letters in the Armenian alphabet created by Mesrop Mashtots in A.D. 405. The EA three-part consonant system consists of one voiced stop (line 1) and two types of voiceless stops, one unaspirated (line 2) and one aspirated (line 3): (1) voiced stops (2) unaspirated stops (3) aspirated stops

b [b] p [p] ' [pŒ]

g [g] k [k] q [kŒ]

d [d] t [t] j [tŒ]

] [d¿z] ‘ [t¿s] z [t¿sŒ]

= [j] y [c¿h] c [c¿hŒ]

Many linguists attribute this three-part consonant system, unusual for Indo-European languages, to the influence of other Caucasian languages in the region. SAMPLE OF A TEXT (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1): PRINTED

Bolor mardik ‘nwoum ;n axat … ir;nz arvanapatwouj\amb ou irawounqn;row^ fawasar! Nranq øvtwa‘ ;n banakanouj\amb ou .[yow … irar f;t p;tq h warw;n ;[ba\rabar!

WRITTEN Bolor mardik ‘nwoum ;n axat … ir;nz arvanapatwouj\amb ou irawounqn;row^ fawasar! Nranq øvtwa‘ ;n banakanouj\amb ou .[yow … irar f;t p;tq h warw;n ;[ba\rabar! TRANSLATED

xx

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET (East Armenian Reading)

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET PRINTED

WRITTEN

NAME

A a

A a B b G g D d : ; X x H h E e J j V v I i L l > . ’ ‘ K k F f } ] { [ Y y M m | \ N n < ,

ayb

[a]

as in car

1

ben

[b]

as in bar

2

gim

[g]

as in good

3

da

[d]

as in door

4

yec¿hŒ

[ye] or [e]1

as in yes or there

5

za

[z]

as in zest

6

e

[e]

as in there

7

§tŒ

[§]

as in about

8

[tŒ]

as in team

9

[z¿h]

as in pleasure

10

ini

[i]

as in bee

20

lyun

[l]

as in light

30

k¿he

[k¿h]

as in Bach or Jose

40

[t¿s]

a plosive t¿s

50

ken

[k]

as in stock

60

ho

[h]

as in hot

70

dz¿ a

[dz¿ ]

as in odds

80

as the French r

90

[c¿h]

a plosive c¿h

100

men

[m]

as in me

200

he

[y]

as in yard

300

nu

[n]

as in nine

400

s¿ha

[s¿h]

as in shine

500

B b G g D d : ; X x H h E e J j V v I i L l > . ’ ‘ K k F f } ] { [ Y y M m | \ N n < ,

tŒo

z¿he

t¿sa

g¿hat c¿he

ROMANIZATION PRONUNCIATION NUMERIC VALUE

[g¿h]

THE ARMENIAN ALPHABET (cont’ed) PRINTED

WRITTEN

NAME

O o

O o C c P p + = Â ® S s W w T t R r Z z Ou ou " ' Q q Ø ø ~ `

vo

[vo] or [o]2

as in vocal or for

600

c¿hŒa

[c¿hŒ]

as in chair

700

pe

[p]

as in copper

800

je

[j]

as in journal

900

¤a

[¤]

trilled ‘r’

1000

se

[s]

as in say

2000

vev

[v]

as in vase

3000

tyun

[t]

as in rotten

4000

re

[r]

liquid ‘r’

5000

t¿sŒo

[t¿sŒ]

as in lots

6000

u

[u]

as in tool

7000

pŒyur

[pŒ]

as in paper

8000

[kŒ]

as in kind

9000

o

[o]3

as in all

fe

[f]

as in file4

C c P p + = Â ® S s W w T t R r Z z Ou ou " ' Q q Ø ø ~ `

kŒe

ROMANIZATION

PRONUNCIATION NUMERIC VALUE

NOTES 1. On the pronunciation of : ; see p. 61. 2. On the pronunciation of O o see p. 84. 3. The last two letters, Ø ø and ~ `% do not have a numeric value, since they are later additions to the alphabet. 4. There is an additional letter, the ligament … which, although widely used in East Armenian, does not constitute an integral part of the alphabet (see pp. xix and 110). The ligament … has no capital counterpart. It is pronounced: a) [yev] in initial position and after vowels (cf. … [yev] and, na… [nayev] also). b) [ev] in medial and final position of words after consonants (cf. ar… [arev] sun) In initial position of words, it is replaced by :w or ;w: :wropa [Yevropa] Europe, ;wropakan [yevropakan] European. In word formation, this ;w may also appear in medial position of words: fama;wropakan [hamaevropakan] All-European, fnd;wropakan [h§ndevropakan] Indo-European, etc.

PREFACE

INTRODUCTORY UNIT 1. N;r;z;*q% paron &&& [Neret¿sŒekŒ, paron]

Excuse me, Sir ...

N;r;z;*q% tikin &&& [Neret¿sŒekŒ, tikin]

Excuse me, Madam ...

Kar;li# h };x mi ban farzn;l! [Kareli e dzez mi ban hart¿sŒ§nel?]

May I ask you something?

An,ou*,t! [Ans¿hus¿ht]

Of course.

>ndr;*m! [K¿h§ntŒrem]

Please, go ahead.

2. Bar…% Mari! [Barev, Mari]

Hello, Mary.

Bari lou\s% tikin Axar\an! [Bari luys, tikin Azaryan]

Good morning, Mrs. Azarian.

Bari ;r;ko% øriord! [Bari yereko, oriortŒ ]

Good evening, Miss.

3. Anound i#nc h! [Anun§t inc¿hŒ e?]

What’s your name? (informal)

};r anoune i#nc h! [D¿zer anun§ inc¿hŒ e?]

What’s your name? (formal)

Anouns Ani h! [Anun§s Ani e]

My name is Ani.

Axganouns Sar\an h! [Azganun§s Saryan e]

My last name is Saryan.

(ndr;m! [K¿h§ntŒrem]

Here you are!

ndr;m% kar…or ch! [K¿h§ntŒrem, karevor c¿hŒe]

It’s O.K., don’t mention it.

10. Zt;souj\oun! [T¿sŒ§tesutŒyun]

*

Excuse me. (formal / informal)

See you later!

Mnaq/mnas barow! [M§nakŒ/m§nas barov]

Goodbye! (formal/informal)

Gnaq/gnas barow! [G§nakŒ/g§nas barov]

Take care!* (formal/informal)

Bari gi,;r! [Bari gis¿her]

Good night!**

Lou\s bari! [Luys bari]

Good night!**

A conventional exchange of salutations when guests depart: Mnas/Mnaq barow Goodbye! [literally: Stay well!] and Gnas/Gnaq barow Goodbye! (literally: Leave well!)

** A conventional exchange of expressions for Good night: Bari gi,;r Good night! and Lou\s bari lit.: Good light!, i.e. expression extending the good wishes to the next day.

xxviii

Unit 1 :rkrn;r%

mardik … l;xoun;r

VÉâÇàÜ|xá? cxÉÑÄx? tÇw _tÇzâtzxá

On the agenda… Speech Acts in Dialogues:

Requesting and receiving personal information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vocabulary:

1. Countries, their people and languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2. Cardinal numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Grammar:

VERBS: 1. The Armenian infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2. The indicative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 a) the present tense of regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 b) the present tense of some irregular verbs . . . . . . .12 3. Uses of the present tense indicative . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 NOUNS: 1. The definite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. The indefinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Armenian-English Contrasts: Armenian equivalents of the English you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Word Formation:

Derivations from country names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Pronunciation:

Armenian word accentuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Orthography:

Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Writing:

A a% S s% O o% Ou ou% Â ®% M m% N n% F f% V v% Ø ø% ( #) 19

UNIT 1

I DIALOGUES 1. B, an Armenian-speaking officer in the Canadian Embassy in Yerevan, is filling out a questionnaire for A, an Armenian citizen who does not speak English. They address each other formally. Bar… ];x! [Barev d¿zez]

Hello!

B.

Bar…% i#nc h ];r anoune! [Barev, inc¿h e d¿zer anun§?]

Hello! What’s your name?

A.

Anouns Arm;n h! [Anun§s Armen e]

My name is Armen.

B.

Isk ];r axgano#une! [Isk d¿zer azganun§?]

And your family name?

A.

Axganouns Sar\an h! [Azganun§s Saryan e]

My family name is Saryan.

B.

Qani# tar;kan ;q! [KŒani tarekan ekŒ?]

How old are you?

A.

Qsan tar;kan! [KŒsan tarekan]

Twenty years old.

B.

};r qa[aqaziouj\o#une! [D¿zer kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒiutŒyun§?]

Your citizenship?

A.

Fa\astani qa[aqazi ;m! [Hayastani kŒag¿hakŒat¿sŒi em]

I am a citizen of Armenia.

B.

I#nc l;xoun;r git;q! [Inc¿hŒ lezuner gitekŒ?]

What languages do you know?

A.

Fa\;r;n … ®ous;r;n! [Hayeren yev ¤useren]

Armenian and Russian.

B.

A\d l;xoun;row na… groum [ayt lezunerov nayev g§rum]

(

A.

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

h

(

Do you also read and write in those languages?

(

ou kardo#um ;q! [u kartŒum ekŒ]

(

* In the flow of speech some Armenian words are drawn together and pronounced as one word. This feature, also called liaison (see Unit 9, pp. 213-214), is designated by the sign in the transcription of the first four units.

2

UNIT 1 A\o*! [Ayo]

Yes!

B.

O#rn h };r fasz;n! [Vorn e d¿zer hast¿sŒen?]

What is your address?

A.

:r…an% Paron\an 'o[oz tase%! [Yerevan, Paronyan pŒog¿hot¿sŒ tas§]

Ten Paronyan Street, Yerevan.

B.

O#rn h };r f;®a.osi famare! [Vorn e d¿zer he¤ak¿hosi hamar§?

What is your telephone number?

A.

Cors far\our% fisounouj% tasn;rkou! [C¿hŒors haryur, hisunutŒ, tasnerku]

Four-zero-zero, five-eight, one-two.

B.

Inco#w ;q xba[woum! [Inc¿hŒov ekŒ §zbag¿hvum?]

What is your occupation?

A.

Ousano[ ;m! [Usanog¿h em]

I am a student.

B.

I#nc ;q ousoumnasiroum! [Inc¿hŒ ekŒ usumnasirum?]

What are you studying?

A.

Grakanouj\oun! [G§rakanutŒyun]

Literature.

B.

osoum &&& &&& ! f. Nranq `ransiazi ;n! >osoum &&& &&& ! g. Alin jourq h! Na .osoum &&& &&& ! 5. Fill in the corresponding words. a. Parone am;rikazi h% isk øriorde^ g;rmanoufi! b. Fanse g;rmanazi h% isk Alise^ &&& (~ransia)! c. Iwane ®ous h% isk Nansin^ &&& (Am;rika) h! d. Miton yaponoufi h% isk Qristo`;re^ &&& (Anglia)! e. M;rin &&& (Kanada) h% isk +one^ &&& (Am;rika)! f. Ousano[e &&& (:giptos) h% isk ousano[oufin^ &&& (Ispania)! g. Øriorde &&& (Cinastan) h% isk parone &&& (Anglia)! 6. Fill in the corresponding words. a. A\s a\boub;ne fa\kakan h! (Fa\astan) b. Ixab;llan &&& qa[aqaziouj\oun ouni! (Ispania) c. Fanse &&& qa[aqazi h! (G;rmania) d. Miqin &&& qa[aqaziouj\oun ouni! (Founastan) e. Iwane &&& anoun h! (Âousastan) f. A\s axganoune &&& h! (Italia) g. Anafit anoune &&& h! (Fa\astan) h. +onson axganoune &&& h! (Anglia) 7. Use the appropriate forms of the verbs. a. Dou fa\;r;n gro#um ;s! (gr;l [g§rel] to write) b. Douq ousouzcoufi &&&% isk ;s a,ak;rt &&& ! (;m [em] to be) c. Annan &&& ! (gr;l [g§rel] to write) d. M;nq &&& (kardal [kartŒal] to read) angl;r;n! e. A\s ousano[n;re &&& &&& fa\;r;n! (.os;l [k¿hosel] to speak) f. Mariame `ransiakan qa[aqaziouj\oun &&& ! (oun;nal [unenal] to have) g. Arame &&& &&& (apr;l [aprel] to live) a\st;[! 8. Translate the following questions, using the appropriate forms to address people. a. What is your name, Sir? b. How old are you, Ani? 21

UNIT 1 c. How many languages do you speak, Miss? d. What is your address, Armen? e. What is your telephone number, Mr. Smith? f. What do you study, Anna? g. What are you doing here, children? 9. Answer the following questions. a. };r anoune … axganounn i#nc h! b. Qani# tar;kan ;q! c. };r qa[aqaziouj\oune o#rn h! d. Angl;r;n .oso#um ;q! e. Fa\;r;n git;#q! f. };r fasz;n o#rn h! 10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit. a. Fa\astane m;#‘ ;rkir h! b. Fa\astane qani# bnakic ouni! c. Fa\;r;ne i#nc l;xou h! d. O#w h st;[‘;l fa\kakan a\boub;ne! e. Qani# ta® ouni fa\kakan a\boub;ne! f. Qani# ta® ouni latinakan a\boub;ne!

XII PROVERBS

(

Qani l;xou git;s% a\nqan mard ;s! [KŒani lezu gites, aynkŒan martŒ es] You are as many (people) as the languages you know.

( (

(

A,.arfi ,ino[n ou qando[e l;xoun h! [As¿hk¿harhi s¿hinog¿hn u kŒandog¿h§ lezun e] The world’s builder or destroyer is the tongue.

(

:rkar l;xoun karyaznoum h k\anqe! [Yerkar lezun karc¿hat¿sŒ§num e kyankŒ§] A long tongue shortens life.

22

Unit 2 Toun ou dproz [ÉÅx tÇw fv{ÉÉÄ

Speech Acts in Dialogues: Vocabulary: Grammar:

On the agenda ...

1. Identifying things and persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 2. Affirming and denying states and actions . . . . . . . . . 25

1. Rooms and furniture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2. Classroom items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

VERBS: Formation of the negative forms of verbs

1. Irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 2. Regular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

NOUNS: Formation of the plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Armenian-English Contrasts: Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion) . . . . . . . 34 Word Formation:

Formation of compound nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Pronunciation:

The letters B b% P p% and " ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Writing:

B b% G g% D d% : ;% X x% H h% E e% J j% I i% L l (@). . 39

Orthography:

Exclamation marks in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

UNIT 2

I DIALOGUES

Two friends, A and B, meet in the university hallway. A. Bar…*% M;ri! [Barev, Meri]

Bar…*% Lilij! A\st;[ i#nc ;s anoum& [Barev, LilitŒ. Aysteg¿h inc¿hŒ es anum?]

(

B.

Hello, Mary!

a,.ato#um ;s! [as¿hk¿hatum es?]

Oh, I know, you have many

(

B.

A@f% git;m% dou ,at [Ah, gitem, du s¿hat]

Armenian friends.

fa\ enk;rn;r oun;s! [hay §nkerner unes]

(

A. A\o*% … fa\;r;ne ,at ;m siroum! [Ayo, yev hayeren§ s¿hat em sirum] B.

Do you work (here)? No, I’m studying Armenian.

(

A. O*c% fa\;r;n ;m soworoum! [Voc¿h, hayeren em sovorum]

Hello, Lilith! What are you doing here?

Ba\z dou fa\;r;n git;s% ch#! [Bayt¿sŒ du hayeren gites, c¿hŒe?]

Yes, and I like Armenian very much. . . But you know Armenian, don’t you? .

B.

(

(

(

(

A. Faskanoum ;m% mi qic hl .osoum ;m% I understand [Armenian], I also speak [Haskanum em, mi kŒic¿hŒ el k¿hosum em,] a little, ba\z gr;l … kardal cgit;m! [baytsŒ grel yev kartal c¿hŒgitem] Fa\kakan a\boub;ne dvwa#r h! [Haykakan aybuben§ d§z¿hvar e?]

B.

(

(

A. :rkar h% ba\z bnaw dvwar ch! [Yerkar e, bayt¿sŒ b§nav d§z¿hvar c¿hŒe] Isk fa\;r;n q;rakanouj\o#une! [Isk hayeren kŒerakanutŒyun§?]

(

A. AN [Lav patask¿han]

(

(

(

A\s .oumbe fa\;r;n h soworoum! A,ak;rtn;re ard;n mi qic .osoum ;n% groum [Ays k¿humb§ hayeren e sovorum. As¿hakertner§ artŒen mi kic¿hŒ k¿hosum en, g§rum

(

(

(

(

ou kardoum fa\;r;n! A\sør hl fa,w;l ;n soworoum! Ousouzcoufin farznoum h& u kartŒum hayeren. Aysor el hash¿ vel en sovorum. Usuts¿ Œch¿ Œuhin harts¿ Œ§num e: –:j; a\s kawiye kis;m% qani# ktor kawiy koun;nam! –Yete ays kavic¿h§ kisem, kŒani k§tor kavic¿h kunenam?

(

(

Mi a,ak;rt patas.anoum h& –:rkou ktor! Ousouzcoufin noriz h farznoum& Mi as¿hakert patask¿hanum e: –Yerku k§tor. Usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhin norit¿sŒ e hart¿sŒ§num:

(

(

–:j; nori#z kis;m am;n mi ktore! –Cors ktor% –asoum h a,ak;rte! –YetŒe norit¿sŒ kisem amen mi k§tor§? –C¿hŒors k§tor, –asum e as¿hakert§. –Isk ;j; noriz kis;m% i#nc koun;nanq! –Isk yete norit¿sŒ kisem, inc¿hŒ kunenankŒ?

26

(

–Kawiy ci mna& 'o,i kda®na% – patas.anoum h a,ak;rte! –Kavic¿h c¿hŒi m§na; pŒos¿hi k§da¤na, – patask¿hanum e as¿hakert§.]

UNIT 2

III NEW WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS law

[lav]

patas.an

[patask¿han]

a\s

[ays]

.oumb

[k¿humb]

sowor;l

[sovorel]

a,ak;rt

[as¿hakert]

a,ak;rtoufi ard;n

[as¿hakertuhi] [artŒen]

mi qic

[mi kŒic¿hŒ]

a\sør

[aysor]

hl

[el]

fa,w;l

[has¿hvel]

ousouzcoufi farzn;l ;j;

[usut¿sŒc¿hŒuhi] [hart¿sŒ§nel] [yetŒe]

kawiy

[kavic¿h]

kis;l

[kisel]

;j; kis;m

[yetŒe kisem]

qani#

[kŒani]

ktor

[k§tor]

oun;nal

[unenal]

patas.an;l

[patask¿hanel]

noriz

[norit¿sŒ]

am;n

[amen]

as;l

[asel]

isk

[isk]

'o,i

[pŒos¿hi]

mnal

[m§nal]

ci mna

[c¿hŒi

da®nal

[da¤nal]

kda®na

[k§da¤na]

m§na]

good

answer this

group

to learn

pupil (male)

pupil (female) already a little today

too, also to count

teacher (female) to ask if

chalk

to cut in half

if I cut it in half how many? piece

to have

to answer again

every, each to say

and, but dust

to remain, stay won’t remain

to become, to turn

will become, will turn into 27

UNIT 2

IV THEMATIC GROUP OF WORDS S:N|AKN:R :W KAFOU|Q [Senyakner yev kahuykŒ]

baxkajo® pat,gamb lo[aran mafyakal anko[in nn=as;n\ak gorg a®asta[ ajo® vamazou\z mi=anzq baxmoz waragou\r ya,as;n\ak dou® moutq fatak toun .ofanoz lousam'o' f\ouras;n\ak fa\;li da,namour ®adio a,.atas;n\ak s;[an f;®a.os f;®oustazou\z xougaran ‘a[kaman patoufan 28

[bazkatŒo¤] [pat§s¿hgamb] [log¿haran] [mahc¿hakal] [ankog¿hin] [n§njasenyak] [gorg] [a¤astagh] [atŒo¤] [z¿hamat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] [mijant¿sŒkŒ] [bazmot¿sŒ] [varakŒuyr] [c¿has¿hasenyak] [du¤] [mutkŒ] [hatak] [tun] [k¿hohanot¿sŒ] [lusampŒopŒ] [hyurasenyak] [hayeli] [das¿hnamur] [radio] [as¿hk¿hatasenyak] [seg¿han] [he¤ak¿hos] [he¤ustat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] [zukŒaran] [ts¿ ag¿hkaman] [patuhan]

ROOMS AND FURNITURE

armchair balcony bathroom bed (piece of furniture) bed (mattress+bedding) bedroom carpet ceiling chair clock corridor, hallway couch curtain dining room door entrance floor house, home kitchen lampshade living room mirror piano radio study room table telephone television set toilet vase window

UNIT 2

DASARAN

[Dasaran]

lsaran pa\ousak nstaran girq gradaran grapafaran grata.tak fa,wic kawiy famakargic gras;[an ba®aran ®;tin qnnouj\oun j[japanak dasa.osouj\oun das qart;x nkar zouza'a\t t;tr gras;n\ak h= jou[j gric matit grcatou' b;mafarjak ambion qanon dasagirq

[l§saran] [payusak] [n§staran] [girkŒ] [g§radaran] [g§rapaharan] [g§ratak¿htak] [has¿hvic¿hŒ] [kavic¿h] [hamakarkŒic¿hŒ] [g§raseg¿han] [ba¤aran] [¤etin] [k§nnutŒyun] [tŒ§g¿htŒapanak] [dasak¿hosutŒyun] [das] [kŒartez] [n§kar] [t¿sŒut¿sapŒayt] [tet§r] [g§rasenyak] [ej] [tŒug¿htŒ] [g§ric¿hŒ] [matit] [g§rc¿hŒatupŒ] [bemahartŒak] [ambion] [kŒanon] [dasagirkŒ]

CLASSROOM

auditorium bag bench book bookcase, library bookcase blackboard calculator chalk computer desk dictionary eraser exam file lecture lesson map picture pointer notebook office page paper pen pencil pen tray podium pulpit ruler textbook

29

UNIT 2

V GRAMMAR A. VERBS

1. Formation of the negative forms of verbs

To create negative counterparts of affirmative forms, Armenian uses the negative particle c- [c¿hŒ-] by prefixing it to the verb. This is, for instance, how the negative forms of the infinitive are formed: gr;l [g§rel] to write kardal [kartŒal] to have lin;l [linel] to be oun;nal [unenal] to have

EXAMPLE: Lin;l j;# clin;l [linel tŒe ch¿ Œ§linel?] To be or not to be?

→ cgr;l [ch¿ Œg§rel] not to write → ckardal [ch¿ Œ§kartŒal] not to read → clin;l [ch¿ Œ§linel] not to be → coun;nal [ch¿ Œunenal] not to have, etc.

