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Dayananda Keppetigoda Psychology, Srilanka Dr. Renalde Huysamen Psychology & Criminology, University of Orange, South Africa Dr. Roy van den Brink-Budgen U.K. Dr. Prakash Deshpande Director, International Institute of Management Studies, Pune Dr. R. Ganapathi Asst. Prof., Directorate of Distance Education, Karaikudi. (TN) Dr. Padma Shankar, Former Principal at Shri Shasun Jain College, Chennai Dr. Md. Motiur Rahman Qassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Dr. Veena Tewari Nandi Majan College, University College, Muscat, Oman Prof. B. P. Sapkota Sociology, Chairperson, Sundar Nepal Sanstha, Nepal Dr. Sanjay Jain Prof. Pol. Science Dept., Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore Dr. Avtaar Rahi Associate Professor, Government College of Education, Bhiwani Dr. Reshmi Manna, Faculty, IBS, Gurgaon

Prof. Dr. Yashpal Singh Director, K.L.S.Institute of Engg. & Technology, Chandok, Bijnor, U.P. Dr. Abha Holkar Philosophy, D.A.V.V., Indore Dr. D. P. Pandey Technical Assistant, Archaeology Department of M. P., Indore Dr. Varsha Survey Asst. Prof. History, D.A.V.V., M. S. D. Girls College, Indore Dr. Arun Kumar Behara Prof. of English, Sri Sathyasai Institute, Banglore Dr. R. B. Sharma Salman Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Dr. N. Hariharan Prof. & Head Fin & Accounts, Academy for Development of Education and Research, Pune Dr. Sanjay Rane Prof. Govt. Girls P. G. College, Khandwa Dr. Bhavesh Vanparia Professor, Tolani Institute of Management Studies, Bhuj Prof. Lokanath Suar G. M. Law College, Puri, Odisha Dr. Parmeshwar Gangawat Asst. Prof. English, Jaipur National University, Jaipur

International Journal of Social Science & Management

Circulation in more than 85 countries

Volume - II, Issue - 8 31 May 2014

Price - INR 60.00 All rights reserved

Contents S No.

Particulars

Page No.

English 1.

Emerging Trends in Work Life Balance of Women in Tourism Sector - Dharna Shukla, Dubai

1-3

2.

Approaching The East : Briefly on Japanese Value Orientations - Dr. Tatyana Danylova, Ukraine

4-7

3.

Purchasing Behaviour of Government Employees towards Shopping in Traditional markets & Online Charlotte Facho, Nadisha Coelho, Goa

8 - 10

4.

HRD Climate and Knowledge Management Practices Empirical investigation in Veterinary Sector Offices in Assam Dr Krishna Rani Nath, Dr. Arup Barman, Assam

11 - 14

5.

Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Sterilization in Rural Area A Study in Aurangabad District - Anjali Hingane, Aurangabad (MH.)

15 - 18

6.

A study on the Attitude of students of Education towards e-Learning Dr. B. Krishna Reddy, Hyderabad, G. Srilatha, Warangal

19 - 22

7.

Status of Implementation of the Right to Education Act, 2009 Dr. Priyanka Sharma, Jabalpur

23 - 26

8.

Need of Business Intelligence by Indian MSME Ajit Kumar, New Delhi

27 - 29

9.

A Study of Employment & Unemployment Status of Minority Communities - Prof. S. K. Naik, Satara, B. J. Kadam, Kolhapur

30 - 32

10.

Faculty Recruitment and Selection system in Engineering/Technology Colleges : A Case of New Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru G. Lakshminarayana, Dr. M. M. Bagali, Bengaluru

33 - 36

11.

Measuring the Efficacy of Communicative Language Teaching at the Secondary Level in the Central Gujarat Imtiyaz M.Shaikh, Godhara (Guj.)

37 - 40

12.

Challenges of Human Security Dr. Nisar Ahmad Meer, J & K

41 - 43

13.

Role of Media In Women Empowerment Ms. Vandana Khatri, Jabalpur

44 - 45

Contents S No.

Particulars

Page No.

14.

Historical Aspect in the Novels of Kushwant Singh, Manohar Malgonkar, M.M. Kaye & Paul Scott Pertaining to Indian History (1857-1947) - Neha Srivastava, Arunachal Pradesh

46 - 47

15.

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and their impact on rural development of India Binod Kr. Shaw, Howrah (WB)

48 - 50

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51 - 53

17.

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54 - 55

18.

