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ASIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ISSN: 0976-3376

Asian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4, Issue 10, pp.140-144, October, 2013

RESEARCH ARTICLE A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ginkgo biloba GOLD NANOPARTICLES- AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS *Thavaprakasam Arundoss, Subramaniyan Arulkumar, Karumbayiram Senthilkumar, Muthukumaran Sabesan and Krishnamoorthy Vasudevan Department of Zoology, Faculty of science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India

ARTICLE INFO

ABSTRACT

Article History:

Background: Biological approaches using plant extracts for metal nanoparticle synthesis have been suggested as valuable alternatives to chemical methods. In the present investigation, synthesis of gold nanoparticles is done by using Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Methods: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results: The formation of nanoparticles by this method is extremely rapid, requires no toxic chemicals and the nanoparticles are stable for several months. Conclusion: This green synthesis approach is rapid and better alternative to chemical synthesis and also effective for the large scale synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

Received 08th July, 2013 Received in revised form 14th August, 2013 Accepted 28th September, 2013 Published online 30th October, 2013

Key words: Ginkgo biloba, Plant extract, Green synthesis, Gold nanoparticles, Characterization.

Copyright © 2013 Gowri, et al., This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION Nanoscience and Nanotechnology is one of the most blooming technologies of the current scenario. The development of reliable, ecofriendly processes for the synthesis of nanoscale material is an important aspect of nanotechnology (Rajashree and Suman, 2012). Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures that are ranged from 1 to 100 nm (Song et al., 2009). An important area in nanotechnology deals with the synthesis of nanoparticles which has encountered immense progress due to innumerable applications in recent decades (Cheon and Horace, 2009). Nanoparticles are particles less than 100 nm in diameter that exhibit new and enhanced size-dependent properties compared to its bulk material (Baker and Satish, 2012). Among the various classes of nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles are receiving much attention due to their application in various fields of science and technology (Barman et al., 2013). Conventional synthetic methods of silver and gold nanoparticles have involved a number of chemical methods. The development of these new methods, the concern for environmental contaminations is also heightened as the chemical procedures involved in the synthesis of nanomaterials generate a large amount of hazardous *Corresponding author: Thavaprakasam Arundoss Department of Zoology, Faculty of science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India

byproducts (Sonavanea et al., 2008). Bioinspired nanoparticles play an important role in the field of biomedical technology. There are various microbes, plants, algae and biochemical compounds are play an important role in the field of green nanoparticles synthesis (Rajeshkumar et al., 2013). Using plants in the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, especially gold and silver nanoparticles, has received more attention as suitable alternative to chemical procedures and physical methods. Bioreduction of metal nanoparticles using a combination of biomolecules found in plant extract, e.g., enzymes, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, and organic acids such as citrates is environmentally benign yet chemically complex. Extracts from plants may act as both reducing and capping agents in nanoparticle synthesis (Barman et al., 2013). Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 5000 years (Fig.1) (Dubey et al., 2003). Ginkgo biloba extracts have been shown to have neuroprotective actions based on experimental evidence (Dajas et al., 2003). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instabilities. In addition, neuropsychiatric, perceptual and cognitive deficits are increasingly recognized as non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease (Carbon and Eidelberg, 2006). A green method for nanoparticle preparation should be evaluated from three aspects: the solvent, the reducing agent, and the

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stabilizing agent. In green method for the preparation of nanoparticles using naturally occurring plant extract act as both the reducing and stabilizing agent. No other chemicalreducing agent is needed. The reaction is carried out in an aqueous solution in a process that is benign to the environment (Arulkumar and Sabesan, 2010). In this study, we explore a simple, environment benign biosynthetic approach was investigated for the preparation of gold nanoparticles, using Ginkgo biloba, a medicinal plant which is used for the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders, has been shown effective in the reduction of Au (III) to Au (0) and extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract found to successfully produce gold nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes.