The negative counterparts of some common irregular verbs are similarly constructed: ;m [em] I am oun;m [unem] I have git;m [gitem] I know

Compare the full paradigm: (;s) (dou) (na) (m;nq) (douq) (nranq)

;m ;s h ;nq ;q ;n

→ → → → → →

c;m c;s ci/ch* c;nq c;q c;n

→ c;m [ch¿ Œem] I am not → coun;m [c¿hŒunem] I don’t have → cgit;m [c¿hŒ§gitem] I don’t know, etc.

oun;m oun;s ouni oun;nq oun;q oun;n

→ → → → → →

coun;m coun;s couni coun;nq coun;q coun;n

git;m git;s giti git;nq git;q git;n

→ → → → → →

cgit;m cgit;s cgiti cgit;nq cgit;q cgit;n

2. The negative paradigm of present tense indicative (regular verbs)

Regular verbs form the negative paradigm of the present tense indicative by combining the negated auxiliary c;m [ch¿ Œem] (see above) with the present participle ending in -oum: Affirmative: Negative:

(;s) groum ;m [(yes) g§rum em] I write/I am writing (;s) c;m groum [c¿hŒem g§rum] I do not write/I am not writing

Note here the difference in word order: rather than following the present participle groum [g§rum], the negated auxiliary c;m [c¿hŒem] precedes it. *Note that in the conjugation paradigm of regular verbs (see p. 31) for the third person singular ci

30

[ c¿hŒi] is used rather than the regular negative form ch [ch¿ Œe]. EXAMPLES: (Na) ci groum! [(Na) ch¿ Œi g§rum] He/she is not writing. But: (Na) fa\ ch! [(Na) hay ch¿ Œe.] He/she is not an Armenian.

UNIT 2

All regular verbs follow the pattern below:

SINGULAR

1. pers. (;s) 2. pers. (dou) 3. pers. (na)

c;m + verb stem + oum c;s + verb stem + oum ci* + verb stem + oum

[c¿hŒem + verb stem + um] [c¿hŒes + verb stem + um] [c¿hŒi + verb stem + um]

1. pers. (m;nq) 2. pers. (douq) 3. pers. (nranq)

c;nq + verb stem + oum c;q + verb stem + oum c;n + verb stem + oum

[c¿hŒenkŒ + verb stem + um] [c¿hŒekŒ + verb stem + um] [c¿hŒen + verb stem +um]

PLURAL

Present tense indicative (negative) gr;l [g§rel] to write

.os;l [k¿hosel] to speak

kardal [kartŒal] to read

c;m c;s ci c;nq c;q c;n

c;m c;s ci* c;nq c;q c;n

c;m c;s ci c;nq c;q c;n

groum groum groum groum groum groum

.osoum .osoum .osoum .osoum .osoum .osoum

kardoum kardoum kardoum kardoum kardoum kardoum

The three monosyllabic verbs, gal [gal] to come, tal [tal] to give, and lal [lal] to cry (see Unit 1, p. 11) follow the same pattern, but take the participle ending in -is [-is]: galis [galis], talis [talis], and lalis [lalis]. Affirmative: Negative:

(;s) galis ;m [(yes) galis em] I come/I am coming (;s) c;m galis [(yes) c¿hŒem galis] I do not come/I am not coming

gal [gal] to come c;m c;s ci c;nq c;q c;n

galis galis galis galis galis galis

* See the note on p. 30.

tal [tal] to give c;m c;s ci c;nq c;q c;n

talis talis talis talis talis talis

lal [lal] to cry c;m c;s ci c;nq c;q c;n

lalis lalis lalis lalis lalis lalis 31

UNIT 2

A common East Armenian complex construction that correponds to the English I can is karo[ ;m [karog¿h em] (literally: I am able). Here is its conjugation paradigm: (;s) (dou) (na) (m;nq) (douq) (nranq)

karo[ karo[ karo[ karo[ karo[ karo[

;m I can ;s you can h he/she/it can ;nq we can ;q you can ;n they can

→ → → → → →

c;m karo[ I cannot c;s karo[ you cannot ci karo[ he/she/it cannot c;nq karo[ we cannot c;q karo[ you cannot c;n karo[ they cannot

The parallel regular verb karo[anal [karog¿hanal] has a slightly different aspectual meaning: to be usually/normally/in general able. Affirmative: (;s) karo[anoum ;m [karog¿hanum em] I am (usually) able, etc. Negative: (;s) c;m karo[anoum [c¿hŒem karog¿hanum] I am (usually) not able, etc. B. NOUNS

Formation of the plural forms

Most Armenian countable nouns form the plural by adding one of the two plural suffixes to ;r [-er] for monosyllabic nouns and -n n;r [-ner] for nouns consisting of more the stem: -; than one syllable: lou\s [luys] light gorg [gorg] carpet matit [matit] pencil patoufan [patuhan] window

;r [luyser] lights → lou\s; ;r [gorger] carpets → gorg; n;r [matitner] pencils → matitn n;r [patuhanner] windows → patoufann

l;® [le¤] mountain jo® [tŒo¤] grandchild ga® [ga¤] lamb dou® [du¤] door

n;r [le¤ner] mountains → l;®n n;r [tŒo¤ner] grandchildren → jo®n n;r [ga¤ner] lambs → ga®n n;r [d§¤ner] doors → d®n

nkar [n§kar] picture xg;st [§zgest] dress

n;r, etc. [n§karner] pictures → nkarn n;r [§zgestner] dresses → xg;stn

n;r:* Only a certain group of monosyllabic nouns form the plural with -n

n;r is also added to nouns that have only one written vowel, but are proThe suffix -n nounced as having more than one syllable because of the transitory [§] before or between consonants (see Unit 6, p. 137): But: wagr [vag§r] tiger ast[ [ast§g¿h] star

;r [vagrer] tigers** → wagr; ;r [astg¿her] stars** → ast[;

* Originally, this -n belonged to the stem of these monosyllabic nouns. Compare dou®n% l;®n% etc., in Classical Armenian. Modern Armenian has dropped the final -n in the singular, retaining it in the plural form. ** Note that in the plural [§] is reduced; these nouns form their plural like regular monosyllabic nouns&

32

UNIT 2 Compound nouns take the ending -;r if their second component is a monosyllabic noun:

;r [dasag§rkŒer] textbooks dasagirq [dasagirkŒ] textbook → dasagrq; ; ,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat → ,og;naw;r [s¿hokŒenaver] steamboats ;r [tonat¿sa¤er] Christmas trees tona‘a® [tonat¿sa¤] Christmas tree →tona‘a®;

However, if the second component is a verbal derivation that is not used as an independent noun, the compound noun takes the plural ending -n;r: sta.os [s§tak¿hos] liar ]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman axgas;r [azgaser] patriot

n;r [s§tak¿hosner] liars → sta.osn n;r [d¿z§knorsner] fishermen → ]knorsn n;r [azgaserner] patriots → axgas;rn

Some nouns may have additional plural forms. Nouns ending in -zi% -azi% and -;zi take q: also the archaic plural suffix -q q or ;r…anzin n;r native of ;r…anzi [yerevants¿ Œi] native of Yerevan → ;r…anziq Yerevan q or g\ou[azin n;r peasants g\ou[azi [gyug¿hat¿sŒi] peasant → g\ou[aziq q or lo®;zin n;r locals from Lori lo®;zi [lo¤et¿sŒi] a local from Lori → lo®;ziq Other irregular plural formations include: kin [kin] woman tikin [tikin] madam, Mrs. paron [paron] Sir, gentleman mard [martŒ] human being, man t[amard [t§g¿hamartŒ] man

a\q [kanaykŒ] women → kana a\q [tiknaykŒ] or tikinn; ;r ladies → tikna a\q [paronaykŒ] Sirs, gentlemen → parona ik [martŒikŒ] human beings, men → mardi ik [t§g¿hamartŒikŒ] men → t[amardi

Note that after numerals, nouns are generally used in the singular:

fing mard [hing martŒ] five men, ouj ør [utŒ or] eight days, 20 h= [kŒsan ej] 20 pages.

Correspondingly, with such quantifiers as qani# [kŒani?] how many?, mi qani [mi kŒani] a few, nouns are often used in the singular: –Qani# ktor [kŒani k§tor?] how many pieces? (literally: how many piece?) –Cors ktor [c¿hŒors k§tor] four pieces (literally: four piece)

However, after bolor [bolor] all, oro, [vorosh¿ ] certain, baxmajiw [bazmatŒiv] numerous, the plural form of the noun is used: bolor farz;re [bolor hart¿sŒer§] all (the) questions oro, ousano[n;r [voros¿h usanog¿hner] certain students baxmajiw gou\n;r [bazmatŒiv guyner] numerous colors

After ,at [s¿hat] many and qic [kŒic¿hŒ] few, both singular and plural can follow: ,at ban [s¿hat ban] or ,at ban;r [s¿hat baner] many things qic mard [kŒic¿hŒ martŒ] or qic mardik [kŒic¿hŒ martŒik] few people

33

UNIT 2

VI ARMENIAN-ENGLISH CONTRASTS Word order in Armenian sentences (inversion)

The normal word order of an English simple clause is SVO (Subject - Verb - Object): Maria

wrote a letter. In Armenian, although word order is relatively free, a SOV (Subject - Object

- Verb) order predominates. Thus, in a simple Armenian clause, be it a statement, question, or command, the conjugated verb tends to occupy the final position: (:s) vamanak oun;m! [(Yes) z¿hamanak unem] (I time have) I have time.

(Dou) dram coun;#s! [(Du) dram ch¿ Œunes?] (You money not-have?) Don’t you have money?

Arame fa\ h! [Aram§ hay e] (Aram Armenian is) Aram is an Armenian.

+one fa\ ch! [Jon§ hay c¿hŒe] (John Armenian not-is) John is not an Armenian.

When the auxiliary ;m [em] I am fulfills the function of a copula, i.e. a verb that joins a subject to its complement, it generally assumes the typical final position:

However, when the auxiliary ;m [em] I am is part of a compound tense (auxiliary verb ;m + participle), the auxiliary enforces its own rules. It then positions itself in a sentence depending on the sentence type.

1. In an affirmative sentence, where the action itself is emphasized, the regular SOV word order (participle + auxiliary verb ;m [em] I am) with the auxiliary in final position prevails (see pp. 11-12). However, as was seen on p. 30, in the negative counterpart of the same sentence the word order is inverted: the auxiliary precedes the participle.* (M;nq) .osoum ;nq! [(MenkŒ) k¿hosum enkŒ] (We talking are) We are talking.

(Douq) c;q lsoum! [(DukŒ) c¿hŒekŒ l§sum] (You not-are listening) You are not listening.**

2. In special questions initiated by an interrogative pronoun, typically an inversion occurs whereby the normal word order is changed. For East Armenian this means:

* Note that rules of reversed word order apply not only to the present tense but to all compound tenses that are formed by the auxiliary verb “;m&” This also includes the following tenses: the indicative imperfect (see Unit 3, pp. 52-53), indicative perfect and pluperfect (Unit 5, pp. 96-100), and indicative future (Unit 6, pp. 124126).

**Compare here the word order in English and Armenian: While it differs in affirmation, it coincides in negation.

34

UNIT 2

a) placing the emphasized word, i.e. the interrogative pronoun, in initial position; b) placing the respective response to the question in initial position;

c) placing the auxiliary verb, with or without negation, immediately after the emphasized word. O#ur ;s gnoum! [Ur es g§num?] Where are you going? O#w ci farznoum! [Ov c¿hŒi hart¿sŒ§num?] Who is not asking?

→ Toun ;m gnoum! [Tun em g§num] I am going home.

→ Annan ci farznoum! [Annan c¿hŒi hart¿sŒ§num] Anna is not asking.

As illustrated, the inverted word order applies to special questions, both affirmative and negative, and their respective responses. Here, the word order between Armenian and English is obvious. 3. Thus, inversion serves to mark priorities that can be tested by a simple question: :s ;m groum! [Yes em g§rum] I am writing.

(Question) O#w h groum! [Ov e g§rum?] Who is writing?

(:s) namak ;m groum! [(Yes) namak em g§rum] I am writing a letter.

(Question) I#nc ;s groum! [Inc¿hŒ es g§rum?] What are you writing?

(:s) q;x ;m groum! [(Yes) kŒez em g§rum] I am writing to you.

(Question) O#um ;s groum! [Um es g§rum?] To whom are you writing?

4. Unstressed complements of the verb appear between the auxiliary and the participle: Na h namak groum! [Na e namak g§rum] He is writing a letter.

(Question) O#w h namak groum! [Ov e namak g§rum?] Who is writing a letter?

Na q;x h namak groum! [Na kŒez e namak g§rum] He is writing a letter to you.

(Question) O#um h na namak groum! [Um e na namak g§rum?] To whom is he writing a letter?

Na a\sør h namak groum! [Na aysor e namak g§rum] He is writing a letter today.

(Question) :#rb h na namak groum! [YerpŒ e na namak g§rum?] When is he writing a letter? 35

VII WORD FORMATION

UNIT 2

Formation of compound nouns

Armenian compound nouns typically consist of two basic elements that are joined to each other either directly or by the connecting vowel -a-.

The following compound nouns are joined directly, without a connecting vowel:

← (k;s + ør half + day) ← (‘ow + a' sea + shore)

k;sør [kesor] midday, noon ‘owa' [t¿sovapŒ] seashore

More commonly, however, the two components are joined by the connecting vowel -a-: f\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak] living room ← (f\our + a + s;n\ak) (guest + conn. + room) farzaxrou\z [hart¿sŒaz§ruyt¿sŒ] interview ← (farz + a + xrou\z) (question + conn. + talk)

The components can originate from various parts of speech:

a) noun + noun: g;ta' [getapŒ] riverbank ← (g;t+ a'] river + shore) b) noun + verb: mardaspan [martŒaspan] murderer ← (mard+ span[;l] human + kill) c) verb + noun: gras;[an [g§rasegh¿ an] desk ← (gr[;l] + s;[an write + table) d) adjective + noun: lialousin [lialusin] full moon ← (li + lousin full + moon) e) pronoun + verb: inqnaji® [inkŒnatŒi¤] airplane ← (inqn + j®[c;l] self + fly) When the first element ends in -i% this vowel contracts with the connecting a to an ;:

gin;toun [ginetun] wine cellar ← (gini + a + toun wine + conn. + house) ,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat ← (,ogi + a + naw steam + conn. + boat)

Elements of compound nouns may also be joined by the particles -ou- [u] and -…- [yev] and: a\boub;n [aybuben] alphabet k;rou.oum [keruk¿hum] feast a®…tour [a¤evtur] commerce

← (a\b + ou + b;n a + and + b) ← (k;r + ou + .oum eat + and + drink) ← (a® + … + tour take + and + give)

In Armenian word formation it is common for some vowels to alternate. For instance, i [i] and ou [u] shift to a transitory [§], ou\ [uy] to ou [u], \a [ya] to ; [u], etc.* gin [gin] price sout [sut] lie lou\s [luys] light mat\an [matyan] book

→ gnazouzak [g§nat¿sŒut¿sŒak] price list → sta.os [s§tak¿hos] liar → lousam'o' [lusampŒopŒ] lampshade → mat;nagir [matenagir] bibliographer*

*These alterations are discussed in Unit 5, pp. 107-108. 36

VIII PRONUNCIATION

UNIT 2

The letters B b% P p% and " '

The consonant system of Eastern Armenian differs from that of other Indo-European languages (see p. xx). Rather than a dual system of stop consonants, such as the voiced b and the voiceles p, East Armenian has a triple system with one voiced b [b] and two voiceless stops, the non-aspirated p [p] and the aspirated ' [pŒ]. The non-aspirated p [p] may seem unusual to the English-speaking student in that it is pronounced with stronger plosion, occupying an intermediate position between the b [b] and the ' [pŒ]. The triple system of the related stop consonants b% p% and ' can be presented in the following table:

voiced B b voiceless non-aspirated P p voiceless aspirated " '

[b] [p] [pŒ]

Each of these stops represents an independent phoneme, i.e. the smallest phonetic unit in a language that distinguishes one word from another. The following three words differ in meaning in the contrast of the phonemic consonants b% p% and ': bouj [butŒ] blunt pout [put] dot 'ouj [pŒutŒ] Russian weight unit (16,3 kg)

East Armenian is, on the whole, a phonetic language in that words are pronounced as written: B;niamin [Benyamin] Benjamin, Ab;l [Abel] Abel, P;tros [Petros] Peter, panir [panir] cheese, 'iliso'a [pŒilisopŒa] philosopher, a' [apŒ] palm, etc.

There are, however, some exceptions. After vowels, after m [m] and r [r], the voiced b [b] is pronounced as the voiceless aspirated ' [pŒ]: .ab;l [kh¿ apŒel] to deceive, ,abaj [sh¿ apŒatŒ] Saturday, Fakob [HakopŒ] Jacob, ;rb [yerpŒ] when, nourb [nurpŒ] tender, ourbaj [urpŒatŒ] Friday, sourb [surpŒ] sacred, fambou\r [hampŒuyr] kiss, famb;r;l [hampŒerel] to be patient, etc. Also, after the consonant [ the voiced b [b] is pronounced like the voiceless, non-aspirated p [p]: ;[ba\r [yekh¿ payr] brother, o[b [vokh¿ p] lamentation, a[b [akh¿ p] trash, etc. These phonetic deviations apply also to derivations of the above-mentioned words: nourb [nurpŒ] tender → nrbouj\oun [n§rpŒutŒyun] tenderness, famb;r;l [hampŒerel] to be patient → famb;rouj\oun [hampŒerutŒyun] patience, ;rb [yerpŒ] when → ;rb;mn [yerpŒem§n] sometimes, etc. 37

IX ORTHOGRAPHY

UNIT 2

Exclamation marks in Armenian

There are two exclamation marks in Armenian, the stress or acute mark (*) and the extension mark (@). On the whole, they correspond to the English exclamation mark (!). Like the question mark (#) (see p. 18), they are superscripts. Both signs are placed on the stressed syllable of the emphasized word. The stress or acute mark (*) is placed:

1. Over words stressed in an imperative sentence: Girqs to*ur! [GirkŒ§s tur!] Give me my book!

Mi* gna! [Mi g§na!] Don’t go!

Ara*m% ;s a\st;[ ;m! [Aram, yes aysteg¿h em] Aram, I am here!

Paro*n% a\s t;[e axa#t h! [Paron, ays teg¿h§ azat e?] Sir, is this seat free?

2. Over names of persons or words addressed to people:

3. Over one-word replies used as strong assertions:

–J;rjs b;r;#l ;s! –A\o*! or: O*c! or: Ifark;! [TŒertŒ§s berel es? Ayo! or: Voc¿hŒ! or: Iharke!] Did you bring my newspaper? Yes! or: No! or: Of course!

4. Over more prominent words singled out in a sentence: C;m t;snoum i*m matite ! or: [Im matit§ c¿hŒem tesnum] or: I don’t see my pencil. or:

Im mati*te c;m t;snoum! [Im matit§ c¿hŒem tesnum] I don’t see my pencil!

The extension mark (@) appears in passionate speech where stressed vowels are prolonged to express emotion. It is placed: 1. Over greetings, welcoming expressions, congratulations, wishes, etc.:

–O[=o@u\n! or: % > os;l% ’% ’a®%

k%

k;s% }% }ouk% { %

.% >% [k¿h]

k% K% [k]

k;s% K;s% [kes]

.os;l% >os;l% [k¿hosel]

‘% ’% [ts¿ ]

z% zouzak% \%

‘a®% ’a®% [t¿sa¤]

62

[% a[ {% A[ [gh¿ ] [ag¿h]

\our% ,% ,oun% c% camic% p% papik

Z % Z ouzak% |% | our% acatour [K¿hac¿hŒatur] Fowfann;s [Hovhannes]

→ Lousik [Lusik] → >acik [K¿hac¿hŒik] → Fowik [Hovik]

c) The suffix -ik and -ouk may also be attached to adjectives. When referring to or addressing a person or an object, they indicate affection or fondness: siroun [sirun] cute anou, [anus¿h] sweet taq [takŒ] warm g;r [ger] thick, fat 82

→ → → →

sirounik [sirunik] cutie anou,ik [anus¿hik] sweetie taqouk [takŒuk] warmish, cosy girouk [giruk] plumpish, flabby

UNIT 4

VIII PRONUNCIATION The letters D d% T t% and J j Rather than a double system of stop consonants, i.e. the voiced d and the voiceless t, East Armenian has a triple system with one voiced d [d] and two voiceless stops, the non-aspirated t [t] and the aspirated j [tŒ]: The triple system of the related consonants d% t and j can be presented as follows:

voiced voiceless non-aspirated voiceless aspirated

D d [d] T t [t] J j [tŒ]

Like in the case of b% p and '% each of these consonants is an independent phoneme, i.e. the smallest phonetic unit that distinguishes one word from another. The following three words differ in meaning in the contrast of the phonemic consonants d% t and j: d;r [der] role t;r [ter] Lord, master j;r [tŒer] for (as opposed to d;m [dem] against) In general, the letters D d% T t and J j are pronounced as written. EXAMPLES: Dani;l [Daniel] Daniel, Dawij [DavitŒ] David, das [das] lesson, Tigran [Tigran] Tigran, tatik [tatik] grandmother, tant;r [tanter] house lord, J;r;xa [TŒereza] Theresa, jjou [tŒ§tŒu] sour, jaj [tŒatŒ] paw, etc. There are words that constitute exceptions to this rule with the voiced d [d] pronounced as a voiceless aspirated [tŒ] after vowels and after r [r]: ød [otŒ] air, dadar [datŒar] pause, intermission, xard [zartŒ] adornment, bard [bartŒ] complex, bourd [burtŒ] wool, mard [martŒ] human being, ward [vartŒ] rose, n\ard [nyartŒ] nerve, b;rd [bertŒ] fortress, øriord [oriortŒ] Miss, =ard [jartŒ] massacre, ord [vortŒ] worm, ;rdoum [yertŒum] oath, ardar [artŒar] just, ordi [vortŒi] son, ard;n [artŒen] already, drd;l [d§rtŒel] to incite, a®a=nord [a¤ajnortŒ] leader, etc. In some words, after n [n]: andam [antŒam] member, .ndir [kh¿ §ntŒir] problem, k;ndani [kentŒani] animal, endam;ne [§ntŒamen§] totally, endar]ak [§ntŒarts¿ Œak] spacious, etc. In certain words, as well as in final position of words, -d is pronounced like the voiceless, non-aspirated t [t]: a\d [ayt] that, .;[d;l [kh¿ ekh¿ tel] to strangle, fodwa‘ [hotvats¿ ] article, etc. The same applies to the possessive ending -d: tound [tun§t] your house, fa\rd [hayr§t] your father, etc. 83

UNIT 4

IX ORTHOGRAPHY O o or Ø ø ? The following orthographic and phonetic rules govern the usage of the letters O o and Ø ø in East Armenian: O o occurs: 1. in initial position of words and is pronounced [vo] as in English volt: ordi [vortŒi] son, ors [vors] hunting, otq [votkŒ] foot, etc. 2. in medial and final position of words, ‘o’ is pronounced [o] as in the English word folk: cors [c¿hŒors] four, bolor [bolor] all, Karo [Karo] Karo (male name), etc. 3. within compound and derived words where ‘o’ is pronounced a) as [vo] when it appears after vowels: ar=aors [arc¿hŒavors bear hunting (from ar=+a+ors), am;naorak\al [amenavorakyal] most qualified (superlative of the adjective orak\al qualified, etc. b) as [o] when it appears after consonants: ]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman (from ]ouk+orsal), anoro, [anoros¿h] indefinite (from an+oro,), etc. EXCEPTION 1: The initial O o is pronounced [o] in the pronoun ow [ov] who and its plural form owq;r [ovkŒer] who; EXCEPTION 2: Nouns of foreign origin starting with [vo] are spelled with Wo wo rather than the regular O o in initial position: Wolga [Volga] a river in Russia (Russian: Djkuf), wolt [volt] volt, etc.