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56 - 58

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59 - 63

Research Revolution International Journal of Social Science & Management

ISSN : 2319-300X

Emerging Trends in Work Life Balance of Women in Tourism Sector Dharna Shukla, Ph.D., (Tourism Management), Adjunct Faculty, Amity University, Dubai

Abstract : Work-Life balance (WLB) often poses a challenge for women as professionals often a result of the surrounding social attitudes. A concern for working mothers previously, the issue gains importance in today’s times for all strata of women. This is regardless of their position, income they earn and professions they are in. Tourism sector is a labour intensive area with long hours, low wages and even low status of jobs. This paper aims at understanding the WLB issues faced by women professionals in the tourism sector while illustrating the emerging trends as a result. Keywords : Work-life balance (WLB), tourism sector, women, misbalance, emerging trends Introduction : Tourism industry is an operational structure that provides twenty four hour, seven days a week service to the customer. Given the multi-faceted version of the industry, women seem to have major befitting roles to play. In today’s scenario the fact seems that tourism industry is struggling to retain women employees at the workplace. Stereotypically it is habitual for men to be away for longer periods of time, while women in tourism sector struggle to achieve a conventional WLB. The objectives of this paper are to: a) b)

Examine the reasons that create the worklife misbalance for women in the tourism industry Emerging trends as a result of the misbalance towards creation of WLB for women in the tourism sector

This study is primarily a desktop overview of existing literature, research and knowledge. Literature Review : WLB plays an important role in employee Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

turnover in tourism and hospitality industry(Deery,2008). Over the years, there is a growing perception that the quality of an employee’s personal life and family life impacts work quality and that it makes business sense to promote work and family integration (Lockwood, 2003). Roberts (2007) argues that the issue of WLB has been around for much longer (he uses the example of women working dual roles during the Second World War).Social support ( Marcinkus, Whelan-Berry, and Gordon (2007) as personal social support may come from an employee’s spouse or partner, parents, siblings, children, extended family, and friends and workplace support , i.e., the support received from supervisors and co-workers (Voydanoff, 2002)] is another critical element of work–family balance. Webster (2002) points out that family structures and female roles vary across countries, but overall, women continue to be the primary provider for domestic and childcare responsibilities. Tourism and hospitality industry have embraced the modern technology in operations but the human resources structure remains hardly unchanged. The intangible human aspects of service are still an important part of the industry. According to a study by U n i t e d N a t i o n s Wo r l d To u r i s m Organisation(UNWTO), women are well represented in the service and clerical level jobs but poorly represented at professional levels. They earn 10% to 15% less than their male counterparts and a large amount of unpaid work is carried out by women in family tourism businesses. Devi (1993) noted that a sense of community among men and women at home and at work as fellow and equal human beings capable of playing many roles, many of them shared and interchangeable ,women must be educated and 1


allowed to participate in all activities. In celebration of World Tourism Day 2007 a leading travel and tourism magazine ran a lead feature on India’s “Incredible Women in Tourism” – profiling a series of urban upper/middle class women who worked in up-market travel agencies, hotels and the government in the sector. Most subscribed heavily to the individual empowerment ethic. Most felt they were not disadvantaged being a woman and the key to success was hard work and the individual will to achieve. For these women to achieve a WLB is not much of a concern as they have a fall back on a good support system. If the magazine had featured local women in tourism destinations struggling in the sector; their perspectives, experiences and realities would have been very different. Women’s participation in tourism in India is growing having not reached its full potential yet. Hence the literature regarding Indian women’s participation in tourism is very less. Work-Life Misbalance Factors : Women’s potential to succeed in tourism often is unrealized, not due to lack of potential but lack of opportunities (UNWTO,2010). Women frequently carry out the most undesirable and lowest status work in hospitality (Adib & Guerrier, 2003) .Many characteristics of jobs in the hospitality and tourism industry have long been associated with work–family conflict and stress concerns in other literatures (e.g., long hours scheduled at nonstandard times, on-call hours, emphasis on face time and geographic mobility as a prerequisite for career advancement). Moreover, there is evidence that these work characteristics are potential work stressors associated with turnover intentions (Hom, 2002).Shift work is associated with physical and mental stress, marital disagreements and child related problems. Weekend and holiday work, common in tourism and hospitality industry also poses problems related to work –life conflict. Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