dissolved in deionized water. The bio reduction of Au (III)+ in aqueous solution was monitored by periodic sampling of aliquots of the suspension. The synthesized nanoparticles were stored in a deep freezer until further use. UV-Vis Spectroscopy Studies UV-vis spectroscopy measurements of the GNPs formed were recorded as a function of time of reaction using dual beam spectroscopy Hitachi -U-2001 spectrophotometer operated at a resolution of 1 nm. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis To peep into the crystalinity and the lattice properties of the GNPs, XRD measurements were done on a Phillips PW 1830 instrument operating at a voltage of 40 KV and current of 20 mA with Cu Kα radiation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis (FTIR)

Figure 1. Ginkgo biloba leaf

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis (FTIR) measurements were made after complete reduction of AuCl4ions by the Ginkgo biloba solution. The reaction solution was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm for 20 min to isolate the GNPs from free proteins or other compounds present in the solution. The collected GNPs were redispersed in water prior to FTIR analysis, and centrifugation again at 14,000 rpm for 20 min to isolate the GNPs from free proteins or any other biomolecules present in the solution. Then the GNPs were freeze-dried. The frozen GNPs powder was ground thoroughly with 1 mg KBr for FTIR analysis an Avator-330 Spectrum instrument in the diffuse reflectance mode at a resolution of 4 cm−1. Scanning Electron Nanoparticles

Microscopic

Analysis

of

Gold

Chemicals All the experiments were conducted at room temperature. Material used for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles are chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) (National scientific suppliers, Chennai). Preparation of extract Ginkgo biloba leaves were collected from Recekon Ceo, Himachal Pradesh. They were brought to the laboratory, it was washed thoroughly thrice with tap water to remove the debris, then it was cleaned thoroughly by double distilled water, and then shade dried for 3–5 days. Dried leaves were ground to powder. The methanolic extract was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus. The extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper No.1 and it was kept in deep freezer until use. Formation of gold nanoparticles 1 mM solution of 100 ml Chloroauric acid (0.034 g) at concentration of 10-3 M was prepared by dissolving DDW (100 ml), kept in a 250 m L Erlenmeyer flask. 100 ml of Ginkgo biloba (0.030 g) supernatant was added to the chloroauric acid solution. The gold nanoparticles solution thus obtained was purified by repeated centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 20 min. Supernatant was discarded and the pellet was

Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) analysis was done using JEOL JSM-5610 SEM machine. A single drop of the sample was placed on the sample stage, and the aqueous solution was allowed to evaporate for 5 min. The dried sample was coated with gold using an ion sputter-coater with a gold target, and further analyzed for size and shape at different magnifications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Visual observations After addition of the gold salt solution in plant extract, the color changed from colorless to deep brownish color indicating the formation of GNPs (Fig. 2). The bioreduction occur within 20 min. The initial color of the reaction mixture soon after the addition of plant extract solution to HAuCl4 salt solution was light brown and does not show any peak in the visible spectrum. The light brown color changes to deep in a short time. The intensity of this deep brown color rapidly enhances with time. Anilkumar and Sabesan, 2010, reported within 10 min of reaction with Au+ ions. From this findings it confirmed that our G. biloba extract also react with Au+ ions and form the AuNPs.

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FTIR analysis

Figure 2. Visual observations of Ginkgo biloba gold nanoparticles (1) HAuCl4 (2) Extract before adding HAuCl4 solution (3) Ginkgo biloba gold nanoparticles after adding HAuCl4 solution

Characterization

Fig. 4 shows the FTIR spectrum of the gold nanoparticles showed bands at 1019, 1227, 1380, 1461, 1578, 1634, 2852, 2922 cm-1 along with other small bands. The bands at 1019 cm-1 corresponds to the C-N stretching vibration of aliphatic amines or to alcohols/phenols and functional groups. The weaker bands at 1227, 1380, 1461, 1578, 1634 cm-1 corresponds to the amide III and amide I bands of proteins, respectively. This evidence suggest that the G. biloba gold nanoparticles are surrounded by proteins and other metabolites. It was previously reported that the gold nanoparticles synthesized using M. kobus extract are surrounded by some proteins and metabolites such as terpenoids having functional groups of amines, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids (Wang et al., 2009). Previous report stated that the protein molecules act as surface coating molecules which keep away from the internal agglomeration of the particles. Consequently, the nanoparticles are stabilized in nanosolutions (Narayanan and Sakthivel, 2008).