Ø ø occurs: 1. in initial position of words and stands for [o] as in English on or all: ør [or] day, øgn;l [okŒnel] to help, ød [otŒ] air, weather, etc. 2. within words, where ø appears as a result of compounding or derivation: apørini [aporini] illegal (from ap+ørini outside+law), k;sør [kesor] midday, noon (from k;s+ør half+day), anøgout [anokŒut] useless (from an+øgout without+use)% anørinak [anorinak] unequaled (from an+ørinak without+ example) etc. 84

UNIT 4

X WRITING

=% =our% w%

+% +our% =% +% [j]

'%

w;r% t% tase% r% tarr% w;radar]

W% W ;r% T% Tase% R %

=our% +our% [jur]

'ou®%

w% W% [v]

w;r% W;r% [ver]

q%

t% T% [t]

tase% Tase% [tas§]

r% R% [r]

qic% y% yany%

Tarr%

W ;radar]

tarr% Tarr% [tarr]

w;radar] W;radar] [veradarts¿ Œ]

`%

`,,al%

…

"% " ou®% Q % Q ic% Y% Yany% ~% ~,,al% :w '% "% [pŒ]

'ou®% "ou®% [pŒu‹¤]

q% Q% [kŒ]

qic% y% yany% Qic% Y% Yany% [kŒic¿hŒ] [c¿h] [c¿hanc¿h]

`% ~% [f]

`,,al% ~,,al% [f§s¿hal]

… :w [yev]

85

UNIT 4

XI EXERCISES 1. Combine questions from the left column with appropriate responses from the right column. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

O#ur gnazir ;r;k! O#um t;saq a\sør! O#w k;raw karkandake! Qani# vam a,.at;zir! O#w h siroum ;r;.a\in! :#rb gnazir gradaran! I#nc tw;z fa\re ordin;rin!

jatron f\our;re nor ousano[in ma\rike ;r;k .orfourd ;r;q vam

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in 1, 2, 3, and 4. Replace ma\r with fa\r% ;[ba\r% enk;r% qou\r% n,ana‘% etc., and tikin with paron. a.

A. >ndroum ;m% ‘anojaz;*q! Ma\rs h! B. ndr;m! Ouxo#um ;q 'or];l! [K¿h§ntrem. Uzum ekŒ pŒort¿sŒel?]

Sure! Would you like to try it on?

A.

O*c% ouri,i famar h! [Voc¿hŒ, uris¿hi hamar e]

No, it’s for someone else.

91

UNIT 5 Aw;li 'oqr ca'se coun;#q! [Aveli pŒokŒr c¿hŒapŒs§ c¿hŒunekŒ?]

Don’t you have a smaller size?

B.

Sa miakn h% dra famar h x;[ce! [Sa miakn e, d§ra hamar e zeg¿hc¿hŒ§]

This is the only one, that’s why it’s on sale.

A.

I#nc h w;r=nakan gine! [Inc¿hŒ e verc¿hŒnakan gin§?]

What is the final price?

B.

mor;[;ne k;ra#r! g. Anna\in nw;re tw;zi#r!

O*c% O*c% O*c% O*c% O*c% O*c% O*c%

c;m gnaz;l% gnam j;# cgnam! &&& &&& &&& &&& &&& &&&

4. Complete the sentences according to the pattern in a. a. b. c. d. e.

Dou®e &&& ('ak;l)! Dou®e 'akw;z! Drame &&& (‘a.s;l)! Drame &&& Toune &&& (waya®;l)! &&& Farze &&& (qnn;l)! &&& Fiwande &&& (bouv;l)! &&& 165

UNIT 7 f. Namake &&& (ou[ark;l)! &&& g. Ya,e &&& (;';l)! &&& h. Kaje &&& (ja';l)! &&& 5. Ask questions using the items given in parentheses. Follow the pattern in a. a. Kaje ,aqaro#w ;s .moum% j;# a®anz ,aqari! b. J;\e &&& (kitron) c. Ø[in &&& (sa®ou\z) d. Sourye &&& (kaj) e. Ya,e &&& ;s outoum &&& (faz) f. }oun &&& (a[) g. Faze &&& (karag) h. }ouke &&& (jar.oun) 6. Answer the questions following the pattern in a. a. "i[e inco#w h am;n inc anoum! Knyijow! b. Apoure inco#w ;nq outoum! (gdal) c. Ginin inco#w ;nq .moum! (bavak) d. Ousouzcin incp;#s ;q ls;l! (ou,adrouj\oun) e. Incp;#s ;s galis famalsaran! (f;‘aniw) f. Incp;#s ;s gnoum a,.atanqi! (otq) 7. Form sentences following the pattern in a. a. I#nc ;s groum! (namak% gr;l) Namak ;m groum! b. (girq% kardal) c. (gini% .m;l) d. (.n]or% out;l) e. (namak% ou[ark;l) f. (am;n inc% faskanal) 8. Ask questions starting with an interrogative pronoun (incp;#s% inco#w% etc.). a. Fa\rs ;kaw inqnaji®ow! b. Na.aya,s k;ra a.orvakow! c. Ya,e patrast;zi karagow! d. Sourys .moum ;m kajow ou ,aqarow! e. Na mi,t spasoum h famb;rouj\amb! f. A,.atanqi ;m gnoum f;‘aniwow! 166

UNIT 7 9. Conclude the sentences, using the verbs in parentheses in the subjunctive mood. a. Ouxo#um ;s gam! (gal) b. +anazinq% or m;r gor‘e &&& (w;r=azn;l)! c. Nranq ;kan% orp;sxi };xaniz mi ban &&& (.ndr;l)! d. :rani@ j; dou hl a\st;[ &&& (lin;l)! e. Cgit;m% j; incp;s &&& nran a\d bane! (bazatr;l) f. Cgit;nq% &&& (gnal) j;# &&& (mnal)! g. Ou@r h% or am;n mard q;x nman &&& (lin;l) 10. Translate the sentences, using the appropriate subjunctive forms. a. If I have time, I will be there. b. If you want, we can go. c. I want you to learn this proverb (a®a‘). d. I don’t want you to leave. e. If he came, we would see him. f. If you saw Armenia, you would like it. 11. Ask a person a series of questions about her/his health in Armenian. a) A classmate of yours is ill. b) An elderly Armenian lady on the street does not feel well. c) You visit an aunt in the hospital. 12. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit. a. I#nc t;sak k;ndani h 'i[e! b. I#nc gou\n ouni 'i[e! c. Incpisi# acq;r ouni 'i[e! d. Orp;s i#nc h ‘a®a\oum '[i knyije! e. "i[e ,atak;#r k;ndani h! f. "i[e ;#rb h wtangawor da®noum! g. I#nc h anoum 'i[e% ;rb mardik nra f;t anardar ;n warwoum!

167

UNIT 7

XI PROVERBS Glou.d or zawi% otqid zawe kmo®anas! [G§luk¿h§t vor t¿sŒavi, votkŒit t¿sŒav§ k§mo¤anas] If you get a headache, you will forget your footache. };®qe ];®q klwana% ;rkouse^ ;r;se! [Dze¤k ¿ Œ§ dze¤k ¿ Œ k§l§vana, yerkusn el yeres§] One hand washes the other, and both wash the face. Bar;kamd gl.id h na\oum% j,namid^ otqid! [Barekam§t g§lk¿hit e nayum, tŒ§s¿hnamit votkŒit] A friend looks at your face, an enemy at your feet. Srtiz sirt yam'a ka! [S§rtit¿sŒ sirt c¿hampŒa ka] From heart to heart, there is a path.

168

Unit 8 Masnagitouj\ounn;r cÜÉyxáá|ÉÇá

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues:

Describing and comparing people and things . . . . . 170

Vocabulary:

1. Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 2. Adjectives, antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Grammar:

VERBS:

1. The mandative mood . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 2. The nominalized infinitive . . . . . . . 182 ADJECTIVES: 1. Functions of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . .184 2. Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 PRONOUNS: Declension of personal pronouns . . . . 186

Armenian-English Contrasts: The Armenian deictic system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Word Formation:

Formation of adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Pronunciation:

Armenian ‘diphthongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Orthography:

The spelling of Armenian ‘diphtongs’ . . . . . . . . . . . 191

UNIT 8

I DIALOGUES 1. A and B are colleagues, discussing their new director after the first meeting. A. M;r nor tnør;nin t;sa#r! [Mer nor t§norenin tesar?] Dourd gali#s h! [Dur§t galis e?]

Have you seen our new director? Do you like him?

B. :s na.ordin hi ,at siroum! [Yes nak¿hortŒin eyi s¿hat sirum]

I liked his predecessor very much.

A. :s sran ;m fawanoum! Nra ;lou\je [Yes s§ran em havanum. N§ra yeluytŒ§]

I like this one better. His speech

w;r=in vo[owin tpaworic hr! [verc¿hŒin z¿hog¿hovin t§pavoric¿hŒ er]

at the last meeting was impressive.

B. Ba\z mi qic ;rkar c.os;#z! [Bayt¿sŒ mi kŒic¿hŒ yerkar c¿hŒ§k¿hoset¿sŒ?]

But didn’t he speak a bit too long?

M;‘amit h jwoum! [Met¿samit e tŒ§vum] A. Isk artaqini masin i#nc kas;s! [Isk artakŒini masin inc¿hŒ kases?] G;[;zik mard h% ch#! [Geg¿het¿sŒik martŒ e, c¿hŒe?] B. Iskap;s% n;rka\anali mard h% [Iskapes nerkayanali martŒ e] ba\z da i#nc kar…or h! [bayt¿sŒ da inc¿hŒ karevor e?] A. Kt;sn;s% j; inc fianali [K§tesnes, tŒe inc¿hŒ hiyanali] [;kawar h lin;lou! [g¿hekavar e linelu] B. Fousanq% or c;s s.alwoum! [HusankŒ, vor c¿hŒes s§k¿halvum]

170

He seems to be haughty. And what do you say about his looks? He’s a handsome man, isn’t he? He is indeed a good-looking man, but why is that important? You’ll see what a wonderful leader he’ll be. Let’s hope that you’re not mistaken.

UNIT 8 2. A and B are girlfriends, engaged in gossip. A. Fawano#um ;s Karo\i n,ana‘in! [Havanum es Karoyi n§s¿hanat¿sin?]

Do you like Karo’s fiancé?

B. :s nran d;® c;m t;s;l! [Yes n§ran de¤ c¿hŒem tesel]

I haven’t seen her yet.

A. :r;k ;k;l hr m;r fawaqou\jin! [Yerek yekel er mer havakŒuytŒin]

She came to our party yesterday.

B. Incpisi#n h! Dourd ;ka#w! [Inc¿hŒpisin e? Dur§t yekav?]

What is she like? Did you like her?

A. Karo\iz aw;li bar]rafasak h [Karoyit¿sŒ aveli bart¿sŒrahasak e]

She’s taller than Karo,

… nraniz^ tariqow m;‘! [yev n§ranit¿sŒ tarikŒov met¿s]

and older than him.

B. Gon; g;[;zi#k h! [Gone geg¿het¿sŒik e?]

Is she pretty at least?

A. :j; in] farzn;s% tg;[ h! [YetŒe ind¿z hart¿sŒ§nes, t§geg¿h e]

If you ask me, she’s ugly.

B. I#nc hr fag;l! [Inc¿hŒ er hakŒel?]

What was she wearing?

A. Anya,ak kin h! [Anc¿has¿hak kin e]

She is a woman with no taste.

B. F;te .os;zi#r! [Het§ k¿hoset¿sŒir?]

Did you talk to her?

A. O*c% ckaro[aza! Inqn hr [Voc¿hŒ, c¿hŒ§karog¿hat¿sŒa. InkŒn er ]

No, I couldn’t. She did

boloriz ,at .osoum! [bolorits¿ Œ s¿hat k¿hosum]

all of the talking.

B. In] xarmaznoum h Karo\i ya,ake! [In zarmat¿sŒ§num e Karoyi c¿has¿hak§]

I am surprised at Karo’s taste.

A. Na ;#rb h ya,ak oun;z;l! [Na yerpŒ e c¿has¿hak unet¿sŒel?]

Did he ever have taste?

171

UNIT 8

II TEXT LAWAGOU|N WKA|AKANE Mi gitnakan ;ritasard øgnakan hr 'ntroum kar…or 'or]arkman famar! ndr;m dou hl &&& c. :s ;rb;q c;m ou,anoum! T;*s or &&& d. :s a\dpisi t;[;r c;m gnoum! Clini or &&& e. :s ou,adir ;m! T;*s or &&& f. :s wa[ ;m xarjnoum! Piti .ndr;i% or &&& g. :s dou®e kamaz ;m 'akoum! :j; kar;li h% &&& 6. Translate. a. The weather is beautiful. Let’s go out! b. It’s a cloudy day. Stay at home! c. It’s cold. Make sure you don’t catch a cold! d. It’ll rain. Take an umbrella with you! e. It’s very windy and it’s freezing. Take a warm coat! f. There is thunder and lightning. Turn off the lights! 7. Form interrogative sentences with reference to the words in boldface. a. T;r…a.it mi ‘a® kar anta®i m;=! b. A,oune astiyanabar ja';l hr ‘a®i t;r…n;re! c. }\an 'ajiln;re ‘a‘k;zin m;rkaza‘ y\ou[;re! d. }m;®e ]\ounow ambo[=owin ‘a‘k;l hr ‘a®e! e. F;to ar…e fambour;z arjnazo[ y\ou[;re! f. Garoune ‘a®in fagzr;l hr nor fagoustn;r! 8. How would you say it in Armenian? Discuss the weather in your country. a. In winter b. In spring c. In fall d. In summer 9. Complete the sentences by translating the words and phrases in parentheses. A,oun h! Ar…e (sets early)% ør;re karyanoum ;n … (nights) ;rkaroum ;n! Ar…n a\l…s ci taqaznoum a\np;s% incp;s (in summer)! :rkinqe faya. (cloudy) h% 217

UNIT 9 sa®e qami h 'coum … (it rains)! ’a®;ri t;r…n;re (change their color) … da®noum ;n gou\nxgou\n^ d;[in% (brown)% karmir% (golden) … narn=agou\n! Kar‘;s j; m;ke nranz n;rk;l h! (leaves fall) am;nour! Mi ør hl (all the trees) m;rkanoum ;n! Mardik patrastwoum ;n (to receive) ]m;®e% ]m;®e ir (good and bad) ko[m;row! 10. Answer the following questions with reference to the TEXT in this unit. a. Incpisi# patmouj\oun h sa! b. I#nc kar anta®i m;=! c. I#nc ;[an ‘a®i t;r…n;re mi ør! d. }m;®n i#nc ar;z! e. I#nc ;[aw% ;rb garoune ;kaw! f. :#rb ka.w;zin ‘a®;riz osk;nman ptou[n;re!

XI PROVERBS Loun ou[t mi* ,inir! [Lun ug¿ht mi s¿hinir] Don’t make a camel out of a flea! Ta*se ca'ir% m;*k ktrir! [Tas§ c¿hŒapŒir, mek k§trir] Measure ten times, cut once! Kama*z gna% or ,out fasn;s! [Kamat¿sŒ g§na, vor s¿hut hasnes] Go slowly to arrive quickly. "oqri*z sksir% or m;‘in fasn;s! [PŒokŒrit¿sŒ §sk§sir, vor met¿sin hasnes!] Start with the small to arrive at the tall.

218

Unit 10

Ton;r … vamanz [ÉÄ|wtçá tÇw exvÜxtà|ÉÇ

On the Agenda ...

Speech Acts in Dialogues:

Extending and accepting invitations . . . . . . . . . . .220

Vocabulary:

Holidays and recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Grammar:

VERBS: The hypothetical mood . . . . . . . . . . . 224 PRONOUNS: 1. Reciprocal pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . 230 2. Possessive pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . 230 3. Possessive forms of nouns . . . . . . 231 4. Definite pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 SYNTAX: Simple sentences in Armenian . . . . . .232


Negation in Armenian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Word Formation:

Formation of participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236

Pronunciation:

The vowel -e [§] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Orthography:

Punctuation marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

UNIT 10

I DIALOGUES 1. On the telephone. Lady A is inviting lady B to her house for supper. A.

Bar…* ];x% tiki*n Pal\an% do#uq ;q! Hello, Mrs. Palian, is that you? [Barev dzez, ¿ tikin Palyan, dukŒ ekŒ?]

B.

Bar…*% tiki*n Sar\an! [Barev, tikin Saryan]

Hello, Mrs. Sarian.

Incp;#s ;q! I#nc ka-cka! [Inc¿hŒpes ekŒ? Inc¿hŒ ka c¿hŒ§ka?]

How are you? What’s new?

Ourbaj ;r;ko axa#t ;q! [UrpŒatŒ yereko azat ekŒ?]

Are you free on Friday night?

Koux;i ];x … ];r [Kuzeyi dzez ¿ yev dzer] ¿

I would like to invite you and your

amousnoun enjriqi frawir;l! [amusnun §ntŒrikŒi hravirel]

husband over for supper.

B.

M;‘ fayou\qow kga\inq &&& % [Met¿s hac¿huykŒov k§gayinkŒ...,]

We would come with great pleasure ...

A.

:r;ko\an vame \oje farma#r h! [Yerekoyan z¿ham§ yotŒ§ harmar e?]

Does seven o’clock in the evening suit you?

B.

A\o*% ba\z m;nq m;nak c;nq% [bayt¿sŒ menkŒ menak c¿hŒenkŒ,]

Yes, but we are not alone.

f\our oun;nq ~ransia\iz& qou\rs h! [hyur unenkŒ Fransiayit¿sŒ; kŒuyr§s e]

We have a visitor from France; it’s my sister.

Oci*nc% ];r qro=n hl b;r;q! [Voch¿ Œinch¿ Œ, dzer ¿ kŒ§roch¿ Œn el berekŒ]

No problem, bring your sister along.

Our;mn spasoum ;nq ];x! [Urem§n spasum enkŒ dzez] ¿

So, we’re looking forward to seeing you.

ac ;k;[;zi* Aghtamar Holy Cross Church Sourb G…org wanq* St. George Monastery * See next page, section 4. a).

268

268

UNIT 11

4. In compound proper nouns, only the first word is capitalized, while specifying common nouns are not. EXAMPLES: a) names of geographic locations Stawropoli ;rkramas Stavropol territory S… ‘ow Black Sea S…ana liy Sevan Lake b) modern and historical names of states, provinces and districts of countries B\ouxandakan ka\srouj\oun Byzantine Empire Kilikia\i fa\kakan jagaworouj\oun Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Fa\astani a®a=in fanrap;touj\oun Armenia’s First Republic 5. Names of internationally or nationally known prizes, awards, and medals Nob;l\an mrzanak Nobel Prize Sourb M;srop Ma,tozi ,qan,an St. Mesrop Mashtots Medal Fa\r;niqi ,qan,an Fatherland Medal 6. Names of international organizations, unions, and institutions Miaworwa‘ axg;ri kaxmak;rpouj\oun Organization of the United Nations >a[a[ouj\an fama,.arfa\in .orfourd International Peace Council Axg;ri liga League of Nations 7. Names of festivities a) officially celebrated national and international days Marti ouje 8th of March (International Women’s Day) Anka.ouj\an ør Day of Independence Nor tari New Year b) officially celebrated religious festivities Sourb ‘nndi ton Christmas Day (literally: Day of the Holy Birth) Xatki ton Easter Feast Awag ourbaj Good Friday 8. Names of major events in history A®a=in fama,.arfa\in pat;raxm First World War M;‘ ;[;®n The Armenian Genocide (Literally: The Great Disaster) Dimadrouj\an ,arvoum Resistance Movement ~ransiakan m;‘ f;[a'o.ouj\oun (1789-1794 jj&) The Great French Revolution 269

UNIT 11

X EXERCISES 1. Combine words from the left column with appropriate words from the right column. a. Soni*k% ouxo#um ;s b. I#nc piti na.entr;ir^ c. Mi law g\ou[ git;m d. Tiki*n Alis% e. A\s ør;rin douq f. Sirow kenk;ranam g. Our hl gnaq%

fatouk ‘ragir oun;#q! ];x fa=o[ouj\oun ;m ma[joum! ];x! g\ou[o#um apr;l% j;# qa[aqoum! a\s ama® i#nc ;q an;lou! f;ts jatron gnal! g;ti a'in!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns in a, b, c, and d. Replace the items jatron/kino with g\ou[/qa[aq% anta®/l;®% marxanq/ptou\t% jangaran/ .anoujn;re, etc. a.

A. O#ur ;s gnalou! B. D;® c;m oro,;l! Ka*m jatron ;m gnalou% ka*m hl kino!

b.

A. Jatro#n hir gnaz;l! B. O*c% jatron ,at c;m gnoum& kino\iz ;m galis!

c.

A. Ouxo#um ;s in] f;t kino kam jatron gnal! B. O*c kino ;m siroum gnal% o*c hl jatron!

d.

A. O#ur gnanq% kino#% j;# jatron! B. Kino\iz hl% jatroniz hl fogn;l ;m! Tann ;m mnalou!

3. Transform the active into the passive voice. a. Ar…e a\r;z ;r;ss! :r;ss ar…iz mi,t a\rwoum h! b. C;m karo[ dou®e baz;l! Dou®e ci &&& c. Dasa.ose ousano[in qnn;z! Ousano[n;re dasa.osi ko[miz &&& d. An]r…e 'o[ozn;re maqroum h! "o[ozn;re an]r…iz &&& e. Law ør;re fi,oum ;m! Law ør;re mi,t &&& f. A\st;[iz law ;m lsoum! A\st;[iz law &&& g. Anound a\sp;#s ;s groum! Cgit;i% or anound a\sp;s &&&

270

UNIT 11

4. Build sentences according to the pattern. a. :rgo[e na h% ow ;rgoum h! b. Gro[e na h% &&& c. Kardazo[n;re nranq ;n% owq;r &&& d. >oso[n;re &&& e. Nkaro[n;re &&& f. L®o[e &&& 5. Complete the following sentences according to the pattern. a. Ouxa‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or oux;zi! b. Gra‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or &&& c. Casa‘n;rs a\n ban;rn ;n% or &&& d. Clsa‘n;rd &&& e. };r oun;za‘n;re &&& f. };r nwira‘n;re &&& 6. Complete the following sentences according to the pattern. a. Cgra‘s a\n h% or c;m gr;l! b. Ck;ra‘d a\n h% or &&& c. Couxa‘e &&& d. Clsa‘s &&& e. Coun;za‘s &&& f. Ckardaza‘d &&& 7. Answer the questions with a negative response. Follow the pattern. a. :#rb ;s a\s nw;re talou! :rb nran t;sn;m% ktam! (nran% t;sn;l) b. :#rb ya,;ziq! :rb &&& (bolore% gal) c. :#rb ;s Anna\in as;lou! :rb &&& (Anna% fandip;l) d. :#rb ;q karkandake ktr;lou! :rb &&& (f\our;re% fawaqw;l) e. :#rb ;s a\d mardou f;t ‘anojaz;l! :rb &&& (gnazq% yam'ord;l) f. :#rb sksw;z ];r enk;rouj\oune! :rb &&& (famalsaran% sowor;l) g. :#rb faskazar% j; inc pataf;z! :rb &&& (namak% stanal) 8. Link the two clauses to each other by using one the following conjunctions: (orowf;t…% qani or% j;…% orp;sxi% cna\a‘ or% ;rb) a. Dasi cgnazi! fiwand hi! Dasi cgnazi% orowf;t… fiwand hi! 271

UNIT 11

b. Girqe gn;zi! Dram coun;i! c. ndr;zi nran% f. Oc m;kin ocinc cas;s& g. :s t;sa%

j; fatouk mi ‘ragir oun;#q! or in] famar hl gni a\d grqiz! j; ow h a\d marde! or a\sør hl ousouzice ci galou! j; incp;s jij;®nike j®aw! asa‘id fawatal! ga[tniq oun;m q;x as;lou!