ISSN : 2319-300X

Emerging Trends in WLB For Women in Tourism Sector : WLB strategies in organizations include policies that cover flexible work arrangements, child and dependent care and family and parental leave. Deery(2008) recommends that creating such strategies will minimize the impact on employees leaving the tourism industry. Part time work arrangements, leave without pay, paid concessional leaves, work from home, access to free counseling services are some of the ways in which companies in the tourism sector are looking to support and retain women staff in the tourism industry. Sufficient involvement of and communication with senior management also lead to effective implementation of strategies. ILO states that social dialogue between tourism enterprises and trade unions is also effecting change in terms of equal opportunity by promoting and promulgating talent identification and development on the basis of transparent access for women and men. ILO also mentions that specific attention is to be paid to health and safety. Because women are more likely to be in non-standard forms of employment than men in the tourism sector, they tend not to report illnesses or accidents for fear of losing their jobs. Safe and healthy workplaces are not only important for the workers and their wellbeing but also for the wellbeing of the guests and for the productivity of the enterprise . A greater family support also augments the confidence in women to have confidence and take on greater roles in operations and entrepreneurship in tourism. Women’s entrepreneurship in tourism is being facilitated through appropriate tangible and intangible resources such as training. There is a larger support for women’s tourism leadership roles and related programs at the national, regional and community levels. A greater gender equality and closing on the gender gap in tourism will contribute immensely to the tourist experience also having an impact on profitability and quality 2

Research Revolution

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in all aspects of the tourism industry.

4.

Devi R.D.(1993) Status of Women in India : A Comparison By State, Asia Pacific Population Journal, pp 59-77

5.

G l o b a l R e p o r t o n Wo m e n i n Tourism(2010),Preliminary Findings, U n i t e d N a t i o n s Wo r l d To u r i s m Organisation, http://www2.unwto.org

6.

Hom, P. (2002). The legacy of Charles Hulin’s work on turnover thinking and research. In J. M. Brett & F. Drasgow (Eds.), The psychology of work: Theoretically based empirical research (pp. 169-188). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

7.

Lockwood, Nancy R. (2003), “Work/life Balance: Challenges and Solutions,” SHRM Journal, 48.6, pp.81-90.Luthans, F. (1998), Organizational Behavior, (8th Ed.), Irwin McGraw-Hill, Boston.

8.

Marcinkus W.C., K.S. Whelan-Berry, J.R. Gordon(2007) “The relationship of social support to the work–family balance and work outcomes of midlife women ”Women in Management Review, 22 (2) (2007), pp. 86–111

9.

Roberts , K ( 2007 ) Work – life balance – The sources of the contemporary problem and the portable outcomes . Employee Relations 29 (4) : 334 – 351 .

Conclusion : The paper has examined the key factors leading to work-life misbalance for women in tourism industry. It finds that long and unsocial hours within the industry, the levels of stress associated with job insecurity, role ambiguity, job autonomy and time pressures, together with home-life pressures are some of the barriers to growth of women in the sector. Tourism organizations are beginning to realize the importance of retaining women employees leading to create strategies as flexible working hours, work from home, better occupational health and safety and involvement in communication processes within the organization. Moving forward in the future of WLB for women in the tourism sector should involve studying and removing barriers creating the misbalance. This needs to be addressed at organization, community, regional and national levels of management. On the other hand, women in the tourism sector also need to set priorities and preferences in their work and personal lives through the various strategies offered at the workplace and at home. References : 1.

2.

3.

Adib, A., & Guerrier, Y. (2003). The Interlocking of Gender with Nationality, Race, Ethnicity and Class: the Narratives of Women in hotel Work. Gender, Work and Organisation, 10(4), 413-432. Baum Thomas(2013), International perspectives on women and work in hotels, catering and tourism ,International Labour Office (ILO), Geneva, Switzerland. Deery ,M . and Jago, L . (2008) A Framework for Work – Life Balance Practices in the Tourism Industry, Sustaining Quality of Life through Tourism. BEST EN Think Tank VIII; 24 – 27 June, Izmir, pp. 44 – 57 .

Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

10. Voydanoff P. (2002)“Linkages between the work–family interface and work, family and individual outcomes: an integrative model” Journal of Family Issues, 23 (1) (2002), pp. 138–164 11. Webster J. Widening women’s work in information and communication technology: integrated model of explicative variables European Union for Information Society Technologies Programme (2002)