UV-Vis Spectroscopy Studies Fig.3 displays the formation of the GNPs using G. biloba leaf extracts. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) bands centered between 500-600 nm. The appearance of peaks in visible region can be attributed to the quantum mechanical effects when the size of the particles enters in the nano-regime. There was an intense peak at 534 nm. The deep brownish colour of the GNPs is due to a size dependent quantum mechanical phenomenon when the electrons of the matter get caged to nano-boxes. It is observed that there is no obvious peak before the reaction and the maximum absorbance occurs at around 540 nm after the reaction .There is no obvious agglomeration in the solution, it suggest that the biosynthesized gold nanoparticles using G. biloba have good stability. Wang et al. (2009) reported that, the proteins could most possible form a coat covering the AuNPs to prevent agglomeration of the particles and stabilizing in the medium. This evidence suggests that the biological molecules could possibly perform the function for the formation and stabilization of the AuNPs in Aqueous medium.

Figure 3. UV-Vis spectrum of gold nanoparticles measured at the time of reaction of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract with aqueous solution of 10−3mol / L HAuCl4

Figure 4. FT-IR spectrum of gold nanoparticles synthesized by reacting HAuCl4. with Ginkgo biloba leaf extract

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis It involves the monitoring of the diffraction patterns of x-rays after they interact with the sample. It is used to identify the crystal structure. The formation of gold nanoparticles synthesized using G. biloba leaf extract was further supported by X-ray diffraction measurements (Fig. 5). A number of strong Bragg reflections can be seen which correspond to the (111), (200), (220), (311) reflections that may be indexed on the basis of the fcc structure of gold. The (220), (311) and (200) Bragg reflections are weak and considerably broadened relative to the intense (111) reflection. This interesting feature indicates that gold nanocrystals are in the film are predominantly (111) oriented. The presence of these four intense peaks corresponding to the nanoparticles was in agreement with the Bragg's reflections of gold identified with the diffraction pattern (Ghodake and Lee, 2011). The XRD results thus show that the gold nanoparticles formed are crystalline.

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gold nanoparticles from Auric-chloride using G. biloba leaf extract within 20 min. The reduction of gold ions by the leaf extract resulted in the formation of stable nanoparticles with spherical shape which ranged from 5-40 nm in size. The concentration of lead extracts and metal ions play an important role in the green synthesis of AUNPs. The spectroscopic characterizations using UV-Vis, XRD, SEM were used to identify the formation and confirming the shape and size and their composition. The polyphenolic and amide linkages in the proteins or enzymes present in the extract may be responsible for the reduction of gold ions to gold nanoparticles that were identified using FTIR spectrum. This simple, low cost, nontoxic and eco-friendly leaves could thus be used as an efficient alternative to the cost intensive conventional methods. Figure 5. XRD spectrum of gold nanoparticles synthesized by Ginkgo biloba leaf extract

SEM Analysis Fig. 6 represents the SEM image recorded from drop coated film of the gold nanoparticles synthesized using G. biloba leaf extract. SEM analysis shows uniformly distributed gold nanoparticles on the surfaces of the cells. The gold nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size range from 5 to 40 nm. It is known that the shape of metal nanoparticles can considerably change their optical and electronic properties (Kim et al., 2007).

Figure 6. SEM images of Ginkgo biloba gold nanoparticles

Conclusion In conclusion, the gold nanoparticle was synthesized using the plant extract G. biloba. We have demonstrated a fast, ecofriendly, and convenient green method for the synthesis of

Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. G. Singaravelu, Asst. professor, Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar Unviersity, Vellore and his research scholars for the academic support. Conflict of Interest We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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