2. Form mini-dialogues according to the patterns a, b, c, and d. Replace the word lragir with amsagir% namak% fodwa‘% famazanz% etc. a.

A. Lragire na\;zi#r! Norouj\oune imaza#r! B. I#nc lragir! :s d;® lragri vamanak c;m oun;z;l!

b.

A. Norouj\oune ort;[i#z git;s! Wafani#z! B. Lragriz! F;nz fima kardazi!

c.

A. O#w tw;z q;x a\d loure! Wafa#ne! B. O*c% lragroum kardazi!

d.

A. Q;x mi ban ;m as;lou% piti xarmanas! B. :s ard;n bolor lour;re git;m! Lragriz!

3. Transform direct speech into reported speech. a. Na ;r=anik mard h! Bolore git;n% or na ;r=anik mard h! b. O#w h a\d g;[;zik a[=ike! Ouxoum ;m imanal% &&& c. Patoufane baz;*q% .ndr;m! Nranz .ndr;zi% &&& d. Inco#u ;s a\st;[! :s oux;zi imanal% &&& e. Law ;m fi,oum a\d ør;re! Wardann in] asaz% &&& f. A\st;[iz la#w ;s lsoum! Anna\in farzri% &&& g. Incp;#s h grwoum anound! Farzri nran% &&& h. :j; ;s qo t;[e lin;i% chi t;[a'o.wi a\s qa[aqiz! Na in] asaz% &&& i. Mi* spasir% gna* … mord f;t .osi*r! Na .orfourd tw;z^ &&& 295

15. UNIT 12

11/16/07

12:40 PM

Page 296

UNIT 12 4. Combine the two sentences with one of the following conjunctions: ;rb% or% orowf;t…% j;% faka®ak or% orp;sxi% and j;…& a. Dasi cgnazi! Fiwand ;m! b. Toun fasa! Na ard;n m;kn;l hr! c. Bolore spasoum ;n! :#rb h garoune galou! d. ndr;m!/>ndir ch! [K¿h§ntŒrem./K¿h§ntŒir c¿hŒe]

I beg you./It’s not a problem.

21. Expressing gratitude and responses to expressions of gratitude a[a[ øwkianos • Wa\oz ]or • S…ana liy • •

tion marks

• ªA,.atanqº marxakan enk;rouj\oun • ªAwangardº art& miaworoum • ªAwtosiro[º kamawor enk;rouj\oun • ªFraxdanº marxada,t • ªXangak-97º fratarakcouj\oun • ªHr;bouniº bv,kakan k;ntron

that are taken in quota-

marks

are taken in quotation

organizations, awards etc.

Names of institutions,

ture, science, and art that

Names of works in litera-

word is not a proper noun

which the second or third

Geographic names in

ONLY THE FIRST WORD IS CAPITALIZED

• Miaworwa‘ axg;ri kaxmak;rpouj\oun • ~outboli fama,.arfa\in `;d;razia • Nor tari • Ma\rouj\an … G;[;zkouj\an ton • Safmanadrouj\an ør • :rkrord a,.arfamart • Arza.\an axatamart • Axga\in vo[ow • " arix\an komouna

government agencies, etc.

important events, state and

organizations, institutions,

Names of international

GRAMMAR TABLES

Am;rika\i Miaz\al Nafangn;r M;‘ Britania\i Miaz\al Jagaworouj\oun L;®na\in {araba[i Fanrap;touj\oun Fa\astani Fanrap;touj\oun Âousastani Da,nouj\oun Cinakan Vo[owrdakan Fanrap;touj\oun Arabakan Miaz\al Hmirouj\ounn;r

Country Names Consisting of 2 or 3 Words

A,ot :rkaj Tigran M;‘ Safak Parj… Zlik Amram Parou\r S…ak P;tros A®a=in Âicard A®\ou‘asirt

Compound proper name in which each component is a proper name

ALL CAPITALIZED

COMPOUND PROPER NAMES

"oqr Masis Nor Ar;, W;rin Arta,at Ar…;l\an Fa\astan Mi=in Asia M;‘ Parni F\ousisa\in Kowkas

Geographic name in which each component is a proper name

GRAMMAR TABLES

351

GRAMMAR TABLES

DERIVATIONS

Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs

PREFIXES un-, -less un-, dis-

art(a)-

ex-, extra-

adj. adj., verb

dv;nj(a)end-

unsubinter-, sub-

adj. verb, noun adj., verb

con-, homo-, uni-

adj., verb, noun

anap(a)-

fak(a)fam(a)na.(a)n;r(a)cstor(a)w;r(a)ttar(a)'o.(a)-

counter-

pre-, for-

adj., verb, noun

adj., verb, noun

verb, noun

in-, inner

adj., verb, noun

sub-, under-

adj.

un-, non-

re-, superunun-, ex-

trans-, re-

adj., noun

verb, noun

adj. adj., verb, noun verb, noun

ant;[\ak unaware, anfou\s hopeless apørini illegitimate, ap;ra.t ungrateful, apako[mnoro,;l to disorient artasowor extraordinary, arta‘;l to export, artafa\t;l to express, artasafman abroad, out-of-country dvgou\n pale ;njark;l to submit, ;njaka subject endfat;l to interrupt, end‘ow\a sub marine fakadir opposite, fakaxd;l to counteract, fakafarwa‘ counter-attack fam;rkrazi compatriot, famat;[;l to combine, famani, homonym na.at;s;l to foresee, na.adrouj\oun preposition, na.aban preface n;rark;l to infuse, n;ra,.arf inner world ckam unkind, unwilling, cgitouj\oun ignorance stor;rkr\a subterranean, storagr\al undersigned w;rstoug;l to revise, w;rada®nal to return, w;rakazou supervisor tg;t ignorant, tfay unpleasant taraba.t unfortunate, tara‘;l to extend, taragrouj\oun exile 'o.adr;l to transport, 'o.wr;v

SUFFIXES -abar -ly -(a)gin -y, -ly, etc. -ak -able, diminutive -akan/;kan -al, -(l)y,-ish

352

adverb adj., adv. adj., noun adj.

ma\rabar motherly, w;fabar naturally srtagin heart-felt, ouvgin violently, ounak able, nawak little boat t;[akan local, tar;kan yearly

GRAMMAR TABLES -ap;s -aki -azou -anoz -anq -aran -awor/…or a\in -;li/ali -;[;n -;ni

-ly, -wise -ly destined to local action place

filled with, -y -like -able coll. material -able, trees/bushes

adverb adverb, adj. adj., noun noun noun noun adj. adj. adj. adj., noun adj., noun

-(;)zi/(a)zi resident, originating from noun -; made from, -en adj. -ik diminutive adj. -ic instrument, agent, noun, adj. -iq geared / subject to adj., noun -\an originating from adj. -\a made from -ot full of, -y -ord agent -or;n -ly -(a)pan profession -astan/-;stan place,

adj. adj. noun adverb noun noun

-wa‘q -ouj\oun

result of action abstract

noun noun

-ouk -oufi

diminutive female

noun

noun

-oum

abstract

noun

w;r=ap;s finally, a\lap;s otherwise ou[[aki directly, masnaki particular mafazou deadly, farsnazou bride-to-be xoranoz barracks, fiwandanoz hospital loganq bathing, a,.atanq work pafaran locker, sryaran coffee house

m;[awor guilty, oun…or wealthy mardka\in human-like, øda\in aerial pa,t;li adorable, o[bali lamentable osk;[;n jewelry, .mor;[;n cookies wa\r;ni wild% ward;ni rose bush, .n]or;ni apple tree, tan];ni pear tree drs;zi outsider% g\ou[azi peasant, g;rmanazi German 'a\t; wooden, m;taqs; made from silk mankik infant, s;[anik little table gric pen, ;rgic singer, grawic attractive as;liq something to say, .a[aliq toy ar…;l\an oriental, Aram\an originating from Aram m;ta[\a made from metal \ou[ot greasy (full of fat), a[tot dirty orsord hunter, gnord buyer wstafor;n surely, lr=or;n seriously a\g;pan gardner, d®napan doorman a\g;stan orchard, ‘a®astan forest, Founastan Greece ka®ouzwa‘q construction, grwa‘q writing oura.ouj\oun joy, enk;rouj\oun friendship, enj;rzanouj\oun reading, ousano[ouj\oun students (collective) mancouk little boy ;rgcoufi female singer, bv,koufi female physician bouvoum cure, ,arvoum movement, nwayoum conquest 353

GRAMMAR TABLES

ADJECTIVES derived

simple

'a\t;% mardka\in% pa,t;li% ma\rakan% m;[awor% \ou[ot

kanac% bari% ,itak% ko,t% 'oqr% s.al% ;rkar% fpart

ADJECTIVAL DEGREES

354

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

qa= 'oqr

aw;li qa= aw;li 'oqr

am;naqa= 'oqragou\n

GRAMMAR TABLES

NUMERALS Ordinal

Cardinal ;r;q (3) qsan (20) ;r;sounfing (35)

;rrord (3rd) qsan;rord (20th) ;r;sounfing;rord (35th)

CARDINAL NUMERALS

Absolute Numerals

miaworn;r 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, tasnaworn;r 10, 35, 99 far\ouraworn;r 100, 745 aw;li bar]r jw;r 1955

Distributive Numerals m;kakan% m;k-m;k% tasakan% far\ourakan

Fractional Numerals

m;k ;rrord 1/3 tase tasn\oj;rord 10/17 far\our faxar;rord 100/1000

355

GRAMMAR TABLES

CARDINAL NUMERALS ACCORDING TO THEIR FORMATION

Simple bolor miaworn;re (1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9) tase æ … qs an tasnaworn;re far\oure% faxare% milione% miliarde

Derived ;r;soun qa®asoun fisoun wajsoun \ojanasoun oujsoun innsoun

Compound tasnm;k tasn;rkou tasn;r;q tasncors tasnfing tasnw;z tasn\oj tasnouj tasnine qsanm;k

Complex far\our ;r;soun (130) faxar innsoun;r;q (1093) ;rkou faxar tase (2010)

COMPLEX NUMBERS Written joined together

From 11 to 99: tasnm;k (11)% qsan;rkou (22)% qa®asoun;r;q (43)% \ojanasouncors (74)% oujsoun\oj (87)% innsounine (99)% etc.

356

Written separately

Over 100: far\our m;k (101)% ;rkou faxar fing (2005)% faxar ine far\our wajsounm;k (1961)% fing faxar tasn;rkou (5012)% etc.

GRAMMAR TABLES

THE SPELLING OF ORDINAL NUMERALS

Arabic numerals 1-in 2-rd 3-rd 4-rd 5-rd 6-rd 7-rd 8-rd 9-rd 10-rd 11-rd 20-rd 30-rd 40-rd 50-rd 60-rd 100-rd 400-rd 500-rd 600-rd 1000-rd

Armenian Alphabet letters a b g d ; x h e j v va i l . ‘ k y n , o ®

Roman Numerals I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XX XXX XL L LX C CD D DC

M

Written in Armenian letters a®a=in ;rkrord ;rrord corrord fing;rord w;z;rord \oj;rord ouj;rord inn;rord tasn;rord tasnm;k;rord qsan;rord ;r;soun;rord qa®asoun;rord fisoun;rord wajsoun;rord far\our;rord corsfar\our;rord fingfar\our;rord w;zfar\our;rord faxar;rord

357

358

inqn;rs

inqe

inqd

inqs

inqn;rd nranq inqn;re

douq

m;nq

na

dou

;s

Personal

sa% da% na% a\s% a\d% a\n% sou\n% nou\n% mi;unou\n% m\ous% a\sp;s a\dp;s% a\np;s% nou\np;s% a\spisi% a\dpisi% a\npisi% nou\npisi% a\sqan% a\dqan% a\nqan% nou\nqan% a\sca'% a\dca'% a\nca'% nou\nca'% a\st;[% a\dt;[% a\nt;[% nou\nt;[ m;km;ki

m;km;kou

mim\anz

irar

Demonstrative Reflexive

qani# qani#se qani#;rord

;#rb% o#ur

ort;#[

o#r;rord

orpisi#

orca#'

o#w% i#nc incpisi# incqa#n incca#' incp;#s inco#u o#r% o#re orqa#n

I n t e r r o gative ow% inc incpisi incqan incca'% incp;s incou or% ore orqan orca' orpisi or;rord ort;[ ;rb% our qani qanise qani;rord

Relative

PRONOUNS

inc-or inc-inc omn m;ke mi mi qani miqanise ouri, a\l a\sinc a\ninc a\ninc oro, or…h ow…h ;rb…h ;rb…iz; or…iz; m;kn ou m;ke

Indefinite

am;n(e) am;n mi am;n m;ke am;nqe bolor(e) ouraqanc\our(e) am;n inc(e) \ouraqanc\our oq am;n oq o[=(e) ambo[=(e) fama\n am;na\n

Definite

oc m;ke

oc mi

ocinc

oc oq

N e g ative GRAMMAR TABLES

GRAMMAR TABLES

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Pointing to an object

Pointing to a trait a\s% a\spisi% a\d% a\dpisi% a\n% a\npisi% nou\n% nou\npisi% mi…nou\n% m\ous% sou\n

sa da na

Pointing to quantity

Pointing to modality and place

a\sqan% a\dqan% a\nqan% nou\nqan% a\sca'% a\dca'% a\nca'% nou\nca'

a\sp;s% a\dp;s a\np;s% nou\np;s% a\st;[% a\dt;[% a\nt;[% nou\nt;[

INTERROGATIVE-RELATIVE PRONOUNS Asking a question about an object o#w i#nc(e) o#r(e)

A s k i n g a q u e stion about the quality of an object

A s k i n g a q u e stion about the quantity of an object

incpisi# orpisi#

incqa#n orqa#n orca#' o#r;rord qani#;rord qani#

A s k i n g a q u e stion about the trait of an object incp;#s inco#u ;#rb o#ur ort;#[

359

GRAMMAR TABLES

PRONOMINAL ARTICLES

Possessive

Personal

Determinative

Demonstrative

-s% -d% -e/-n

-s% -d

-e/-n

-s

d N;rka\ouj\ound s oura.ousirts j\amb h lzr;l! s = ma\rs im ma\re d = girqd qo girqe n = mtqin ir mtqin e = glou.n;re ir;nz glou.n;re

Fa\r;niqin fawatarim xinworss c;m lqi dirq;rs!

-s% -d% -e/-n

-s% -d%

Sari gl.in Gi,;rss arjoun ;m e nman mnaz;l! nsta‘ ampe hr mardou! A,.arfss oc oqi ci mnaz;l&&& e s;[anin n W;r=;rss ;s ;[a d anoune wa- >n]ore Qa=id hr! :giptosoum! [ouz ;nq ls;l!

indicates possession defines the noun as an apposition referring to or belonging the first or second person:

-e/-n

-s

transforms an indefinite item to a definite one, indicating that it is known to the speaker.

imparts to the noun a demonstrative meaning:

s last night “Your presence has “I, the faithful soldier of “The apple was on the gi,;rs s this world a,.arfs table.” filled my heart with our homeland, won’t joy.” abandon my positions.”

360

Measure and Quantity am;n…in% ambo[=owin% aw;l% aw;li …s% a®aw;l% a®aw;lap;s% baxmizs% bolorowin% g;raxanzap;s% gr;j;% dar]\al% ;®aki% ;rizs% h*l aw;li% endam;ne% liowin% kisow ca'% krkin% krknaki% faxiw% faya.% famar\a% masamb% masnakior;n% m;kik-m;kik% motaworap;s% noriz% ,at-,at% ca'axanz% sakaw% sakaw a® sakaw% 'oqr a® 'oqr% 'oqri,at;% qic-qic

Modal arag% arag-arag% aragor;n% artaqoust% bar;kamabar% baro\ap;s% gor‘nakanor;n% gitakzabar% danda[% danda[or;n% xou\g-xou\g% iskou\n% lr=or;n% kamaz% kamaz-kamaz% k;nt-k;nt% faxiwfax% fapy;p% fimnowin% fotnka\s% f;txf;t;% fankar‘% ];®az% m;= end m;=% m;rj end m;rj% miasin% miangama\n% mia]a\n% ,arounak% n;rqoust% ou,iou,ow% qa=abar% 'o.;'o.

Temporal a\vm% ard;n% a\l…s% a\souf;t% a\sør% a\nouf;t;u% ams;amis% a®a\vm% a®faw;t% apa% gi,;rz;r;k% d;®% d;®…s% ;rb;q% ;r;k% vam a® vam% vamanak a® vamanak% endmi,t% f;to% fima% mi,t% m,tap;s% na.% na.ap;s% na.øroq% ,out% ,outow% wa[% wa[e% wa[ouz% wa[øroq% w;r=;rs% w;r=iw;r=o% tar;ztari% rop; a® rop;% ou,% ørestør;% ør;zør

Local

am;n t;[% am;nour;q% a\lour% b;rn;b;ran% d;m a® d;m (d;ma®d;m)% d;m ou d;m (d;moud;m)% d;m fandiman% d®n;dou®% g\ou[;g\ou[% ;t% enda®a=% f;®ou% m;=t;[% patn i w;r% sarn i w;r% w;r% w;roust% t;[-t;[% tniz-t;[iz% qar;qar

ADVERB

GRAMMAR TABLES

361

READINGS

INC:R H PATMOUM FA|OZ L:XOUN Fa\oz l;xoun patmoum h% j; inqe fnd;wropakan l;xwaentaniqi m;= founar;ni ou alban;r;ni nman anka. mi y\ou[ h kaxmoum! Fa\;r;ne z;[akiz h a\n l;xoun;rin% oronzow grwa‘ ;n fndkakan W;dan;re% founakan cqna[ Iliakane … ouri, ,at fanra‘anoj gor‘;r% oronz ko[qin ,o[oum ;n na… fa\ dasakan gor‘;re! Fa\oz l;xoun^ fing;rord daroum zou\z twa‘ ir katar;louj\amb% wka\oum h a\n bar]r qa[aqakrjouj\an masin% orin karo[az;l h fasn;l fa\ axge! Fa\oz l;xoun patmoum h na… fin k\anqiz f;taqrqrakan manramasnouj\ounn;r! Ouni ba®;r% oronq patk;roum ;n fa\ vo[owrdi fog;banouj\oune% nra axga\in fin nistn ou kaze% soworouj\ounn;re% krone% na.apa,aroumn;re … nra n;rka mta‘;lak;rpn ou apr;lak;rpe!

≥ FA|ASTAN Fa\astann ouni cqna[ bnouj\oun% =in= ou kapoutak ;rkinq% a®o[=arar … maqour ød% parx ou wyit =r;r! A\s g;[;zik bna,.arfoum anfi,;li vamanakn;riz sksa‘ aproum ou st;[‘agor‘oum h fa\ vo[owourde! Na d;® fnagou\n vamanakn;roum st;[‘;z p;touj\oun% gir ou grakanouj\oun% ka®ouz;z fo\akap palatn;r% ana®ik b;rd;r … fska amrozn;r! Gtnw;low Ar…;lqi … Ar…moutqi .acm;roukoum^ Fa\astane anendfat ;njarkw;l h far]akoumn;ri ou aw;ra‘ouj\ounn;ri! Saka\n nou\nisk faya.aki krknwo[ aw;ric pat;raxmn;ri% øtar;rkr\a ;rkarat… tirap;touj\ounn;ri pa\mann;roum fa\ vo[owourde ci dadar;l a,.at;louz! Na anendfat w;raka®ouz;l h j,namou frkixa‘ ou aw;ra‘ qa[aqn;rn ou g\ou[;re^ dranq dar]n;low aw;li g;[;zik ou fo\a,;n! Ka®ouz;l h nor% m;ke m\ousiz g;[;zik ou xarmanafra, pa363

latn;r ou tayarn;r^ borboq;low j,namin;ri car na.an]e! Fa\;re qa[aqakan annpast pa\mann;ri f;t…anqow dar;ri enjazqoum tarb;r t;[;roum ka®ouz;l ;n tasiz aw;li ma\raqa[aq! A\d h patya®e% or øtar;rkr\a oro, patmabann;r Fa\astane kocoum ;n ªja'a®o[ ma\raqa[aqn;ri ;rkirº! Fnagou\n ma\raqa[aqn;riz mi qanisi^ Wa[ar,apati% Armawiri% Dwini f;tq;rn ou aw;rakn;re kar;li h t;sn;l Fa\astani tara‘qoum! Est G& Awag\ani Adaptation from G. Avakyan

≥ :R:WANE A,.arfoum qa[aqn;r ,at kan! Kan m;‘^ 'a®abanwa‘ qa[aqn;r% kan 'oqr ann,an qa[aqn;r … kan qa[aqn;r% or nor ;n ‘nwoum! A\d qa[aqn;riz \ouraqanc\ourn ouni ir d;mqe% yartarap;takan ir oye% ir barq;re% ir xargazman f;®ankarn;re! Fa\astani ma\raqa[aq :r…ane faxaram\akn;ri patmouj\oun ouni! A,.arfoum ,at qic qa[aqn;r kan% or oun;n a\npisi patka®;li tariq% incp;s :r…ane! Qa[aqe fimnadrw;l h m;r jwakanouj\ouniz a®a= 782 jwakanin ibr… qa[aq Hr;bouni! 2018 jwakanin :r…ane klini 2800 tar;kan! Am;n mi nou\nisk ;ritasard qa[aqoum kar;li h zou\z tal finn ou nore% a\sørwann ou wa[wane! :r…anoum da dvwar h% gr;j; anfnar! Dar;r ,arounak pat;raxmn;ri b;m dar]a‘ a\s fo[i wra ocncazw;l ;n gr;j; bolor mi=nadar\an qar; fou,ar]ann;re&&& Mnaz;l ;n mia\n a\d fin% ,at fin ourartakan ,r=ani amrozn;re! 20-rd dari skxboum :r…ane ;[;l h 'oqr qa[aq^ m;‘ masamb kaw; tn;row … ‘ou®oumou® 'o[ozn;row! Irakanoum a\sørwa :r…ane nor qa[aq h! Orqa@n sqanc;liqn;r kan nor :r…anoum! Anznoum ;s nor 'o[ozn;row% pourakn;row ou fraparakn;row% a\z;loum ;s øp;ran% jangarann;rn ou fam;rgasrafn;re … xarmanoum ;s% j; a\s ;#rb ka®ouzw;z% … o#w ka®ouz;z! Ou mi paf glou. ;s .onarfoum fa\ vo[owrdi fanyar;[ xawak Al;qsandr Jaman\ani a®a=% or na.ag‘;l h nor :r…ane! >onarfwoum ;s na… a\n mardkanz a®a=% oronq ardar qrtinq ;n ja';l^ qare qarin dn;low ou m;x fan]n;low a\sørwa :r…ane!