3


ISSN : 2319-300X

Approaching The East : Briefly on Japanese Value Orientations Dr. Tatyana Danylova, National University of Life & Environmental Sc., Ukraine Abstract : Globalization Processes & Increasing Economic Integration Actualize the Problem of Dialogue Between East and West. Culture of Japan Now-adays is becoming more common and popular. Japanese Phenomenon has raised many questions about culture and basic value orientations of Japanese Society. Vigorously borrowing fruits of western civilization, Japan does not give up its own system of values. Based on Shinto, Confucianism and Buddhism, Rooted in Family Traditions and Practices, Formed over the Centuries, it faces external influences. Modern Japan Successfully combines traditional attitudes with political and social demands of developed economies. Japanese society tries to find its own path to globalization offering its own scenarios based on the idea of welfare state, flexibility of global norms, harmonization of values and meanings. This paper aims to familiarize readers with the fundamental values of Japanese culture through the lens of F. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck's value orientations theory. Key Words : Values, Value Orientations, Japan, Japanese Culture, Shinto, Buddhism, Confucianism. Introduction : Nowadays Japanese culture is becoming more common and popular. Full of unsolved mysteries, refined, and exotic, it is a unique synthesis of the various cultures, which passed through the prism of Japanese world view. In a relatively short period of time, Japan accepted many achievements of Western culture and made a significant contribution to contemporary global civilization. Japanese phenomenon has raised many questions about Japanese culture & basic value orientations of its inhabitants. Analysis of studies and publications : American psychologist M. Rokeach was one of the first researchers in the field of value orientations. He interpreted value orientation as strong belief in principle advantages of certain goals or ways of being over others. According to M. Rokeach (1979), any value orientation somehow affects all social phenomena. Researcher examined 36 human values, Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

which are organized into value systems. He argued that all people profess the same values, although to varying degrees. Such notions as honesty and courage, peace and wisdom are recognized by almost all cultures. On the other hand, Dutch sociologist G. Hofstede (1984; 2001) in his seminal study succeeded in isolating no more than five value parameters inherent in all cultures. However, the idea that there are basic human values, which can be measured and compared, captures scientists for decades. Purpose : This paper aims to familiarize readers with the fundamental values of Japanese culture through the lens of F. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck’s value orientations theory. Theoretical basis and results : F. Kluckhohn and F. Strodtbeck’s value orientations theory (Kluckhohn, 1953; Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961) outlines five basic human problems that are common to all peoples at all times and all places: innate predisposition, man’s relation to nature, time dimension, valued personality type, and relationship pattern. The first value orientation spoke to the inherent nature of man: is he basically good, evil or ambivalent? Japanese believe that people are inherently good, and this innate predisposition remains unchanged. Such views are largely attributable to the strong influence of Shinto on Japanese culture and system of values (Yamakage, 2006). Shinto is an authentic ethnic religion of Japan, which contributed to the formation of the basic structure of Japanese mentality and behavior (Herbert, 2010). According to Shinto, people are initially good and sinless; this world is initially good too. There is no concept of original sin in Shinto. Malicious spirits bring evil into the world. They adversely impact human beings and reduce their ability to resist temptation. When human beings act wrongly, they pollute themselves. This impedes the proper flow of life and Kami’s blessings. The term Kami refers to a wide range of creatures, objects, and phenomena. Kami are real world phenomena understood as divine (Nelson, 1996), “human beings, birds, animals, trees, plants, mountains, oceans - all 4


may be kami” (Harris, 2001, ?.14). Ancestors or killed soldiers are also seen as kami (Richie, 2001). Kami sometimes appear as gods, however they do not fall under the Western definition of this term. Shinto ethics is not based on a specific set of moral laws and commandments. People should follow Kami. And Kami themselves are not perfect: they make mistakes. This concept allows to avoid the formulation of absolute moral norms. There are no moral absolutes in Shinto; it evaluates good or bad actions and thoughts in a certain context: circumstances, intentions, goals, time, and place. Later, Shinto assimilated Confucianism and Buddhism. Today they are naturally woven into Japanese life. Confucius believed that we live in a moral world. Morality is an integral part of the structure of the universe. According to Confucius, people are basically good - every human is a benevolent sage. All people can cultivate virtue and act in accordance with Will of Heaven (Confucius, 2012). This idea is clearly seen in the teaching of Mencius (2004). Human wants to be happy, it makes him seek to do good to others - this is the leitmotif of Buddhist text Milindapanha (The Questions of King Milinda, 1998). Mahayana masters developed the doctrine of Buddha Nature. According to it, all beings have Buddha nature and are inherently perfect. True, selfidentical, unconditional, unspeakable nature of all things - Tathata - abides in all beings and does not undergo any changes in “perfect” and “dirty” states both (Takasaki, 1966). Absolute purity is human’s innate predisposition. This is Buddha and his teachings’ purity. Therefore, Japanese culture formed under the influence of Shinto, Buddhism, and Confucianism considers human nature to be good; and this goodness remains unchanged. The second value orientation - man’s relationship to nature - provides several options: subjugation to nature, harmony with nature, and mastery over nature. In Japan people do not oppose themselves to environment, but feel as a part of integrated, holistic system. Their role is to maintain the balance of the system and to stay in harmony with nature. Rejecting the idea of active reorganization of the world inherent in the Western mentality, Japanese tend to perceive Man - Nature unity, recognize nature’s hidden rhythms, natural changes of the seasons. They try to identify the uniqueness and the beauty of each Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