≥ M:SROP MASTAKANI KARGAWIYAK H >NDROUM

Adrb;=anzi xinwor Samir Mam;dowe Fa\astani i,.anouj\ounn;rin .ndr;l h ir;n 'a.stakani kargawiyak tal! ªArminòº gor‘akalouj\an t;[;kazmamb^ a\s masin t;[;kazr;l h Fa\astani p;takan fan]navo[owi a,.atanqa\in .mbi [;kawar Arm;n Gabri;l\ane! Samir Mam;dowe Âob;rt Qocar\anin h dim;l ma\isi 3-in^ .ndr;low ir;n 'a.stakani kargawiyak tal! Mam;dowe fa\kakan safmann anz;l hr anz\al tarwa d;kt;mb;r 24-in … a\l…s ci zankanoum w;rada®nal Adrb;=an^ aknfa\tor;n wa.;nalow ®axmakan datarani a®a= fa\tnw;louz … fa\r;niqi dawayanouj\an fodwa‘ow datapartw;louz% incpisi yakatagri ;n ªarvanaz;lº Fa\astanoum fa\tnwa‘ m\ous adrb;=anzi xinworn;re! AZG Armenian Daily #111, 14/06/2007

≥ SIMONSE GOF H NATØ-I F:T ANFATAKAN GOR’ENK:ROUJ|AN ’RAGRIZ Farawa\in Kowkasoum NATØ-i gl.awor qartou[ari fatouk n;rka\azouzic Âob;rt Simonse% gofounakouj\oun fa\tn;low F\ousisatlant\an gor‘enk;rouj\an gor‘o[ouj\ounn;ri ‘ragri 'oul;re fa=o[ouj\amb irakanazn;lou a®ncouj\amb% endg‘;l h% or gor‘enk;rouj\oune ci mrzakzoum a\l anwtangouj\an famakarg;ri f;t^ lini da Âousastane kam Fawaqakan anwtangouj\an pa\managri kaxmak;rpouj\oune! FF pa,tpanouj\an na.ararouj\an t;[;kazmamb^ fandipmane pa,tpanouj\an na.arar Miqa\;l Farouj\oun\ann anfangstouj\oun h fa\tn;l Aderb;=ani^ :wropa\oum soworakan xinwa‘ ouv;ri pa\managriz dours galou w;r=;rs ara‘ fa\tararouj\an kapakzouj\amb! Âob;rt Simonse fa\tn;l h% or NATØ-n mot vamanakn;rs fatouk qnnarkoumn;r h kaxmak;rp;lou Âousastani … Adrb;=ani ko[miz pa\managri fand;p moratorioum fa\tarar;lou w;rab;r\al! Âob;rt Simonse kar…or;l h Fa\astani masnakzouj\oune mi=axga\in .a[a[arar a®aq;louj\ounn;roum% bar]r gnafat;low gor‘;enk;rouj\oune masnaworap;s Kosowo\oum! Ko[m;rn andradar];l ;n A`[anstanoum gor‘o[ NATØ-i ISAF-i (Mi=axga\in anwtangouj\an a=akzouj\an ouv;r) kaxmoum Fa\astaniz bvi,kn;r n;ra®;lou f;®ankarin! Pa,tpanouj\an na.arar Miqa\;l Farouj\oun\ann ir f;rjin t;[;kazr;l h% or Fa\astanoum mardou irawounqn;ri pa,tpane mot ør;rs koun;na xinwa‘ ouv;ri farz;row xba[wo[ n;rka\azouzic% ince knpasti ;rkri xinwa‘ ouv;roum mardou irawounqn;ri institouti st;[‘mane! A[awni Farouj\oun\an AZG Armenian Daily #118, 23/06/2007 378

ªAR|OUNOT }:ÂQ:RE FASAN DINQINº Fa\tarar;l h Jourqia\i warcap;t Â;=;' Ja\i' Hrdo[ane

:r;k Stambouloum spanw;l h ªAkøsº ,abajaj;rji gl.awor .mbagir Frant Dinqe! Spanouj\oune katarw;l h z;r;kow a\n pafin% ;rb Dinqe dours h ;k;l .mbagrouj\an ,;nqiz! :njadrwoum h% or mardaspane ;[;l h ;ritasard% mot 18-19 tar;kan! Spanouj\oune katar;l h atryanaki krakozn;row! Spanouj\an wa\roum ostikanouj\oune fa\tnab;r;l h cors parkouy! Stambouli ostikanouj\oune mardaspanin fa\tnab;r;lou famar ];®nark;l h artakarg mi=oza®oumn;r! Ou, ;r;ko\an ];rbakalw;l ;n ;rkou kaska‘;lin;r! A\s wa\rag spanouj\oune bou®n xa\rou\j h a®a= b;r;l polsafa\ fama\nqoum% incp;s na… jourq mtaworakann;ri ,r=anoum% oronq% t;[;kanalow o[b;rgakan mi=ad;pi masin% spanouj\oune datapart;lou famar ,tap;l ;n ªAkøsiº .mbagrouj\oun! Spanouj\ouniz f;to a\nt;[ h ,tap;l na… Stambouli nafangap;t Mouamm;r G\oul;re! A\d enjazqoum Jourqia\i artaqin gor‘;ri na.ararouj\oune fand;s h ;k;l spanouj\oune dataparto[ fa\tararouj\amb! Warcap;t Â;=;' Ja\i' Hrdo[ane Dinqi spanouj\an masin imaz;l h na.ararn;ri .orfrdi nisti vamanak … endfat;low niste^ anfrav;,t frafangn;r h tw;l spanouj\an bazafa\tman ou[[ouj\amb! Warcap;te kargadr;l h n;rqin gor‘;ri … ardaradatouj\an na.ararn;rin an;l fnarawore spanouj\oune bazafa\t;lou famar! :rkou na.ararn;rn iskou\n ou[…orw;l ;n Stamboul! Hrdo[ane .ore w,tow n,;l h% or ar\ounot ];®q;rn a\s angam fas;l ;n Dinqin! ªA\s far]akoumn% i d;ms Frant Dinqi% katarw;l h m;r bolori d;m% ou[[wa‘ h m;r miasnouj\an … ka\ounouj\an d;mº! Dinqi spanouj\oune sa®e znzou[i axd;zouj\oun oun;zaw na… jourqakan mamouli n;rka\azouzicn;ri wra! Nranq% a\d jwoum fanra\in f;®oustat;souj\oune% “ “Reuters”-e int;rn;ta\in h=;roum iskou\n ar]aganq;l ;n mi=ad;pin! Nranz ;n miaz;l na… CNN-e% BBC-n … a\l mi=axga\in lratwakan mi=ozn;r! ªAxgiº f;t xrou\zoum ªMarmaraº j;rji gl.awor .mbagir Âob;r Fatt;y\ane n,;z% or ir;nq .orap;s znzwa‘ ;n spanouj\ouniz! ªIn] baro\alqwa‘% fousa.ab ;m xgoum! A\s ;rkroum fanra\in kar‘iqe patrast hr .ixa. mtq;r ls;louº! Est Âob;r Fatt;y\ani^ Frant Dinqi spanouj\oune farwa‘ hr fa\ fama\nqin% Jourqia\in% .osqi axatouj\ane! Frant Dinqe ‘nw;l h 1954 jwakanin Malajia\oum … Stambouli famalsarani ,r=anawart h! 1961 j& entaniqe t;[a'o.w;l h Stamboul! 1996 j& apriliz Dinqn ªAkøsiº gl.awor .mbagirn hr! Dinqin jourqakan ardaradatouj\oune f;tapnd;l h famar]ak fa\azqn;ri famar! Na 2005 j& jourq;ri inqnouj\oune wirawor;lou famar datapartw;l hr 6 amswa axataxrkman! Saka\n da c.angar;z nran% or ,arounaki bar]ra]a\n .os;l Fa\oz z;[aspanouj\an masin! W;r=in ,er=anoum faya.aki hin jourq axga\namoln;ri spa®naliqn;re nra nkatmamb! Est Fakob Caqr\ani Adaptation from AZG Armenian Daily #010, 20/01/2007 379

“ ÂOUSASTANI NA>AGAFI ØRINAKOW Ma\isi 17-in ¯Âo usastani ma\raqa[aqi Qristos Am;na'rkic tayaroum Moskwa\i … Fama\n Âousio patriarq Al;qsi\ B-i … Art;kri Âous ou[[a'a® ;k;[;zou a®a=nord … N\ou |orqi mitropolit Lawri mi=… knqw;z ou srbagor‘w;z mi fama]a\nagir (Kanonakan miabanman kam fa[ordouj\an [communion] akt)% ore ou,agraw ;r…ou\j h na… m;x^ fa\;ris famar! "astor;n a\d aktow fa=o[ouj\amb psakw;zin 1991 j&-iz^ >orfrda\in Miouj\an 'louxoumiz i w;r Âous ou[[a'a® ;k;[;zou ;rkou fatwa‘n;ri mi=… skswa‘ … w;r=in ;r;q tarin;rin pa,tonakan bnou\j staza‘ banakzouj\ounn;re! Âous ;k;[;zou pa®aktoumn sksw;l hr 1917 j& bol,…ik\an f;[a'o.ouj\amb^ zari ou nra g;rdastani andamn;ri gendakafarouj\ane f;t…a‘ iradar]ouj\ounn;row% Âousastanoum pa,tonakan aj;ixmi fastatoumow! Âous ;k;[;zou N\ou |orqi j;me … f;taga\oum art;rkri a\l j;m;r ir;nz anfnaxandouj\ounn hin fa\tn;l Âousastani patriarqouj\ane% isk 1927 j&-in% ;rb Âousio S;rgi\ patriarqe ;k;[;zin katar\al ocncazoumiz 'rk;lou mtafogouj\amb pa,tonap;s ir fawatarmouj\ounn hr fa\tn;l komounistakan ka®awarouj\ane% kap;rn ambo[=owin .xw;l hin ;rkou fatwa‘n;ri mi=…% … an=at\al fatwa‘n ir;n fa\tarar;l hr Âous ou[[a'a® fawatqi miak pa,tpane! Storagrwa‘ fama]a\nagire art;rkri Âous ;k;[;zoun w;rapafoum h n;rqin% n\oujakan% warcakan … a\l irawasouj\ounn;r^ inqnawarouj\an t;sqow! Saka\n% m\ous ko[miz% ;k;[;zou m;kouj\oun h apafowoum Âousastani patriarqi makani n;rqo% w;r=inis w;rapaf;low art;rkri ;k;[;zou fowwap;ti entrouj\oune fastat;lou (k;t 4)% art;rkri j;m;ri lou‘arman … kaxmaworman oro,oumn;rin fama]a\n;lou (k;t 6)% j;makan a®a=nordn;ri (fa\rap;tn;ri) entrouj\oune waw;razn;lou (k;t 7)% ;k;[;zakan araro[ouj\ounn;ri enjazqoum a®a=ini^ Âousio patriarqi anoune fi,;lou (k;t 9)% m\ou®one Âousio patriarqiz stanalou (k;t 13) … a\l kar…oragou\n irawasouj\ounn;r! Fama]a\nagri go\azman … ka\azman gor‘oum wy®akan hr Âousastani na.agafi d;rakataroume% ore na.agaf;z fama]a\nagri storagrman araro[ouj\oune … storagr;louz a®a= .acaknqw;z … srbapatk;re fambour;z! Na am;n…in cjaqzr;z% endfaka®akn^ am;n ]…ow endg‘;z p;touj\an … an]amb ir d;re ;k;[;zou w;ramiaworman gor‘oum! :w a\d d;rn h% or p;tq h n;rka\oums ørinak … na.a,awi[ da®na fa\ ;k;[;zou w;ramiaworman famar! Sa a\n a®ije ch .oranalou fa\ ;k;[;zou pa®aktman patya®n;ri m;=% w;rstin baz;lou fin w;rq;r% faka®ak or dranq d;® ar\ounafosoum ;n! Ba\z iskakan a®ijn h endg‘;lou m;r p;takan i,.anouj\ounn;riz … an]amb fanrap;touj\an na.agafiz aknkalwo[ drakan ou gor‘nakan mi=amtouj\an anfrav;,touj\oune! :j; baxmamilion ®ous vo[owrdi miasnouj\an famar ;k;[;zou miouj\oune kar…or h% apa fa\ vo[owrdi famar^ a®aw;l …s! Est Fakob Aw;tiq\ani Adaptation from AZG Armenian Daily #112, 15/06/1991 380

LOUR:R D:SIZ OU D:NIZ :R:WAN! 2007 j& founisi 15-in Ma\r Ajo® H=mia‘noum Am;na\n fa\oz kajo[ikos Gar;gin B-n endoun;l h krjouj\an% gitouj\an% axga\in 'oqramasnouj\ounn;ri … kroni g‘ow FF na.agafi .orfrdakanin kiz st;[‘wa‘ marmni andamn;rin^ na.agafi .orfrdakan S;rgo :riz\ani gl.aworouj\amb! Fandipmane n;rka ;n ;[;l Fa\astani ®ousakan% qrdakan% fr;akan% asorakan% oukrainakan% b;la®ousakan% l;fakan% wrazakan … founakan fama\nqn;ri n;rka\azouzicn;r! rim\an Fa\rik h lin;lou na% mi ar‘iw% ori j…;row noriz ;rknambar] sawa®n;lou h Waspourakan a,.arfe! Anznoum hin tarin;re% … wanqi dpranozoum ygnak\az% fogou anbasir da,nouj\an ou andorrouj\an m;= :r;mian gi,;r ou xør =;rm;®andor;n a[ojoum hr^ ounkndir ;rkna\in ]a\nin% anhaza‘% anfa[ord a,.arfik k\anqi j;* ,®a\la,ouq% j;* qstmn;li h=;rin! Maga[aj\a .nkajou\r ou .ora.orfourd grq;riz gja®atouj\an% bar;pa,touj\an% qriston;akan .onarfouj\an% apa,.arouj\an .osq;r hr an.on= qa[oum na^ m;[salir ou ambari,t mardkanz 'rk;lou encaqa[zouj\ouniz ou a.ta‘in molouj\ounn;riz! :w oc mi ban chr p[toroum nra anenky;li fogin^ drd;low astwa‘endd;m ararqn;ri! :w ;rb awart;z warvarani dasenjaze% wanqi al;xard miabann;re miakam ou miasirt% anjaqou\z og…orouj\amb ou bar\azakamouj\amb patrastwoum hin nra m;‘ ou srbaxan ø‘man! Est Xarxand Dar\ani ªAr‘iw Waspourakaniº w;pi (Adaptation from Zarzand Daryan, 1912-1984) 414

Ar;gake ‘ag;z% … nra frakarmir ,o[;ri tak 'a\l'l;zin ;[\amow pata‘ endar]ak da,t;re! :r…oum hin d;[nakanac part;xn;row ,r=apatwa‘ lq\al g\ou[;re! Ar…i tak famatara‘ s'®w;l hr oukrainakan da,tankare^ ir bolor fma\qn;row ou bou\r;row! Parx% ja'anzik ør hr! Falwoum hin ;[\amn ou m;rkasa®ou\ze% blourn;re psp[oum hin faxar;rang% kar‘;s =ardwa‘ apakin;ri milionawor ktortanqn;r hin ,a[ trwa‘ fou®ji da,t;ri wra ou 'a\l'loum hin ‘ia‘ani nourb gou\n;row! M;srop\ann a,.atoum hr cna\;l akann;riz a\landakwa‘ .ordoubord yanaparfn;ri ko[me% or ct;sni ‘w;n-‘w;n ,or;row sowallouk ;r;.an;ri .mb;re^ z;.;ri mi=ow qa\l;lis% ct;sni tna\in .a\tab[;t ir;row bar]a‘ sa\lakn;rn ou ]i;ri anw;r= diakn;re! Srtaymlik patk;rn;r hin dranq! A\dp;s t;[afan ;[an% ‘;r ou ;r;.an;r ga[ji yam'an;rn enkan^ lazouko‘ow ou fa®acanqow% w;r=in angam na\;low ja'our mnaza‘ tn;rin ou ama\azo[ g\ou[;rin! Lsw;z goumartaki framanatari orotendost kance^ ødanaw;@r% ødanaw;@r&&& Fognab;k martikn;re wa\rk;nap;s ]oulw;zin g;tnin! Xofrap M;srop\ann a®a=ine nkat;z d;[in% ptoutanman ‘ou.e … fo[i w;r-w;r .o\azo[ s… ,atrwann;re! F;to lsw;zin ;rkrord% ;rrord% corrord pa\j\ounn;re^ m;ke m\ousiz .olakan% m;ke m\ousiz afasarsou®! Ou fankar‘ tir;z mi ansowor l®ouj\oun&&& Framan ;[aw otqi ;ln;l! M;srop\ann aragor;n w;r kazaw! Nou\n rop;in% irar øgn;low% m;k-m;k otqi kangn;zin … m\ousn;re! Mi xinwor f;t dar]aw% na\;z M;srop\anin% orn awtomatn ousiz ka.a‘^ w;rzr;l hr mi bou® s…afo[ ou mot;zr;l .®owafou\x d;mqin! Jou. fo[e bouroum hr ‘anoj% qa[zr% ;raxa\in bourmounqow% ]awari p;s fatik-fatik ou srsou®! – Inco#w ;s xba[wa‘% – farzr;z awtomataworn;riz m;ke! Xofrape t.raf;‘ fa\azqow na\;z nran% na\;z b®an m;=% fo[in% ®oumb;riz bazwa‘ ]agarin ou ,,n=az& – M;[q h fo[e&&& Est Frac\a Qocari ªM;‘ tan xawakn;reº w;pi (Adaptation from Hrachia Kochar, 1910-1965)

≥ K;sgi,;r hr! >orounk% qa[zr qni m;= Kamsar\ane chr t;s;l% j; incp;s forixone ‘a‘ko[ amp;re% bard-bard koutakw;low% lousine ‘a‘k;zin% … apa danda[or;n jan]r ma®a.ou[e sqo[;z sar ou ]or! F;to sks;z barak an]r… ma[;l% apa qic-qic gnalow sastkazaw ou fordazaw! Qamin ,a®ac;low 'ojorkoum hr an]r…e … fosanqn ou[[oum d;pi srafe% our 'a\t; ja.ti wra a\d wa\rk\anin qa[zr qni m;= hr ªa®aq\aleº! Ba\z fankar‘ pa\j;z mi orot% fandipakaz blourn;re do[do[azin% … an]r…i ,a®ac\oune kar‘;s krknapatkw;z! 415

Kamsar\ane w;r j®aw t;[iz sarsa'ow … t;saw oc mia\n ødi m;= mrrko[ f;[;[e% a\l… ir anko[nou ;r;sn ambo[=owin jr=wa‘! Bazi draniz% fo[a‘a‘k ktouriz t;[-t;[ ‘oroum hr p[tor an]r…a=oure! A\d anaknkal patafariz ,'ojwa‘^ Kamsar\ane do[oum hr! Nran farkawor hr mi ‘a‘karan^ anendfat fordazo[ an]r…iz patsparw;lou famar% … na% afa% gt;l hr a\n! Baz;z a.o®in kiz 'oqrik s;n\aki dou®e% fap,tap '®;z anko[inn a\nt;[ gtnwo[ y®y®an ja.ti wra ou pa®k;z qn;lou! Saka\n canzaw qa®ord vam% … a.o®iz 'co[ srt.a®nic fote sks;z anfangstazn;l nran! Fogna‘% n\arda\naza‘ baz;z s;n\aki dou®e … noriz pa®k;z% ba\z mi ko[miz^ ja.ti y®y®oze% m\ous ko[miz^ anfangist .orfrda‘ouj\ounn;re jou\l chin talis nirf;l! Faxiw acqe 'ak;l hr% ;rb qa[ziz ar\an ‘arawi lw;re w.talow far]akw;zin 'a'kak;nza[ f\ouri wra … sks;zin ir;nz ªs…º gor‘e! P;trose sks;z ,ou®oumou® gal% ba\z ixour% ocinc chr øgnoum! Arnaba[] lw;re wa[ouz hin spasoum mi a\dpisi fam;[ orsi% a\n hl i@nc orsi&&& Nranq% ifark;% am;n…in hl cgit;in% or Kamsar\ane famalsaranakan h … irawaban% a\d patya®ow hl ‘‘oum hin nra ar\ounn angjor;n% a®anz dat ou datastaniz wa.;nalou! A\sp;s t…;z ;rkou-;r;q vam% ba\z tan=aliz ou =[agrgi® paf;rin fa=ord;zin fousab;r anour=n;re&&& An]r…n anzaw% qamin dadar;z% … a[ojarann sks;z bazw;l! Est Mourazani ªA®aq\aleº wipaki (Adaptation from Muratsan, 1886-1967)

≥ Nou\n no[kali ;raxe^ afawor ou sarsa'axdou% w;r=in ,abajwa enjazqoum ;rrord angam a\zi ;kaw q;®i Jorosin! A\nt;[^ ;rkroum hr% ir;nz finawourz enkoux;nou tak& M;fm;d h`;ndin ;rkar% kma.qaza‘ matn;row s;[moum hr ir kokorde! ’anr% m[]awan=a\in ;raxiz q;®i Jorose faxow arjnazaw! Na acq baz;z mouj s;n\akoum … anmi=ap;s ];®qe taraw kokorde! Inc-or ban d;m hr a®;l kokordin% qor hr talis% yank®oum! Na ouxoum hr ,';l s'rjna‘ d;mqe% kour‘qe% ba\z faxe .;[doum hr! S;n\akoum gon; m;ke lin;r! Kno= mafiz f;to^ fing-w;z tari% m;nak hr qnoum … a®a=in angam m;knoum;ki kariqn xgaz! >or gi,;r hr% … qstmn;li ;raxe% mjan f;t ,a[a.wa‘% chr ouxoum s;n\akiz dours gal& lou\se wa®;l hr p;tq! Nran jwoum hr^ ;j; lou\s lini% …* kokordi yank®oze kanzni% …* faxe! Q;®i Jorose mi k;rp pokw;z anko[nouz% a'l';low wa®;z lou\se … tarørinak fa\azqow na\;z ,our=bolore! W;r=in ,abajwa enjazqoum gamwa‘ hr anko[noun! Ard;n chr .osoum% ]a\ne ktrw;l hr& ,ounce f…if… hr% ouvafat% acq;re 'os hin enk;l^ endg‘;low aknakapiyn;ri .orouj\oune% anendfat .;[dwoum hr faxiz! Ba\z a,nanamouti a\d øre^ lousad;min% q;®i Jorose ‘nkn;roum ouv xgaz … ];®na'a\tin f;nw;low^ do[do=oun qa\l;row dours ;law! Ast[;re cqaz;l hin% mia\n lousast[n hr jrj®oum fa\oz l;®naparin% bazkour‘q sar;rin! 416

Q;®i Jorose ,ncaf;[] hr linoum% n\ard;re qandwoum hin% ba\z na f;®woum mnaza‘ ir ;rkri f;t hr% ori karotiz m[ktoum hr sirte! Na yigow bar]razr;z glou.e … arzounqakala‘ acq;row na\;z ;rknqin! Ar,alou\se^ goun;[% .orfrdawor% aw;li g;[;zik jwaz nran! Est Mou,;[ Gal,o\ani ªQ;®i Joroseº wipaki (Adaptation from Mushegh Galshoyan, 1933-1980)

≥ :kaw frav;,ti øre! :s =anq;r hi gor‘ dnoum% or anbasir paf;m ousouzci anoune% ba\z kr‘qis tak 'jjo[ am;nafa[j xgazmounqe^ s;re% 's'souqow anendfat krknoum hr nra anoune^ >onarf% … mrrkoum fogis! Øfan ap;re f;t…oum hr in]% .orfourdn;r talis& nane ou[;kzis^ ]iapanin% patwiroum hr in] law tan;l … xgou\, mnal% or pa\ousake cenkni% d\ouraxgaz A,ote% mi ank\ounoum k‘kwa‘% cdimanalow n;rqin fouxmounqin% srboum hr jarjicn;riz ka.wa‘ artasouqi kajiln;re … kzktour farz;r ou[[oum in]! Ba\z im fogin% ambo[= houj\ouns oronoum hr nran% t;ncoum mimia\n nran! :rb anznoum hinq dprozi motow% a,ak;rtn;re i=an blrakow^ in] bari yanaparf ma[j;lou! A[=ikn;riz omanq laz ;[an! Nranq …* vptoum hin% …* srboum arzounqe% or ‘oroum hr a[b\ouri p;s! Lalis hr … >onarfi qou\re! M;ke j;^ ªOusouzi*c% m;x cmo®anasº! Youtikn hr! Na mi,t dproz hr galis for m;‘ 'a'a.e gl.in% ;rkar fnama, tr;.n;row! Orb hr Youtike^ l®ik-mn=ik mi ;r;.a% orin bolore siroum hin! Na 'ajajw;z ‘nkn;ris% … m;‘ 'a'a.i takiz t;sa nra .;loq acq;re% lazakouma‘ d;mqe! K®aza … =;rmor;n fambour;zi yakate% incp;s Øfan ap;re^ im yakate! W;r=ap;s anznoum ;nq >onarf;nz tan motow! Anfoun fouxmounqiz .;[dwoum ;m% na\oum baki ko[me& oc oq ckar! >onarfin bakoum ct;sa! T.our qa\loum ;m ]iapani f;t…iz! D;moud;m fou®ji art;rn ;n^ kanac gotiow% bar]ounqi wra ‘;rouk fowiwe% k®jna‘ ir anbavan ];®na'a\tin% f;t…oum h oc.arn;ri fotin! M\ous ko[mi kanac art;roum kana\q qa[fan hin anoum! Nranz m;= fankar‘ t;sa&&& >onarfin&&& M;r fa\azqn;re irar fandip;zin% … ;s nra acq;roum vpit ct;sa! Araf;tow bar]ranalis mi,t f;t hi na\oum! K®aza‘ kana\q kanacin enka‘ j®counn;ri hin nman! :w a\d ;ramiz m;ke^ gor, ,or;row mi a[=ik% aw;li faya. hr bar]ranoum% ];®qe dnoum yakatin% or ar…i ,o[;re c.angar;n t;sn;lou anta®i m;= falwo[ araf;te … mia\nak anzworin&&& Est Aks;l Bakounzi ª>onarfi a[=ikeº patmwa‘qi (Adaptation from Axel Bakunts, 1889-1937)

≥

417

Ka®qi 'o.ar;n b;®natar òurgone ;®ør\a fognatan= yam'ordouj\ouniz f;to apaga wipasanin faszr;z f;qiaja\in gor, qa[aqe^ Baqou! Brd\a ar.alou[e fagin% morj; gdakow gawa®azi miamit patanou fa\azqi a®a= s'®woum h fou\s;ri ou fou\x;ri qa[aq Baqoun^ asàltapat 'o[ozn;row% gor‘arann;ri ou fanq;ri jan]rafos ‘.ow% nawja\in bourg;ri s… anta®n;row! Incpisi@ fakadrouj\oun ac;r\ane ir;n famaroum hr Jourqia\i ørinawor qa[aqazi% est oroum^ ir qa[aqaziakan partakanouj\ounn;re a\d ;rkri fand;p liouli katara‘ qa[aqazi! Orp;s ardaradat mard^ na ir nman faxarawor qriston\an;ri p;s parxap;s i wiyaki chr kan.at;s;lou mot;zo[ a[;te &&& :ra.tapart ;m papikis^ patmouj\ane nman kar…or 'astajou[j jo[a‘ lin;lou famar% akanat;si mi wka\ouj\oun% ore fastatoum h% or fa\ vo[owrdi :[;®ne 1915 jwakani o[b;rgouj\amb ir w;r=e ci gt;l% … or incp;s fxor ;rkra,arviz f;to t;[i ;n oun;noum lrazouzic znzoumn;r% 20-rd dari a®a=in z;[aspanouj\ane fa=ord;l ;n ouri,^ ‘awalow aw;li 'oqr% ba\z oc nwax kor‘anarar a[;tn;r% oronziz m;ke 1922-i Xm\ou®nia\i a[;tn hr! Fatwa‘ Dora Saqa\ani^ Karap;t >ac;r\ani ªXm\ou®niakan arka‘n;rs 1922-inº øragire n;rka\azno[ a,.atouj\ouniz! (Dora Sakayan, 1931-)

≥ 432

ARMENIAN POEMS IN TRANSLATION

FAMO SAF|AN (1914-1993)

HAMO SAHIAN Translated by Dora Sakayan

M:R L:XOUN

OUR LANGUAGE

M;r l;xoun^ m;r .i[yn h da% Sourb faze m;r s;[ani% M;r fogou kancn h ardar Ou fame m;r b;rani!

Our language is our inner voice, The sacred bread on our board, The just plea of our soul, And the taste in our mouth.

M;r l;xoun ‘ou.n h m;r tan% M;r k,i®n a,.arfi m;=% Na a[n h m;r inqnouj\an% Houj\an .orfourde m;‘!

It is the smoke of our hearth, Our weight in this world, The salt of our selfhood, The great sense of our breath.

M;r l;xoun ar\o*unn h m;r% Ar\ouniz aw;li jank& M;r bourmounqn ou gou\nn h m;r% M;r l;xoun m;nq ;nq or kanq!

Our language is our blood, Even dearer than blood. Our scent and our color, It is us, the way we are.

Na piti m;r a®a=in Ou w;r=in s;re lini% I#nc oun;nq hl a,.arfoum% Or a\sqan m;re lini!

Our language is our love, Both the first one and the last, What else is there in this world That belongs to us that much?

433

SILWA KAPOUTIK|AN (1919-2006)

>OSQ IM ORDOUN

SYLVA KAPUTIKIAN Translated by Dora Sakayan

WORDS TO MY SON

A\s garnan f;t% a\s ‘a[kounqi% A\s j®cnaki% a\s a®waki% F;tn a\s ;rgi ou xarjonqi Bazw;z l;xo@un im mankiki& Ou jojow;z ba® mi angin Fa\k\an l;xwiz m;r srbaxan% As;s masounq fa[ordouj\an Dipaw mankans ,rjounqin&&&

With the blossoms of this spring, When brooks bubble and birds sing, With Mother Nature at her peak, My infant son began to speak; And he uttered a priceless word In Armenian, oh what splendor! As though a piece of Holy Bread Touched my infant’s lips so tender.

– Lsi*r% ordi*s% patgam orp;s Siro[ qo mor .o@sqe srtanz% A\sørwaniz fan]noum ;m q;x Fa\oz l;xou@n faxaragan]! Ktr;l h na% fanz ast[alou\s% :rkinqn;re vamanaki% .ab;ba [k¿hapŒeba] swindler, impostor .ab;l [k¿hapŒel] to deceive .abousik [k¿hapŒusik] deceitful .a.t;l [k¿hak¿htel] to displace; to violate .ak [k¿hak] not ripe (about fruits) .a[ [k¿hag¿h] game, play .a[al [k¿hag¿hal] to play .a[aliq [k¿hag¿halikŒ] toy .a[a[ [k¿hag¿hag¿h] calm, peaceful .a[a[ouj\oun [k¿hag¿hag¿hutŒyun] peace .a[o[ [k¿hag¿hog¿h] grapes .a\j;l [k¿haytŒel] to sting, to prick .a\ta®ak [kh¿ ayta¤ak] disgraceful, infamous .angar;l [k¿hangarel] to disturb, to annoy .and [k¿hand] jealousy .anouj [k¿hanutŒ] shop, store .ac [k¿hac¿hŒ] cross, crucifix .aca]… [k¿hac¿hŒad¿zev] in the form of a cross .a®n [k¿ha¤§n] mixed .a®n;l [k¿ha¤nel] to mingle, to mix .awar [k¿havar] dark(ness) .arda. [k¿hardak¿h] fraudulent, tricky .aris. [k¿harisk¿h] anchor .;lagar [k¿helagar] mad, crazy .;lazi [k¿helat¿sŒi] intelligent, clever

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY .;loq [k¿helokŒ] wise, intelligent, clever .;lq [k¿helkŒ] brains, intelligence; wisdom .;[d;l [k¿heg¿hdel] to strangle, to choke .;[y [k¿heg¿hc¿h] poor, unfortunate .;nj [k¿hentŒ] stupid, crazy, insane .x;l [k¿h§zel] to break off, to pull away .jan [k¿h§tŒan] spur; incentive .ixa. [k¿hizak¿h] brave, courageous .i[y [k¿hig¿hc¿h] conscience .ist [k¿hist] strict, severe .it [k¿hit] dense, thick .[yal [k¿h§g¿hc¿hal] to pity .you[i [k¿h§c¿hug¿hi] main road .mbagr;l [k¿h§mbagrel] to edit .mbagric [k¿h§mbagric¿hŒ] editor .mbagrouj\oun [k¿h§mbagrutŒyun] edition .m;l [k¿h§mel] to drink .micq [k¿h§mic¿hŒkŒ] conscience .mor [k¿h§mor] dough .nam;l [k¿h§namel] to take care .na\;l [k¿h§nayel] to save, to spare; to set aside for future use .ndir [k¿h§ntŒir] matter, problem, question .ndranq [k¿h§ntŒrankŒ] request, demand .ndr;l [k¿h§ntŒrel] to ask, to beg, to request .n]or [k¿h§nd¿zor] apple .n]or;ni [k¿h§nd¿zoreni] apple tree .n=ou\q [k¿h§njuykŒ] feast, dinner party; good cheer .ox [k¿hoz] pig .ofanoz [k¿hohanot¿sŒ] kitchen .of;m [k¿hohem] prudent .of;mouj\oun [k¿hohemutŒyun] prudence .o[owak [k¿hog¿hovak] pipe, tube .o\ [k¿hoy] ram .onaw [k¿honav] humid .onawouj\oun [k¿honavutŒyun] humidity .onarf [k¿honarh] humble .onarfw;l [k¿honarhvel] to bow .o,or [k¿hos¿hor] huge, large, gross .ocendot [k¿hoc¿hŒ§ndot] obstacle .osakiz [k¿hosakit¿sŒ] speech partner .osakz;l [k¿hosakt¿sŒel] to converse .osakzouj\oun [k¿hosakt¿sŒutŒyun] conversation .os;l [k¿hosel] to speak .ostanal [k¿hostanal] to promise .osq [k¿hoskŒ] speech, spoken word, phrase .ot [k¿hot] grass, turf; herbage .or [k¿hor] deep, profound

.oramank [k¿horamank] sly, cunning, crafty .orj fa\r [k¿hortŒ hayr] stepfather .orj ma\r [k¿hortŒ mayr] stepmother .orf;l [kh¿ orhel] to think, to meditate, to reflect .orfrdakz;l [k¿horh§rtŒakt¿sŒel] to consult .orfourd [kh¿ orhurtŒ] advice; thought; counsel .orowa‘ [kh¿ orovats¿ ] roasted, grilled, broiled; barbecue .orow;l [k¿horovel] to barbecue, to roast .ortak;l [k¿hortakel] to destroy .orouj\oun [k¿horutŒyun] depth .®ow;l [k¿h§¤ovel] to break up, to become alienated, to not talk to each other .rat [k¿h§rat] advice .rat;l [k¿h§ratel] to advise .r.in= [k¿h§rk¿hinj] neigh .r.n=al [k¿h§rk¿h§njal] to neigh .ouvan [k¿huz¿han] crowd, mob .oul [k¿hul] deaf .ouyap [k¿huc¿hap] panic, alarm .oumb [k¿humb] group .ousa';l [k¿husapŒel] to avoid, to shun .ouz [k¿hut¿sŒ] cell .ou' [k¿hupŒ] cover, lid .';l [k¿h§pŒel] to hit, to attack

’ ‘ag;l [t¿sakŒel] 1. to originate; 2. to rise (about the sun) ‘agoum [t¿sakŒum] origin ‘a.;l [t¿sak¿hel] to sell ‘a.s [t¿sak¿hs] expense ‘a.s;l [t¿sak¿hsel] to spend, to expend ‘a‘k;l [t¿sat¿skel] to cover ‘a‘koz [t¿sat¿skot¿sŒ] cover, tablecloth; bedspread ‘a‘kw;l [t¿sat¿sk§vel] to get covered ‘ak [t¿sak] hole, opening ‘ak;l [t¿sakel] to pierce, to prick ‘a[ik [t¿sag¿hik] flower ‘a[kaw;t [t¿sag¿hkavet] abounding with flowers, florid ‘a[k;l [t¿sag¿hkel] to bloom ‘a[r [t¿sag¿h§r] sarcasm, ridicule; joke ‘a[r;l [t¿sag¿hrel] to ridicule ‘am;l [t¿samel] to chew ‘amon [t¿samon] chewing gum ‘a\r [t¿sayr] edge, end, border ‘a\raf;[ [t¿sayraheg¿h] extreme; absolute ‘anoj [t¿sanotŒ] known, acquaintance 477

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ‘anr [t¿san§r] heavy ‘a® [t¿sa¤] tree ‘a®a [t¿sa¤a] servant, valet ‘a®a\;l [t¿sa¤ayel] to serve, to wait upon ‘awal [t¿saval] volume ‘araw [t¿sarav] thirst, thirsty ‘a' [t¿sapŒ] clap ‘a'afarouj\oun [t¿sapŒaharutŒyun] applause ‘;‘ [t¿set¿s] beating ‘;‘;l [t¿set¿sel] to beat ‘;r [t¿ser] (about people) old ‘;rouj\oun [t¿serutŒyun] old age ‘ia‘an [t¿siat¿san] (1) rainbow; (2) iris ‘il [t¿sil] bud, sprout ‘i‘ [t¿sit¿s] breast; udder ‘i‘a[ [t¿sit¿sag¿h] laughter ‘i‘a[;l [t¿sit¿sag¿hel] to laugh ‘i‘a[;li [t¿sit¿sag¿heli] ridiculous ‘i‘;®nak [t¿sit¿se¤nak] swallow (bird) ‘iran [t¿siran] apricot ‘.a.ot [t¿s§k¿hak¿hot] tobacco ‘.;l [t¿s§k¿hel] to smoke ‘n;l [t¿s§nel] to give birth ‘nndawa\r [t¿s§n§ndavayr] birthplace ‘no[n;r [t¿s§nog¿hner] parents ‘not [t¿s§not] jaw ‘nw;l [t¿s§nvel] to be born ‘nound [t¿s§nund] birth ’nound [t¿s§nund] Christmas ‘ow [t¿sov] sea ‘oz [t¿sot¿sŒ] (1) breast, bosom; (2) gulf ‘®;l [t¿s§¤el] to bend ‘®w;l [t¿s§¤vel] to incline, to be bent ‘ragir [t¿s§ragir] program ‘rar [t¿s§rar] package, envelope ‘ou[ak [t¿sug¿hak] trap ‘ou\l [t¿suyl] lazy ‘ounk [t¿sunk] knee ‘ou® [t¿su¤] crooked

K kaxdour;l [kazdurel] to invigorate, to vivify kaxmak;rp;l [kazmakerpel] organize kaxmak;rpouj\oun [kazmakerputŒyun] organization kaxm;l [kazmel] to form, to constitute kaj [katŒ] milk kajil [katŒel] drop kajo[ikos [katŒog¿hikos] Catholicos, Patriarch of all Armenians 478

kajsa [katŒsa] kettle ka.;l [kak¿hel] to hang kakac [kakac¿hŒ] poppy kafou\q [kahuykŒ] furniture ka[amb [kag¿hamb] cabbage Ka[and [Kag¿hand] New Year’s Day ka[apar [kag¿hapar] pattern ka[in [kag¿hin] hazelnut ka[ni [kag¿hni] (1) oak; (2) hazel bush kam [kam] or kama\akan [kamayakan] arbitrary kamar [kamar] arch kamaz [kamat¿sŒ] slow(ly) kamour= [kamurj] bridge kamq [kamkŒ] will power ka\aran [kayaran] train station ka\‘ [kayt¿s] sparkle ka\‘ak [kayt¿sak] lightning ka\sr [kays§r] Emperor ka\ta® [kayta¤] robust Kanada [Kanada] Canada kanadakan [kanadakan] Canadian kanadazi [kanadat¿sŒi] Canadian (male) kanadoufi [kanaduhi] Canadian (fem.) kanac [kanac¿hŒ] green kanac;[;n [kanac¿hŒeg¿hen] green vegetables, greens; grass, herbs kanga® [kanga¤] stop, station kangn;l [kangnel] to stop, to stand (up) kanj;[ [kantŒeg¿h] lamp kan.;l [kank¿hel] to prevent; to avert kan.ik [kank¿hik] cash kanon [kanon] rule, regulation, law kanonadrouj\oun [kanonadrutŒyun] constitution; charter kanonawor [kanonavor] regular kanc;l [kanc¿hŒel] to call ka,a®ak;rouj\oun [kas¿ha¤akerutŒyun] bribery, corruption ka,a®;l [kas¿ha¤el] to bribe ka,a®q [kas¿ha¤kŒ] bribe, bribery, corruption ka,i [kas¿hi] leather, skin ka,kand;l [kas¿hkandel] to bind, to restrain; to hinder kaca[ak [kac¿hŒag¿hak] magpie kap [kap] tie, link; communicaton; connection kap;l [kapel] to link, to bind, to tie kapik [kapik] monkey kapou\t [kapuyt] blue ka®awar;l [ka¤avarel] to govern

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ka®awarouj\oun [ka¤avarutŒyun] government ka®ouz;l [ka¤uts¿ Œel] to build ka®ouzo[ [ka¤ut¿sŒog¿h] builder ka®ouzwa‘q [ka¤ut¿sŒvat¿skŒ] structure ka®q [ka¤kŒ] coach, carriage kaska‘ [kaskat¿s] doubt; skepticism kaska‘;l [kaskat¿sel] to suspect, to doubt kawiy [kavic¿h] chalk katak [katak] joke, fun kata[i [katag¿hi] fierce, wild; furious katar;l [katarel] to fulfill katar;louj\oun [katarelutŒyun] perfection katar\al [kataryal] perfect katou [katu] cat kar [kar] (1) sewing; (2) there was karag [karakŒ] butter karap [karap] swan karas [karas] water jar karg [karkŒ] order, rule; rank, row kargapaf [karkapah] orderly kardal [kartŒal] to read kar;l [karel] to sew kar;li [kareli] possible kar;kz;l [karekts¿ Œel] to have compassion with kar;nal [karenal] to be able kariq [karikŒ] demand, need kar‘;l [kart¿sel] to think, to presume kar‘iq [kart¿sikŒ] opinion kar‘r [kart¿s§r] hard, tough karkandak [karkandak] cake, pastry karkout [karkut] hail kary [karc¿h] short, brief karmir [karmir] red karmir p[p;[ [karmir p§g¿hpeg¿h] red pepper karo[ [karog¿h] able karo[anal [karog¿hanal] to be able karot [karot] (1) (adj.) needy, in want of; (2) (noun) nostalgia karot;l [karotel] to miss kar…or [karevor] important, necessary kazin [kat¿sŒin] adze kazouj\oun [kat¿sŒutŒyun] situation, status, condition kaw [kav] clay kawiy [kavic¿h] chalk ka'aric [kapŒaric¿hŒ] lid, cover kaqaw [kakŒav] partridge k;[;q;l [keg¿hekŒel] to exploit k;[‘ [keg¿ht¿s] fake, false k;[‘awor [keg¿ht¿savor] hypocrite

k;[t [keg¿ht] dirt k;[tot [keg¿htot] dirty k;[… [keg¿hev] peel, bark k;nal [kenal] to stay, to remain, to stop, to lie k;ndani [kentŒani] (1) (adj.) alive; (2) (noun) animal k;nsabanouj\oun [kensabanutŒyun] biology k;nsakan [kensakan] vital k;ntron [kentron] center k;®as [ke¤as] cherry k;s [kes] half; part k;sgi,;r [kesgis¿her] midnight k;sør [kesor] noon, midday; daytime k;t [ket] point, dot, full stop k;tadrouj\oun [ketadrutŒyun] punctuation k;rakr;l [kerakrel] to feed, to nourish k;rakour [kerakur] meal, food k;rp [kerp] manner, way k;rpar [kerpar] character, features k;zz;* [ket¿sŒt¿sŒe] long live! kxak [k§zak] chin, jaw kin [kin] woman, wife kisam\a [kisamya] semi-annual kisat [kisat] incomplete, partially done kiraki [kiraki] Sunday kirq [kirkŒ] passion klor [k§lor] round k‘;l [k§t¿sel] to bite k‘‘i [k§t¿st¿si] stingy kkou [k§ku] cuckoo k[xi [k§k¿hzi] island k[k[anq [k§k¿hk§k¿hankŒ] fecal matter, excrement; dung krytazn;l [k§rc¿h§tat¿sŒ§nel] to gnash, to grind kma.q [k§mak¿hkŒ] skeleton k\anq [kyankŒ] life kniq [k§nikŒ] stamp, seal; impression, mark knyij [k§nc¿hitŒ] trunk knyi® [k§nc¿hi¤] wrinkle kny®ot [k§nc¿h¤ot] wrinkled, complicated knqafa\r [k§nkŒahayr] godfather knqama\r [k§nkŒamayr] godmother knq;l [k§nkŒel] 1. to baptize, to christen; 2. to seal k,;®q [k§s¿he¤kŒ] balance, scale k,i® [k§s¿hi¤] weight k,®;l [k§s¿h¤el] to weigh k,tamb;l [k§s¿htambel] tto reproach, to condemn k,tanal [k§s¿htanal] to be satiated, to have 479