ISSN : 2319-300X moment. Humans can not create something that already exists. They can only admire this Beauty. Japanese attitude to nature is based on a peculiar worldview deeply rooted in Shinto with its spiritualization of natural and even man-made objects. Numerous Shinto myths and legends reflect the typical natural conditions in Japan. Territorial isolation of the country, its geographical and climatic features (earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons) influenced Japanese attitude to nature as to a living creature. The spirit of Shinto panaestheticism merged with Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian ideas and became an integral part of syncretic aesthetics of Zen Buddhism. In Japan nature has always been the highest manifestation of truth and beauty. There are special rituals admiring cherry and plum blossoms, falling snow, the full Moon in September, flaming maple leaves. Art and literature glorify each of the four seasons. Japanese poetic attitude to nature remains an important feature of Japanese culture. Still now ikebana, bonsai, rock gardens, tea ceremony, haiku, sumi-e are important components of Japanese spiritual life. Wabi sabi is a special Japanese term that reflects a sense of beauty. This notion defines the essence of many Japanese traditional arts. Wabi are aesthetic, moral norms and rules that emphasize plain, simply type of beauty and meditative, tranquil perception of reality. Wabi is associated with rustic simplicity, freshness, and serenity. Sabi is beauty or serenity that appears with age. People perceive wabi sabi only through inner contemplation, meditation, simple life, and togetherness with nature (Koren, 2004; Powell, 2004). Famous Japanese buddhologist D. Suzuki (1954) argued that for understanding diverse Japanese cultural life, including a passionate love of nature, it is necessary to comprehend the mysteries of Zen Buddhism. Zen Buddhism had an enormous influence on artistic, intellectual, and political life of the Far East. To some extent, Zen contributed to the formation of Japanese character, expressing it at the same time. It is a typical Japanese form of Buddhism. Zen teaches us to respect and love nature, to live her life. Zen claims that nature is in us and we are in nature. Traditional Japanese love for nature is based on the alleged identity of human and nature. American scholar of Japanese origin Y. Saito (1985) defined two main ways of Japanese identification with nature: emotional identification and identification based on 5


the temporariness of man and nature, on the transience of human life and natural phenomena. Attentive and respectful attitude towards fleeting phenomena is a feature of Japanese attitude toward nature. The third value orientation deals with time dimension. According to F. Kluckhohn (1953), each society has its own understanding of the past, present and future. Societies differ in which of these dimensions they emphasize. Japanese culture as past oriented culture values tradition and experience and tends to view them as a guide when making decisions. This focus on the past is heavily influenced by Shinto and Buddhism. Shinto views history as cyclical: the story is constantly repeated like lunar phases of agricultural calendar. Within Shinto mythology, all existing firstly is immature and imperfect, later it should gradually develop and improve. This occurs as a result of human efforts as well as the favor of gods. This perception of the world has not changed even in the later periods of Japanese history: many Japanese hope to maintain a spiritual connection with their descendants after the death (Hirai, 1983). Modern Shinto is inconceivable without understanding Confucianism with its ideas of studying classics and glorifying the past. Buddhism had a particularly great impact on Japanese spiritual tradition and contributed in spreading reincarnation and karma concept, i.e. past actions determine the state of things today. It should be noted that respectful attitude towards traditions is not a blind imitation; it does not block the path to innovation and modernization of society. The fourth value orientation describes the modality of human activity (valued personality type) - orientation on activity itself, being or being-in-becoming. Representatives of active type of culture (primarily Western culture) prefer kinds of activity that lead to achievements, which are measurable. Being-inbecoming is self-determination through relationships with elements of self-development. It can be seen as something in between “activity”, which focuses mainly on activities & results, and “being” that focuses, above all, on the relationship and position in society. In “being”-oriented cultures a sense of identity is based on stable relationships and stable social structure: people succeed as a team or fail alone. It is typical for Japanese culture. Japanese researcher R. Okabe (1983) opposed American culture of “activity” to Japanese culture of “being”. He noted that Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