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY enough (food) koj [kotŒ] handle kojo[ [kotŒog¿h] monument, obelisk ko. [kok¿h] wrestling ko.;l [kok¿hel] to tramp, to press kokik [kokik] tidy, neat kokon [kokon] bud kokord [kokortŒ] throat ko[ [kog¿h] rib, flank, side ko[m [kog¿hm] side ko[mnaki [kog¿hmnaki] secondary, oblique ko[mnazou\z [kog¿hmnat¿sŒuyt¿sŒ] compass ko[mnoro,;l [kog¿hmnoros¿hel] to orient ko[opt;l [kog¿hoptel] to to rob, to steal ko[p;l [kog¿hpel] to lock, to close ko[p;q [kog¿hpekŒ] lock ko[q [kog¿hkŒ] side; cover (of a book) ko[qe [kog¿hkŒ§] nearby koyak [koc¿hak] button konq [konkŒ] waist ko,ik [kos¿hik] shoe ko,kakar [kos¿hkakar] shoemaker ko,t [kos¿ht] rude, coarse, impolite koc [koc¿hŒ] call, appeal koc;l [koc¿hŒel] to name, to call, to appeal kocw;l [koc¿hŒvel] to be called kopit [kopit] rude, uncivil kotr;l [kotrel] to break, to smash koranal [kor] to bow, to bend korix [koriz] kernel, stone; nucleus kor‘an;l [kort¿sanel] to destroy kor‘anoum [kort¿sanum] desruction kor‘anw;l [kort¿sanvel] to get destroyed korc;l [korc¿hŒel] to get lost korzn;l [kort¿sŒ§nel] to lose koroust [korust] loss, detriment kpc;l [k§pc¿hŒel] to stick k®af;l [k§¤ahel] to guess k®iw [k§¤iv] battle, fight; war k®w;l [k§¤vel] to fight k®ounk [k§¤unk] 1. crane (bird); 2. crane (machine) kski‘ [k§skit¿s] grief, sorrow ktak [k§tak] testament ktaw [k§tav] linen; work of art, painting ktor [k§tor] piece ktr;l [k§trel] to cut ktrouk [k§truk] concise; sharp; decisive ktour [k§tur] roof ktouz [k§tut¿sŒ] beak 480

krak [k§rak] fire krak;l [krakel] to open fire kr;l [k§rel] to carry, to bear krj;l [k§rtŒel] to educate krjwa‘ [k§rtŒvat¿s] educated krjouj\oun [k§rtŒutŒyun] education kria [krya] turtle krk;s [k§rkes] circus krkin [k§rkin] again krknako,ik [k§rknakos¿hik] overshoe krkn;l [k§rknel] to repeat krknouj\oun [k§rknutŒyun] to repeat kryat;l [k§rc¿hatel] to reduce krts;r [k§rtser] younger kron [kron] religion kronakan [kronakan] religious kronawor [kronavor] clergyman koul tal [kul tal] to swallow kou\r [kuyr] blind kout [kut] seed, grain, pit koutak;l [kutakel] to accumulate kour‘q [kurt¿skŒ] breast

F fagn;l [hakŒnel] to wear, to put on fagnw;l [hakŒn§vel] to dress oneself, to get dressed fagoust [hakŒust] dress, garment fagoust;[;n [hakŒustegh¿ en] clothing, garments fax [haz] cough faxal [hazal] to cough faxar [hazar] thousand faxiw [haziv] hardly faxwag\out [hazvagyut] rare faxwad;p [hazvadep] rare(ly), scarce(ly) fala‘anq [halat¿sankŒ] persecution fala‘;l [halat¿sel] to persecute fal;zn;l [halet¿sŒ§nel] to melt (trans.) falw;l [halvel] to melt (intrans.) faka- [haka-] antifakakr;l [hakakrel] to dislike faka®ak [haka¤ak] contrary, opposite, adverse faka®akord [haka¤akortŒ] adversary fakas;l [hakasel] to contradict fakasouj\oun [hakasutŒyun] contradiction fa[janak [hag¿htŒanak] victory fa[j;l [hag¿htŒel] to win, to conquer fa[ord;l [hag¿hortŒel] to inform, to notify; to

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY declare faya. [hac¿hak¿h] often faya.;l [hac¿hak¿hel] to frequent faya.ord [hac¿hak¿hortŒ] customer, client fay;li [hac¿heli] pleasant, enjoyable fayou\q [hac¿huykŒ] pleasure fam [ham] taste, flavor famaxg;st [hamazgest] uniform fama.mb;l [hamak¿h§mbel] to bring together, to gather fama.mbw;l [hamak¿h§mbvel] to come together, to gather famakargic [hamakarkŒic¿hŒ] computer famakr;li [hamakreli] lovely, good-looking fama]a\n [hamad¿zayn] agreed, concordant fama]a\nw;l [hamad¿zayn§vel] to agree fama,.arfa\in [hamas¿hk¿harhayin] international famaca' [hamac¿hŒapŒ] proportional fama® [hama¤] stubborn, tenacious fama®ot [hama¤ot] short, brief famar [hamar] 1. for; 2. number famar;l [hamarel] to count, to consider famar]ak [hamart¿sŒak] bold, frank famar]akw;l [hamart¿sŒakvel] to dare famarw;l [hamarvel] to be considered famazanz [hamat¿sŒant¿sŒ] internet fambaw [hambav] fame famb;r;l [hampŒerel] to have patience famb;rouj\oun [hampŒerutŒyun] patience fambou\r [hampŒuyr] kiss fambour;l [hampŒurel] to kiss fam;[ [hameg¿h] tasty fam;mat [hamemat] according to fam;matouj\oun [hamematutŒyun] comparison fam;st [hamest] modest fam;ra,. [hameras¿hk¿h] harmonious famox;l [hamozel] to convince famow [hamov] tasty fa\ [hay] Armenian Fa\astan [Hayastan] Armenia fa\;li [hayeli] mirror fa\;r;n [hayeren] Armenian (language) fa\kakan [haykakan] Armenian (adj.) fa\fo\;l [hayhoyel] to curse fa\tagir [haytagir] announcement, program fa\tarar;l [haytararel] to announce, to declare, to proclaim fa\tararouj\oun [haytararutŒyun] an-

nouncement, declaration fa\tn;l [haytnel] to reveal, to express fa\tni [haytni] evident, obvious, clear fa\tnouj\oun [haytnutŒyun] revelation fa\r [hayr] father fa\r;nakiz [hayrenakit¿sŒ] compatriot fa\r;nas;r [hayrenaser] patriot fa\r;nasirouj\oun [hayrenasirutŒyun] patriotism fa\r;niq [hayrenikŒ] fatherland fa\zakan [hayt¿sŒakan] accusative (case) fa\oufi [hayuhi] Armenian (fem.) fang [hang] rhyme fangamanq [hangamankŒ] circumstance, condition fangist [hangist] quiet; peaceful; easy-going fangc;l [hangc¿hŒel] to relax, to rest fangstanal [hang§stanal] to rest fangrwan [hang§rvan] halt fand;p [handep] toward fand;s [handes] show, parade, spectacle fand;r]anq [handert¿sŒankŒ] wardrobe (clothing) fand;r]aran [handert¿sŒaran] wardrobe (location) fandiman;l [handimanel] to scold fandip;l [handipel] to meet fandipoum [handipum] meeting, encounter fandisat;s [handisates] spectator fan;l [hanel] to remove, to take out fan;louk [haneluk] riddle fankar‘ [hankart¿s] suddenly, at once fan]n a®n;l [hand¿z§n a¤nel] to undertake fan]narar;l [hand¿znararel] to instruct, to recommend, to advise fan]n;l [hand¿znel] to entrust, to remit fanyar [hanc¿har] genius fanyar;[ [hanc¿hareg¿h] genial fanra‘anoj [hanrat¿sanotŒ] famous fanraka®q [hanraka¤kŒ] tramway fanzanq [hant¿sŒankŒ] fault, guilt, wrong fanzawor [hant¿sŒavor] guilty fanoun [hanun] in the name of, for the sake of fanqa\in [hankŒayin] mineral fa,iw [has¿hiv] account fa,wapaf [has¿hvapah] accountant fa,w;l [has¿hvel] to count fa,t [has¿ht] harmonious fa,tw;l [has¿htŒvel] to reconcile fa,touj\oun [hash¿ tutŒyun] peace, conciliation 481

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY fac;l [hac¿hŒel] to bark fa=o[ [hajog¿h] successful fa=o[w;l [hajog¿hvel] to succeed, to be suc-cessful fa=o[ouj\oun [hajog¿hutŒyun] success, good luck fa=ord [hajortŒ] following, next fa®ac;l [ha¤ac¿hŒel] to sigh, to sob fasak [hasak] height; age fasarak [hasarak] common, ordinary fasarakouj\oun [hasarakutŒyun] society; community faskanal [haskanal] to understand faskanali [haskanali] understandable faskazouj\oun [haskat¿sŒutŒyun] notion, concept, idea fasn;l [hasnel] to reach, to arrive fast [hast] thick, bulky fastat [hastat] firm, stable, sure fastat;l [hastatel] to confirm fasz; [hast¿sŒe] address fasou\j [hasuytŒ] income, profit fasoun [hasun] mature, ripe faw [hav] chicken fawanabar [havanabar] probably fawan;l [havanel] to like; to assent, to approve fawanouj\oun [havanutŒyun] approval fawasar [havasar] equal, similar fawasarouj\oun [havasarutŒyun] equality fawatal [havatal] to believe, to trust fawatarim [havatarim] faithful fawatarmouj\oun [havatarmutŒyun] fidelity fawatq [havatkŒ] belief, faith fawaq;l [havakŒel] to collect fawaq;l [havakŒel] to gather fawaqw;l [havakŒvel] to collect, to gather fawaqou\j [havakŒuytŒ] gathering faw;rv [haverz¿h] eternal, forever fawit;nakan [havitenakan] eternal, forever fat [hat] piece fatak [hatak] bottom fatakagi‘ [hatakagit¿s] plan, map fatkap;s [hatkapes] especially, specifically fatkouj\oun [hatkutŒyun] quality, trait fator [hator] volume (book) fatouk [hatuk] special, proper fatouz;l [hatut¿sŒel] to compensate, to restore, to pay back farab;rakan [haraberakan] relative 482

farab;rouj\oun [haraberutŒyun] relation faraxat [harazat] close relative, kinfolk faraw [harav] south farba‘ [harpat¿sŒ] drunk, intoxicated farbou. [harpuk¿h] a cold, flu farganq [hargankŒ] respect, esteem farg;l [hargel] to respect farg;li [hargeli] respectable farj [hartŒ] smooth, plane fark [hark] floor, storey; home; fark [hark] taxes far]akoum [hart¿sŒakum] attack farmar [harmar] suitable, conveniant far\our [haryur] hundred fars [hars] bride, daughter-in-law, sister-in-law farsaniq [harsanikŒ] wedding farstanal [har§stanal ] to become rich farstouj\oun [har§stutŒyun] wealth farwa‘ [harvat¿s] hit, blow farwa‘;l [harvat¿sel] to hit, to blow farz [hart¿sŒ] question farzn;l [hart¿sŒ§nel] to ask (a question) faroust [harust] rich, wealthy far…an [harevan] neighbor faz [hat¿sŒ] bread f;gnanq [hegnankŒ] sarcasm f;gn;l [hegnel] to ridicule, to be sarcastic f;x [hez] mild, meek f;janos [hetŒanos] pagan f;‘aniw [het¿saniv] bicycle f;k;kal [hekekal] to sob f;[a'o.ouj\oun [heg¿hapŒok¿hutŒyun] revolution f;[inak [heg¿hinak] author f;,t [hes¿ht] easy f;®agir [he¤agir] telegram f;®a.os [he¤ak¿hos] telephone f;®anal [he¤anal] to go away f;®ankar [he¤an§kar] perspective f;®awor [he¤avor] distant f;®aworouj\oun [he¤avorutŒyun] distance f;®ou [he¤u] far f;®oustat;souj\oun [he¤ustatesutŒyun] television f;taqrqir [hetakŒ§rkŒir] curious f;taqrqrakan [hetakŒ§rkŒrakan] interesting f;txf;t; [het§z-hete] gradually f;to [heto] after f;tq [hetkŒ] trace, footprint f;t…anq [hetevankŒ] result

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY f;t…anqow [hetevankŒov] as a result of f;t…;l [hetevel] to follow f;ros [heros] hero f;qiaj [hekŒiatŒ] fairy tale fxor [h§zor] powerful fianal [hianal] to admire, to be charmed fianali [hianali] wonderful, marvelous fiasja'w;l [hiastŒapŒvel] to get disapointed fiazoum [hiat¿sŒum] admiration fima [hima] now fimar [himar] crazy, stupid fimn;l [himnel] to found, to establish fimq [himkŒ] basis, foundation fing [hing] five fing;rord [hingerortŒ] fifth fing,abji [hings¿hapŒti] Thursday fi,atak [his¿hatak] souvenir, memory fi,atak;l [his¿hatakel] to mention fi,;l [his¿hel] to remember fi,o[ouj\oun [his¿hog¿hutŒyun] memory fisoun [hisun] fifty fisoun;rord [hisunerortŒ] fiftieth Fisous [Hisus] Jesus fiwand [hivand] ill, sick fiwandanal [hivandanal] to get ill, sick fiwandanoz [hivandanot¿sŒ] hospital f[i [h§g¿hi] pregnant fma\;l [h§mayel] to charm fmout [h§mut] skilled f\oul; [hyule] nucleus f\oupatos [hyupatos] consul f\ousis [hyusis] north f\our [hyur] guest f\ouranoz [hyuranot¿s] hospice, hotel f\ouras;n\ak [hyurasenyak] guest room f\ouras;r [hyuraser] hospitable f\ourasirouj\oun [hyurasirutŒyun] hospitality fnar [h§nar] means, way fnarawor [h§naravor] possible fnaraworouj\oun [h§naravorutŒyun] possibility, opportunity fnc;l [h§nc¿hŒel] to sound fnc\oun [h§nc¿hŒyun] sound fogal [hokŒal] to take care fog;banouj\oun [hokŒebanutŒyun] psychology fog;kan [hokŒekan] spiritual fogi [hokŒi] soul, person fogna‘ [hokŒnat¿s] tired

fognaki [hokŒnaki] plural fogn;l [hokŒnel] to get tired fogs [hokŒs] worry; concern fod [hod] article; joint (anat.) fodwa‘ [hodvat¿s] article fo[ [hog¿h] earth, ground, soil, land fo[agor‘ [hog¿hagort¿s] agronomist; farmer fonq [honkŒ] eyebrow fo,ot;l [hos¿hotel] to tear to pieces fo®;t;s [ho¤etes] pessismist fosanq [hosankŒ] flow, current, stream fos;l [hosel] to run, to flow fow [hov] cool, fresh fowanoz [hovanot¿sŒ] umbrella fowiw [hoviv] shepherd fowit [hovit] valley, dale fot [hot] 1& smell; 2. flock fot;l [hotel] to stink, to rot fotot;l [hototel] to smell (trans.) for [hor] well foraqou\r [horakŒuyr] paternal aunt Fordanan [Hordanan] Jordan for;[ba\r [horeg¿hpŒayr] paternal uncle forj [hortŒ] calf (young cattle) forin;l [horinel] to make up, to create fpatak [h§patak] citizen, subject fpatakouj\oun [h§patakutŒyun] citizenship fpart [h§part] proud fpartanal [h§partanal] to pride oneself fpartouj\oun [h§partutŒyun] pride f®cakawor [h§¤c¿hŒakavor] well-known, famous fska [h§ska] giant, huge fsk;l [h§skel] to watch, to attend fstak [h§stak] clear fravarakan [hraz¿harakan] resignation fravarw;l [hraz¿harvel] to resign frav;,t [hraz¿hes¿ht] farewell frafang [hrahang] instruction, order frafang;l [hrahangel] to instruct frama\;l [hramayel] to command, to order framan [hraman] order framzn;l [hramt¿sŒ§nel] to offer, to serve fra,agor‘ [hras¿hagort¿s] miracle-worker fra,ali [hras¿hali] wonderful, marvelous fra,aliq [hras¿halikŒ] wonder, marvel fra,q [hras¿hkŒ] miracle fraparak [hraparak] square frapou\r [hrapuyr] charm frapour;l [hrapurel] to charm 483

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY frapouric [hrapuric¿hŒ] charming fratarak;l [hratarakel] to publish fratarakic [hratarakic¿hŒ] publisher fraw;r [hraver] invitation frawir;l [hravirel] to invite frd;f [h§rdeh] fire fr;a [h§rya] Hebrew, Jewish (person) fr;akan [hreakan] Hebrew, Jewish (adj.) fr;l [h§rel] to push fr;, [hres¿h] monster fr;,tak [hres¿htak] angel fr;tani [hretani] canon, artillery fr;oufi [hreyuhi] Jewish (fem.) frywanq [h§rc¿hvankŒ] joy, delight foux;l [huzel] to touch (emotionally) foulis [hulis] July foum [hum] raw, uncooked fou\n [huyn] Greek fou\s [huys] hope founakan [hunakan] Greek (adj.) Founastan [Hunastan] Greece founar;n [hunaren] Greek (language) foungar [hungar] Hungarian (adj.) foungar;r;n [hungareren] Hungarian (language) Foungaria [hungaria] Hungary founis [hunis] June foun]q [hunt¿skŒ] harvest founwar [hunvar] January fou, [hus¿h] memoir fou,ar]an [hus¿hard¿zan] monument, memorial fousadr;l [husadrel] to give hope fousal [husal] to hope fousa.abw;l [husak¿hapŒvel] to get disappointed fousafat [husahat] in despair

} ]ag [d¿zakŒ] the young of an animal ]a. [d¿zak¿h] left (side) ]a\n [d¿zayn] voice ]a\napnak [d¿zaynap§nak] record, music disc ]a\nas'\ou® [d¿zaynaspŒyu¤] radio ]a\nawor [d¿zaynavor] vowel; vocal ]an]rali [d¿zand¿zrali] boring ]an]ranal [d¿zand¿zranal] to be bored ]g;l [d¿z§kŒel] to pull, to drag ]g]g;l [d¿z§kŒd¿z§kŒel] to postpone, to drag, to delay 484

]gt;l [d¿z§gtel] to strive ];x [d¿zez] to you (plural / formal) ];j [d¿zetŒ] olive oil ];®agir [d¿ze¤agir] manuscript ];®nark [d¿ze¤nark] enterprise, undertaking ];®nark;l [d¿ze¤narkel] to undertake ];®na'a\t [d¿ze¤napŒayt] stick, cane ];®noz [d¿ze¤not¿sŒ] glove ];®nouna\n [d¿ze¤nunayn] empty-handed ];®q [d¿ze¤kŒ] hand ];r [d¿zer] your (plural / formal) ];rbakal;l [d¿ze¤bakalel] to arrest ]i [d¿zi] horse ]iawor [d¿ziavor] rider, horseman ]iar,aw [d¿ziars¿hav] horse race ]irq [d¿zirkŒ] gift, talent ]knkij [d¿z§k§nkitŒ] caviar ]knors [d¿z§knors] fisherman ]m;® [d¿z§me¤] winter ]m;rouk [d¿z§meruk] watermelon ]\oun [d¿zyun] snow ]or [d¿zor] dale, valley ]wa‘;[ [d¿z§vat¿seg¿h] omelet ]ri [d¿z§ri] free, gratis ]ou [d¿zu] egg ]oul;l [d¿zulel] to mold (statue) ]ouk [d¿zuk] fish ]… [d¿zev] form, way, manner ]…akan [d¿zevakan] formal, nominal ]…anal [d¿zevanal] to pretend ]…a'o.;l [d¿zevapŒk¿hel] to transform, to transmute

{ [;k [g¿hek] rudder, helm [;kaniw [g¿hekaniv] wheel [;kawar [g¿hekavar] leader [;kawar;l [g¿hekavarel] to lead, to govern [;kawarouj\oun [g¿hekavarutŒyun] direction, management {oran [G¿horan] Koran

Y yagar [c¿hagar] rabbit ya.arak [c¿hak¿harak] bobbin yakat [c¿hakat] forehead, front, facade yakatagir [c¿hakatagir] fate, destiny yakatamart [c¿hakatamart] combat, battle yafiy [c¿hahic¿h] marsh, swamp yamprouk [c¿hampruk] suitcase, luggage

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY yam'a [c¿hampŒa] route, road yam'ord;l [c¿hampŒortŒel] to travel yam'ordouj\oun [ch¿ ampŒortŒutŒyun] journey, ya\ [c¿hay] seagull yanac;l [c¿hanac¿hŒel] to know, to recognize yank [c¿hank] claw, paw yany [c¿hanc¿h] fly ya, [c¿has¿h] meal ya,ak [c¿has¿hak] taste ya,akawor [c¿has¿hakavor] tasteful ya,ak;l [c¿has¿hakel] to enjoy, to savor ya,as;[an [c¿has¿haseg¿han ] dinner table ya,as;n\ak [c¿has¿hasenyak] dining room ya,;l [c¿has¿hel] to dine, to eat, to have dinner ya,k;rou\j [ch¿ ash¿ keruytŒ] feast, gala, dinner yaponakan [c¿haponakan] Japanese (adj.) yaponazi [c¿haponakan] Japanese (male) yapon;r;n [ch¿ aponeren] Japanese (language) Yaponia [c¿hapon] Japan yaponoufi [c¿haponuhi] Japanese (fem.) ya® [c¿ha¤] speech, discourse ya®aga\j [c¿ha¤agaytŒ] ray, gleam yatrak [c¿hatrak] chess yar [c¿har] remedy, solution yar;l [c¿harel] to obtain, to procure yarp [c¿harp] grease, fat yarpik [c¿harpik] skillful, clever yartar [c¿hartar] eloquent, articulate yartarag;t [c¿hartaraget] engineer yartarap;t [c¿hartarapet] architect yartarap;takan [c¿hartarapetakan] architectural yartarap;touj\oun [c¿hartarapetutŒyun] architecture ygnavam [c¿h§kŒnazh¿ am] crisis y;[q [c¿hegh¿ kŒ] slit, rift y;maran [c¿hemaran] seminary y;rmak [c¿hermak] white yxm;l [c¿h§zmel] to crush, to press yig [c¿hikŒ] effort yi,t [c¿his¿ht] just, right yic [c¿hic¿hŒ] cry, scream yiran [c¿hiran] claw ykoun [c¿h§kun] flexible, pliant y\ou[ [c¿hyug¿h] branch, bough; shoot yny[ouk [c¿h§nc¿h§g¿huk] sparrow yn,;l [c¿h§ns¿hel] to pressure, to oppress yn,oum [c¿h§ns¿hum] pressure; oppression y,grit [c¿h§s¿hgrit] exact, precise y,marit [c¿h§s¿hmarit] true, truthful

y,martouj\oun [c¿h§s¿hmartutŒyun] truth y,t;l [c¿h§s¿htel] to verify yo. [c¿hok¿h] opulent, rich yo.ouj\oun [c¿hok¿hutŒyun] opulence, luxury yort [c¿hort] serf; slave ycal [c¿h§c¿hŒal] to scream, to screech yout [c¿hut] chick