ISSN : 2319-300X achievement and development are not so important in traditional vertical societies like Japan, where the origin of persons, their age, and their status are more valuable. In Japan it is more important who you are than what you do; human motivation is internal. If any problem arises in relationships “world/environment – humans”, Japanese prefer to change themselves, their perceptions, their actions, while representatives of active type try to change the world. The fifth value orientation is modality of human relations. F. Kluckhohn proposed three models (orientations): individualistic, collateral, and linear. The first one is typical for North American culture, where family ties are relatively limited and not so intensive. This model of relationship is focused on individual or nuclear family. They make decisions independently. Collateral model represents more intense family ties that go beyond the nuclear family and include grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, etc. It focuses on consensus within a large peer group. Linear model is similar to collateral. However, within it the concept of family covers all distant relatives: tribes, clans, even deceased ancestors who influence people in decision making. In this case, hierarchical principles and recognition of higher authority (or authorities) in the group are brightly expressed. Japanese society is based on a rigid hierarchy “senior – junior” defined by age and social status. Even today modern Japan is characterized by a very complicated etiquette. It is due to hierarchical structure of Japanese society. Japanese etiquette has been influenced by Confucianism and Shinto with its concept of Emperor’s divinity. Confucianism underlines the importance of harmony between heaven, nature, and human society. It can be achieved by appropriate performance of social roles. Xião (filial piety) is one of the central concepts in Confucian ethics. This concept defines specific rules of behavior in society and attaches great importance to family. Family roles are rigidly structured and characterized by strong male dominance. Material and moral well-being of the family and its unity are very important. Group interests are more significant than personal interests. Individuals are often forced to suppress their emotions and desires maintaining reputation of their family. The family (group) provides support and assistance to each of its members, as well as every member of the family (group) is obliged to support all other members. Self6

Research Revolution

ISSN : 2319-300X


development and cultivation of autonomy and independence are not the main goals of people. From their first days, Japanese children learn that they are part of an interdependent society. Dependence on others is seen as a norm and evaluated negatively only when social obligations become too burdensome to perform. In interpersonal relationships, most Japanese prefer to avoid open confrontation. Interaction with others requires great self-control. The group benefits when every member of it is aware of her/his personal commitment and helps others, when all do their best. Decisions often get made only after consultation with the whole group. Consensus does not mean that everyone is in full agreement, however, consultative decisionmaking process strengthens the sense of group identity (Dolan & Worden, 1991). Conclusions : Japanese system of values does not remain unchanged. Rooted in family traditions and practices, formed over the centuries, it faces external influences. Modern Japan is trying to combine traditional attitudes with social and political demands of developed economies. This attempt to balance and reinterpret the past and the present has had a significant impact on all spheres of life: traditional values and modern practices coexist within Japanese society. Vigorously borrowing fruits of Western civilization, Japan does not give up its own system of values. Modern Japanese society tries to find its own path to globalization offering its own scenarios based on the idea of welfare state, flexibility of global norms, harmonization of values and meanings. References : 1. 2.

3. 4. 5.

Confucius. (2012). The Analects. Translated by D.C. Lau. Hollywood: Simon& Brown. Dolan, R. & Worden, R. (1991). Japan: A Country Study. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing. Harris, V. (2001). Shinto: the Sacred Art of Japan. London: British Museum Press. Herbert, J. (2010). Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. Hirai, N. (1983). Traditional cultures and modernization: Several problems in the case of Japan. [online] Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University. Available at hus oL= ls 'kjhj wyk&>wyrh jktdqekjh dk fp= Hkh lqUnj gS A ,d fp= esa dk'khjkt [kax fy;s cSBs gSa rFkk ,d L=h muds iSjksa esa iM+h gSa vkSj vU; L=h dk¡i jgh gSaA LrEHk ds lgkjs [kM+h gqbZ ,d L=h dk cgqr lqUnj fp= blh xqQk esa gS A cM+s vkjke ls ;g L=h [kEcs ls dej rFkk iSj yxk;s [kM+h gSaA dqN maxfy;ksa ij fglkc yxk jgh gSaA fu"d"kZ % ukjh ds fofo/k :iksa dk vadu bu fp= fof/k;ksa esa vafdr gSaA ukjh vkd`fr ds vadu esa iz;qDr jax js[kk rFkk rwfydk izokg Lo;a esa ,d fo'okl gSaA vtUrk ds bu fHkfÙk fp=ksa esa ukjh vius lEiw.kZ :i] ;kSou ,oa yko.; ls ifjiw.kZ ek= ,sfUæd 7

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vkd"kZ.k dk fo"k; ugha oju lEiw.kZ ukjh tkfr ds loZHkkSfed lkSUn;Z dh izrhd ,oa vk/;kfRedrk ls ifjiw.kZ gSA lanHkZ lwph % 1- MkW- oekZ vfouk'k cgknqj % Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl % izdk'kd % izdk'k cqd fMiks cjsyh] i`- Ø- 50 2- oekZ ukFkwyky % jktLFkkuh fp= 'kSyh dh fofHkUu fp=.k fof/k;k¡ % jkt ifCyf'kax gkml t;iqj] i`- Ø65% 3- olhe ,e- % fp=dyk % midkj izdk'ku vkxjk] i`Ø- 18 4- MkW- izrki fjrk % Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl % izdk'ku % jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqj i`- Ø- 81 5- MkW- izrki fjrk % Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl % izdk'ku % jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqj] i`- Ø- 82 6- MkW- izrki fjrk % Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl % izdk'ku % jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqj] i`- Ø- 87 7- MkW- izrki fjrk % Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ,oa ewfrZdyk dk bfrgkl % izdk'ku % jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh t;iqj] i`- Ø- 86 8- MkW- vxzoky fxZjktfd'kksj % Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl % vyhxkY;kf'kok; rqeph izxfr gks.kkj ukgh] rqeP;k ?kjkoj ijekFkZ QVd.kkj ukgh vkf.k rqEgh va/kkjkrp pkapiMr jkgky- vFkkZr gV~V lksMqu nsÅu R;kauh xq:ins'k ?ksryk vkf.k ex fnO; n`"Vh izkIr >kY;kcjkscj R;kauk ts vkuankps xjx:u Hkjrs vkys] rs R;kauh lgL= fBdk.kh lkaxqu Vkdys- gs R;kaP;k okM%e;krqu igko;kl feGrs xq:ps egRo % NkanksX; mifu"knkr ifgY;k [kaMkrhy lkrO;k Hkkxkr luRdqekjkauh ukjnkyk mins'k dsyk] R;kph dFkk lkafxryh vkgs- czEg Kku izkIrh lkBh xq:dìsph vko';drk vkgs bHkkx R;kr vkgs- R;kr vkBO;k Hkkxkr banzkP;k lek/kku lkBh rks xq: x`gh ,d'ks ,d o"ksZ jkfgyk- 'ksoVh xq:dìk >kY;kuarj R;kyk [kj~;k czEgLo:ikph] vkReLo:oikph vksG[k iVyh o rks d`rkFkZ >kykiz'uksifr"knkr ^^Roa fgr u% firk ;ksMLekdefo/kk;k% ija ikja rkj;kfl** Eg.kts vfo|sP;k iyhdMs rk:.k us.kkjk tks xq: rksp vkepk firk] vls o.kZu dsys vkgs vkf.k Jqrhauha rj xq:auk nsok lkj[ks Js"B ekuys vkgs^^;L; nsos ijk HkfDr;ZFkk nsos rFkk xqjkS rL;Srs dfFkrkg;FkZ% izdk';Urs egkReu% ¼Jqfr%½** t'kh nsokoj ije HkDrh djrkr r'khp xq:oj djkohdkj.k rsp egkRes vkRe Lo:ikph vksG[k d:u nsrkr;kuarj egkHkkjrkP;k mn~;ksx iokZr tks lur~ lqtkr v/;k; vkgs] R;kr xq: Lo:i] xq:dìk] xq:lsok] o xq:aojhy ijkHkDrh ;k fo"k;hpk etdqj vkgs- ;k o.kZukr vkf.k dchjkaP;k o.kZukr rarksrar lkE; vkkY;k lkj[kk vkgs- ex ljLorh toG ygku eqykayk lq)k tk.ks vo?kM ukgh- vkiyk Lusg gh okxh'ojh] rh izlUu >kyh Eg.kts eqdk euq"; lq)k izca/kkoj foospu d: ykxrksKkus'ojkauh vkiY;k Kkus'ojhP;k izR;sd v/;k;krqu xq:a izse] xq:aJ)k xq: egkRE; izxV dsys vkgs- i.k R;krqu fo'ks"k v/;k; ngk] ckjk o ia/kjk 10] 12] o 15 ;k vè;k;krqu R;kaph xq:HkDrh] xq:izse] J)k] lsok g;k Hkkouk mRdVrsus vkiY;kyk fnlqu ;srkrckjkO;k v/;k;kr xq:dìk n`"Vh :i ekÅyhpk t;t;dkj d:u rs Eg.krkr ^^rw Lor% fl)] mnkj] loZJqr] lnSo vkuane;h vkgsl- fo"k; :ih ukxkus na'k djrkp th ewPNkZ nwj gksÅ 'kdr ukgh] rhp fo"kck/kk] gs ekÅyh dsoG rq>~;k eqGsp nqj gksÅ 'kdrs- tj rq>~;k izlkn:ih ik.;kP;k ykVk vijaikj] nqFkMh okgq ykxY;k rj ;k lalkjkrhy rki dks.kkyk cjs iksGrhy\vkf.k 'kksdkus dks.krk HkDr iksGyk tkbZy\gs ekÅyh rw rq>~;k HkDrkauk ;ksxlq[kkps lksgkGs vuqHkok;yk nsÅu R;kauk vkuafnr djrsl- rw rj HkDrkaph vkbZp vkgsl- rq>~;k ikoykP;k Li'kkZus okM%e;kps eGs cg:u ;srkr- ekrs rw T;kP;koj dìk dj'khy rks loZ fon~;k:ih l`"Vh fuekZ.k dj.kkjk czEgnsop gksbZy- ex eyk xhrk xzaFkkpk vFkZ lkaxk;ph vuqKk dj ua! vlk gk xq:dìk n`"Vhpk efgek ifgY;k uÅ vksO;kr lkafxryk vkgsxq:auk ekÅyhps fnysys :id eksBs e/kkG vkf.k toGhd mRiUu dj.kkjs- rj vkgsp] i.k R;kposGh xq:cn~nypk vknj] ejkBh Hkk"ks cn~nyps izse] fu:i.kkfo"k;h Kkunsokapk Lor%pk vkRe fo'okl O;Dr dj.kkjs vkgs- gk ykMhdi.kk] lykxh eksBh fpÙkFkqach vkgsKkus'oj egkjktkaP;k dkGk uarj ukenso egkjktkaP;k dkGkph lq[kkr gksrs- ukenso egkjkt bZ'ojkps ykMds HkDr gksrs- R;kauk bZ'ojkcn~nyps izse ygku i.kk iklqup gksrs- o ;k vykSfdd izsek eqGs R;kaps lalkjkr eqGhp y{k uOgrsR;kaP;k ;k izse HkDrhyk ?kjkrqu fojks/k gksrk- ftrdk tkLr fojks/k] frrdhp tkLr R;kaph HkDrh mRdV gksr xsyh- v';k 6