M maglz;l [mag§lt¿sŒel] to climb max [maz] hair ma‘oun [mat¿sun] yogurt makabou\‘ [makabuyt¿s] parasite makanoun [makanun] family name makardak [makardak] level makba\ [makbay] adverb mak;r;s [makeres] surface mak;r…ou\j [makerevuytŒ] surface makou\k [makuyk] canoe maf [mah] death mafyakal [mahc¿hakal] bed ma[ [mag¿h] sieve, sifter ma[j;l [mag¿htŒel] to wish (well) mamoul [mamul] press ma\j [maytŒ] sidewalk ma\is [mayis] May ma\r(ik) [mayr(ik)] mother ma\ramout [mayramut] sunset ma\raqa[aq [mayrakŒag¿hakŒ] capital ma\r;ni l;xou [mayreni lezu] mother tongue manan;. [mananek¿h] mustard manawand [manavand] especially, above all manga[ [mangag¿h] sickle man;l [manel] to spin mankakan [mankakan] childish mankawarv [mankavarz¿h] educator, pedagogue mankawarvouj\oun [mankavarz¿hutŒyun] pedagogy mankik [mankik] baby mankouj\oun [mankutŒyun] childhood manr [man§r] small, tiny manramasn [manramas§n] detailed manramasnouj\oun [manramasnutŒyun] detail manouk [manuk] infant manou,ak [manus¿hak] violet (flower) manou,akagou\n [manus¿hakaguyn] violet (color) ma,;l [mas¿hel] to wear out, to use up ma,k [mas¿hk] skin 485

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ma,w;l [mas¿hvel] to get worn ma®an [ma¤an] cellar, pantry mas [mas] part masamb [masamb] partly, in part masnag;t [masnaget] expert, specialist masnagitouj\oun [masnagitutŒyun] profession, specialization masnakiz [masnakit¿sŒ] participant masnakz;l [masnakt¿sŒel] to participate masnawor [masnavor] special, private mat [mat] finger matani [matani] ring mat;nadaran [matenadaran] library, repository for old manuscripts matit [matit] pencil mat\an [matyan] manuscript, handwritten book matn;l [matnel] to betray; to denounce matc;li [matc¿hŒeli] accessible matouz;l [matut¿sŒel] to offer, to present, to serve ( about food, drinks, etc.) matouzo[ [matut¿sŒog¿h] waiter margag;tin [markŒagetin] meadow margar; [markŒare] prophet mard [martŒ] human being, man mardik [martŒik] people mardkouj\oun [martŒkutŒyun] humanity mar;l [marel] to extinguish, to quench marxanq [marzankŒ] exercise, gymnastics marx;l [marzel] to train, to exercise marmar [marmar] marble marmin [marmin] body mart [mart] (1) March; (2) battle, combat martik [martik] soldier, warrior maqi [makŒi] ewe, sheep maqr;l [makŒrel] to clean maqrouj\oun [makŒrutŒyun] to clean maqour [makŒur] clean, pure, neat m;x [mez] (pron.) (to) us m;x [mez] (noun) urine m;. [mek¿h] nail m;.ak [mek¿hak] carnation m;.;l [mek¿hel] to nail m;‘ [met¿s] big, great, large m;‘afasak [met¿sahasak] aged, old m;‘amit [met¿samit] high-minded, haughty m;‘anal [met¿sanal] to grow m;‘ar;l [met¿sarel] to honor, to treat m;‘ouj\oun [met¿su] greatness, largeness m;k [mek] one 486

m;knaban;l [meknabanel] to comment, to interpret m;kn;l [meknel] to depart, to leave m;[awor [meg¿havor] guilty, sinful m;[m [meg¿hm] mild m;[r [meg¿h§r] honey m;[ramis [meg¿hramis] honeymoon m;[ou [meg¿hu] bee m;[q [meg¿hkŒ] sin m;nak [menak] alone m;nq [menkŒ] we m;= [mec¿hŒ] in m;=b;r;l [mec¿hŒberel] to quote m;=t;[ [mejteg¿h] midst, in the middle m;=q [mec¿hŒkŒ] flank, back m;®a‘ [me¤at¿s] dead m;®n;l [me¤nel] to die m;ta[ [metag¿h] metal m;r [mer] our m;rj [mertŒ] sometimes m;rv;l [merz¿hel] to refuse m;rk [merk] naked, uncovered m;q;na [mekŒena] machine; car mj;ra\in [m§tŒerayin] grocery (store) mj;rq [m§tŒerkŒ] grocery mjnolort [m§tŒnolort] atmosphere mi [mi] a, an miak [miak] the only, sole miamit [miamit] naive mia]a\n [miad¿zayn] unanimous(ly) mia\n [miayn] only mia\nak [miaynak] lonely miasin [miasin] together miawor [miavor] unit miaz\al [miat¿sŒyal] united Miaz\al Nafangn;r[Miat¿sŒyal Nahangner] United States mix;l [mizel] to urinate mi#j; [mitŒe?] Is that so? Is it possible? miliard [milyard billion milion [milyon] million minc [minc¿hŒ] while; as mincd;® [minc¿hŒde¤] while, whereas minc… [minc¿hŒev] until mi,t [mis¿ht] always mi=ak [mijak] mediocre, middle mi=anzq [mijant¿sŒkŒ] hallway, corridor mi=awa\r [mijavayr] environment mi=at [mijat] insect mi=in [mic¿hŒin] middle; intermediate; average

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY mi=… [mic¿hŒev] between mi=nadar [mic¿hŒnadar] middle ages mi=nadar\an [mic¿hŒnadaryan] medieval mi=nord [mic¿hŒnortŒ] middleman mi=oz [mijot¿sŒ] means mi=ouk [mic¿hŒuk] kernel mis [mis] meat, flesh mitq [mitkŒ] mind, intellect mirg [mirkŒ] fruit miouj\oun [miutŒun] union m.ijar;l [m§k¿hitŒarel] to console mkan [m§kan] muscle mkrat [m§krat] scissors mkrt;l [m§k§rtel] to christen, to baptize m\ous [myus] other mnal [m§nal] to remain, to stay mnazord [m§nat¿sŒortŒ] rest, remnant m,ak;l [m§s¿hakel] to cultivate m,akw;l [m§s¿hakvel] to be cultivated m,akouja\in [m§s¿hakutŒayin] cultural m,akou\j [m§s¿hakuytŒ] culture m,takan [m§s¿htakan] everlasting, steady m,tanorog [m§s¿htanorokŒ] everlasting m,ou, [m§s¿hus¿h] fog, mist moli [moli] frenetic, maniac molorak [molorak] planet mo.ir [mok¿hir] ash mo.ragou\n [mok¿hraguyn] grey mom [mom] candle mo®anal [mo¤anal] to forget mo®azouj\oun [mo¤at¿sŒutŒyun] oblivion mot [mot] near, adjacent; about motaka\q [motakaykŒ] vicinity mot;nal [motenal] to approach moraqou\r [morakŒuyr] maternal aunt mor;[ba\r [moryeg¿hpŒayr] maternal uncle morj [mortŒ] skin morji [mortŒi] leather, fur morouq [morukŒ] beard m®m®al [m§¤m§¤al] to mumble, to grumble msour [m§sur] stall, crib mta‘;l [m§tat¿sel] to think, to speculate mta‘;lak;rp [m§tat¿selakerp] mentality mtaf[azoum [m§tah§g¿hat¿sŒum] conception of an idea mtafog [m§tahog] worried mtafogouj\oun [m§tahogutŒyun] worry mtawor [m§tavor] mental mt;rim [m§terim] intimate mtn;l [m§tnel] to enter

mtrak [m§trak] whip, lash mrgastan [m§rkŒastan] orchard mrs;l [m§rsel] to feel cold, to catch cold mrzanak [m§rt¿sŒanak] prize mrz;l [m§rt¿sŒel] to compete mrzou\j [m§rt¿sŒuytŒ] competition moug [mukŒ] dark (about color) moug kanac [mukŒ kanac¿hŒ] dark green mouj [mutŒ] dark, gloomy mou. [muk¿h] smoke mouk [muk] mouse moutq [mutkŒ] entrance mour [mur] soot moural [mural] to beg, to ask alms, to solicit charity

| \ar [yar] (colloquial) sweetheart, darling \oj [yotŒ] seven \ojanasoun [yotŒanasun] seventy \oj;rord [yotŒerortŒ] seventh \ou[ [yug¿h ] oil \ou[ot [yug¿hot] oily, greasy, fatty \ourafatouk [yurahatuk] unique, special \oura\in [yurayin] close relative; kin \ourazn;l [yurat¿sŒ§nel] to appropriate \ouraqanc\our [yurakŒanc¿hŒyur] each, every \ourørinak [yurorinak] original; peculiar, unusual

N na [na] he/she/it na. [nak¿h] first (of all) na.aban [nak¿haban] preface na.agaf [nak¿hagah] president na.afa\r [nak¿hahayr] forefather, ancestor na.aya, [nak¿hac¿has¿h] breakfast na.an] [nak¿hand¿z] envy na.an];l [nak¿hand¿zel] to envy na.apa,aroum [nak¿hapas¿harmunkŒ] superstition na.at;l [nak¿hatel] to reproach; to insult na.arar [nak¿harar] minister na.entr;l [nak¿h§ntrel] to prefer na.kin [nak¿hkin] previous, former; prior na.nakan [nak¿hnakan] preliminary; primary; principal na.ni [nak¿hni] ancestor na.ord [nak¿hord] previous, former, predecessor 487

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY nafang [nahang] state, province nafan= [nahanj] retreat nafan=;l [nahanjel] to retreat nafatak [nahatak] victim, martyr namak [namak] letter namakani, [namakanish¿ ] postage stamp namakatar [namakatar] postman; courier na\;l [nayel] to look napastak [napastak] hare naw [nav] ship, vessel nawak [navak] boat nawasti [navasti] sailor, seaman narin= [narinj] orange (fruit) narn=agou\n [nar§njaguyn] orange (color) na… [nayev] also, as well n;[ [neg¿h] narrow, tight, close n;[anal [neg¿hanal] 1. to become narrow; 2. to take offence, to become angry n;[;l [neg¿hel] to annoy, to trouble, to vex n;[w;l [neg¿hvel] to be vexed n;[ouj\oun [neg¿hutŒyun] narrowness; trouble, torment n;ng [neng] perfidious, sly, deceitful, fraudulent n;t [net] arrow; dart n;t;l [netel] to throw off, to dart n;r [ner] sister-in-law (the wife of a brotherin-law) n;rga[j;l [nergag¿htŒel] to immigrate n;rgo\akan [nergoyakan] locative (case) n;rgor‘akan [nergort¿sakan] transitive n;rda,nak [nerdas¿hnak] harmonious n;rdn;l [nerd§nel] put in, contribute, invest n;r;l [nerel] to forgive, to excuse n;rk [nerk] paint, dye n;rka [nerka] present n;rka\anal [nerkayanal] to present oneself, to introduce oneself n;rka\azn;l [nerkayat¿sŒ§nel] to represent, to present n;rka\azouzic [nerkayat¿sŒut¿sŒich¿ Œ] representative n;rkarar [nerkarar] painter (of walls) n;rk;l [nerkel] to paint n;rmou‘;l [nermut¿sel] to import n;r,nc;l [ners¿h§nc¿hŒel] to inspire; to inhale n;rs [ners] in, inside n;r'ak [nerpŒak] enclosed n;rqin [nerkŒin] interior, inner; internal nifar [nihar] thin, lean, skinny 488

nifar;l [niharel] to lose weight ni, [nis¿h] mark, sign nist [nist] session, meeting; sitting nkat;l [n§katel] to notice nkar [n§kar] picture, painting nkaragir [n§karagir] character nkaragr;l [n§karagrel] to describe nkar;l [n§karel] to paint, to picture nkaric [n§karic¿hŒ] painter (male artist) nkarcoufi [n§karc¿hŒuhi] painter (female artist) nkou[ [n§kug¿h] basement, cellar; cave nman [n§man] like, alike, similar nmanw;l [n§manvel] to resemble nmou, [n§mus¿h] sample, pattern n\ard [nyartŒ] nerve; tendon n\ouj [nyutŒ] material nn=as;n\ak [n§njasenyak] bedroom n,an [n§s¿han] sign, mark, signal n,ana‘ [n§s¿hanat¿s] fiancé n,ana.osouj\oun [n§s¿hanak¿hosutŒyun] engagement n,anak;l [n§s¿hanakel] to mean, to nominate n,anakouj\oun [n§sh¿ anakutŒyun] sense, meaning n,anawor [n§s¿hanavor] renowned, famous n,anwa‘ [n§s¿hanvat¿s] engaged n,;l [n§s¿hel] to mention, to point out; to celebrate noyi [noc¿hi] cypress nopa [nopa] attack (illness) nor [nor] new noriz [norit¿sŒ] again norog;l [norogel] to renew, to refresh; to renovate npast;l [n§pastel] to contribute nst;l [n§stel] to sit, to be seated nwag [n§vag] music nwag;l [n§vagel] to play (an instrument) nwagakz;l [n§vagakt¿sŒel] to accompany (on a musical instrument) nway;l [n§vach¿ el] to subdue; to conquer; to prevail nw;r [n§ver] present, gift nwir;l [n§virel] to give (a present) nra [n§ra] his/her nranz [n§rant¿sŒ] them nranq [n§rankŒ] they nrb;r,ik [n§rbers¿hik] frankfurter, hot dog nou\n [nuyn] same, identical

ARMENIAN-ENGLISH GLOSSARY nou\np;s [nuynpes] similarly nou, [nus¿h] almond nou® [nu¤] pomegranate nourb [nurpŒ] fine, subtle, tender, delicate

< ,abaj [s¿hapŒatŒ] 1. Saturday; 2. week ,abajaj;rj [sh¿ apŒatŒatŒertŒ] weekly newspaper ,abajakan [s¿hapŒatŒakan] weekly ,abajaw;r= [s¿hapŒatŒaverc¿hŒ] weekend ,aganak [s¿haganak] chestnut ,aganakagou\n [s¿haganakaguyn] chestnutcolored, nutbrown ,al [s¿hal] shawl, scarf ,alak [s¿halak] (coll.) back (anat.) ,af [s¿hah] profit, gain ,afagor‘;l [s¿hahagort¿sel] to exploit, to use ,afamol [s¿hahamol] profit-seeking, mercenary ,af;l [s¿hahel] to earn; to gain ,a[gam [s¿hag¿hgam] turnip ,am'our [s¿hampŒur] skewer ,apik [s¿hapik] shirt ,at [s¿hat] very, many, much ,ata.os [s¿hatak¿hos] talkative; chatterbox ,atak;r [s¿hataker] voracious; glutton ,aradr;l [s¿haradrel] to compose (in writing) ,aradrouj\oun [s¿haradrutŒyun] composition, essay ,arv;l [s¿harz¿hel] to move (trans.) ,arvw;l [s¿harz¿h§vel] to move (intrans.) ,arvoum [s¿harz¿hum] movement ,arounak [s¿harunak] continuously ,arounak;l [s¿harunakel] to continue ,arounakouj\oun [sh¿ arunakutŒyun] continuation ,arq [s¿harkŒ] row, rank, range; line ,aqar [s¿hakŒar] sugar ,;[ [s¿heg¿h] oblique ,;[;l [s¿heg¿hel] to deviate ,;[w;l [s¿heg¿hvel] to deviate ,;[oum [s¿heg¿hum] deviation ,;m [s¿hem] threshold ,;n [s¿hen] merry, joyful; prosperous ,;nq [s¿henkŒ] building, edifice ,;,t [s¿hes¿ht] stress, accent(uation) ,;,t;l [s¿hes¿htel] to stress, to accentuate ,;r;' [s¿herepŒ] scoop, ladle ,;rt [s¿hert] slice, layer

,;'or [s¿hepŒor] trumpet, fanfare ,in;l [s¿hinel] to build ,inararouj\oun [s¿hinararutŒyun] construction ,i, [s¿his¿h] bottle ,itak [s¿hitak] right, straight, correct, erect ,irim [s¿hirim] tomb, grave ,[ja [s¿h§g¿htŒa] chain ,norf [s¿h§norh] grace, favor ,norfakal [s¿h§norhakal] grateful, thankful ,norfakalouj\oun [sh¿ §norhakalutŒyun] thanks, gratitude, “thank you” ,norfawo@r [s¿h§norhavor] Congratulations! Merry ... ,norfawor;l [s¿h§norhavorel] to congratulate ,norfiw [s¿h§norhiv] thanks to ,nc;l [s¿h§nc¿hŒel] to breathe ,og;naw [s¿hokŒenav] steamboat ,ogi [s¿hokŒi] steam ,o[ [s¿hog¿h] beam ,o[al [s¿hog¿hal] to shine, to flash ,o[q [s¿hog¿hkŒ] reflection ,o\;l [s¿hoyel] to caress, to pet ,o,a';l [s¿hos¿hapŒel] to feel, to touch ,or [s¿hor] clothes, dress; cloth ,®a\l [s¿h§¤ayl] wasteful, lavish ,®a\l;l [s¿h§¤aylel] to waste; to squander ,w;dakan [s¿hvedakan] Swedish (adj.) ,w;dazi [s¿hvedat¿sŒi] Swedish (person) ,w;d;r;n [s¿hvederen] Swedish (language) orfrda\in Fa\astan% ort;[ ambo[=azr;l h mi=nakarg krjouj\oune! 1952-in awart;l h :r…ani W& Br\ousowi anwan ®ousaz … øtar l;xoun;ri mankawarvakan institoute … sks;l ir mankawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\ane orp;s g;rman;r;ni dasa.os na. a\d nou\n institoutoum% apa 1957-iz :r…ani p;takan famalsaranoum (:PF)! 1958-1961-in sowor;l h Moskwa\i Lomonosowi anwan famalsarani aspirantoura\oum% ort;[ … 1965-in pa,tpan;l h at;na.osouj\oun^ stanalow banasirakan gitouj\ounn;ri j;kna‘oui astiyan! 1966-1974jj& ;[;l h :PF-i øtar l;xoun;ri famafamalsaranakan ambioni waric … ®omanag;rmanakan banasirouj\an ambioni dasa.os! 1975-in D& Saqa\ane t;[a'o.w;l h Monr;al (Kanada) … nou\n tarwaniz a,.at;l orp;s MakGil (McGill) famalsarani g;rmanakan ousoumnasirouj\ounn;ri ambioni dasa.os% isk 1981-iz^ na… øtar l;xoun;ri bavanmounqi waric! 1987-in nran ,norfw;l h pro`;sori kocoum … nou\n famalsaranoum zmaf pa,tonawar;lou irawounq (tenure)! W;r=in ;r;q tasnam\akoum pro`& D& Saqa\ane g;rmanagitouj\ane xougenjaz gitakan ‘anrak,i® f;taxotouj\ounn;r h kataroum fa\agitouj\an bnagawa®oum^ st;[‘;low mi ,arq kar…or m;nagrouj\ounn;r! Nra grcin ;n patkanoum fa\;r;ni anwanakanazoumn;ri masin ousoumnasirouj\oune (cf. Formen der Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententiale Anapher im Ostarmenischen, Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986)% baxmajiw fodwa‘n;r% jargmanouj\ounn;r ou .embagrouj\ounn;r (cf. A Universal Theory of Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collaboration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2003), boufakan … dprozakan dasagrq;r ou ousoumnakan ];®narkn;r (cf. Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking world. A Contrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000)! D& Saqa\ane MakGil famalsaranoum st;[‘;l h fa\;r;ni dasenjazn;r! Kaxmak;rp;l h mi=axga\in gitavo[own;r% a\d jwoum^ fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘ 5-rd mi=axga\in gitavo[owe 1995-in% ori n\ouj;re fratarak;l h 1996-in! Na fimn;l h ir s;'akan 'oqr fratarakcouj\oune (Arod Books)% ort;[ fratarakoum h fa\agitouj\ane nwirwa‘ ir gor‘;re! Na irawamb famarwoum h Kanada\oum fa\agitouj\an fimnadire! D& Saqa\ane ir gor‘;re n;rka\aznoum h tarb;r l;xoun;row^ fa\;r;n% g;rman;r;n% angl;r;n% ®ous;r;n ou founar;n! D& Saqa\ani ;rkaram\a b;[mnawor gitamankawarvakan gor‘oun;ouj\oune la\n yanacoum h staz;l fa\r;niqoum … art;rkroum! Na arvanaz;l h fa\r;nakan … mi=axga\in mrzanakn;ri ou patwogr;ri% a\d jwoum^ g;rmanakan ka®awarouj\an ªArvan\az kargi .acº (Bundesverdienstkreuz) qa[aqaziakan bar]ragou\n patwo n,anin 2001-in … Gar;gin B Am;na\n Fa\oz Kajo[ikosi ko[miz ªS& Safak … S& M;sropº patwo bar]r ,qan,anin 2005-in!

DORA SAKAYAN (A Short Biography) DORA SAKAYAN was born in Salonica (Greece). She received her elementary education at the local Armenian Gulbenkian school and subsequently went to a German language secondary school, first in Salonica and then in Vienna (Austria). In 1946 she repatriated with her parents to Soviet Armenia, where she completed her secondary education. In 1952, she graduated from the Yerevan State Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages and started her teaching career as an instructor of German, first at the same institute, thereafter at the Yerevan State University (YSU). In the years 1958-1961, she was a graduate student at the Moscow Lomonosov State University, where she received her Ph.D. in 1965. From 1966 to 1974, she was Chair of the Department of Foreign Languages at YSU, with concomitant teaching duties in the department of Romance and Germanic philology. In 1975, Sakayan moved to Canada and continued her career in the department of German Studies at McGill University in Montreal. In 1981 she became head of the Modern Language Program. In 1987 she was given tenure and appointed Associate Professor, and in 1991 she was promoted to full Professor. Without neglecting her main field of research, which is Germanic linguistics, Sakayan has also been highly productive during the last three decades in the field of Armenian linguistics. She is the author and co-author of several monographs, including the one about Armenian nominalizations (cf. Formen der Textkohärenz. Nominalisierung als sententiale Anapher im Ostarmenischen. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1986). She has written numerous articles, has made many translations and prepared many editions (cf. A Universal Theory of Language. Gevork B. Jahukian, in collaboration with Dora Sakayan. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books, 2003). She has also written textbooks and pedagogical guides for German and Armenian (cf. Modern Western Armenian for the English-speaking world. A Contrastive Approach. Montreal: Arod Books, 2000). In 1981 Sakayan set up a program of Armenian courses at McGill University. She has been the organizer of several international conferences, including the Fifth International Conference on Armenian Linguistics in 1995 at McGill University, the proceedings of which she edited in 1996. She is the owner of a small press (Arod Books in Montreal) where she publishes her Armenological works. Sakayan is rightly considered a pioneer of Armenian Studies in Canada. She writes in a number of languages: German, Armenian, Russian, English, and Modern Greek. A recognized and respected scholar and educator, Sakayan has received many honors and awards, including in 2001 Germany’s coveted Cross of the Order of Merit (Bundesverdienstkreuz) and in 2005 the St. Sahag and St. Mesrob medal, along with a pontifical citation by His Holiness Garegin II, Catholicos of All Armenians.