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izdkjs R;kaps ijes'ojk'kh vVwV ukrs tqMys gksrs- ijarq R;kaP;k ;k HkDrhyk ^êh HkDr** vlk vfHkeku gh gksrk- i.k yodjp R;kaP;k vgadkjkps fujlu Kkus'ojkaP;k HksVhus >kys- vkf.k R;kaph HkDrh vkÙkk i;Zar vka/kGh gksrh rh vkrk MksGl >kyh gksrh- ;k dfjrk R;kauk xq: dj.;kph vkKk Kkus'ojkauh fnyh o lkafxrys dh gs thou r:u tk.;kl vkf.k ;k HkDrhyk lRo feG.;kl ln~xq:aph vko';drk vkgs- Eg.kwu ukensok rwa folksck [kspj ;kauk] 'kj.k tk] o ;kaP;k dMqu xq:ins'k ?ks- ukensokauk ehp ,d rks loZJs"B lar v';k vgadkjkph ,d dFkk vkgs- rh v'kh dh ,dnk ukenso Kkus'ojkaP;k ?kjh xsys vlrkauk eqDrkckbZuh R;kapk vgadkj ftjfo.;kpk fopkj dsyk- xksjk dqaHkkjk dMqu gs eMds dPps] dka iDds gs FkkiVwu ikg.;kl lkafxrys R;kosGh loZ larkauk iDds eMds lkaxhrys i.k ,dV;k ukensokauk dPps eMds Eg.kqu lacksfèkys vkf.k vkrk ;k dPpk eMD;kyk vkrqu ckgs:u Hkktwa vls eqDrk ckbZuh EgVys- eh dPpk vkgks Eg.kqu ukensokauk jkx vkyk vkf.k rs ljG iakyh vkf.k vkiyh HkDrh vuqHko 'kUw;] Kkufoghu vkf.k vk/akGh vkg-s gs vkG s [kuw rs 'kq) ijekFkkZP;k okVy s k ykxy-s gk loZ ikyV R;k eqDrk ckbZus ukenoskl a xkjskcsk dHqakkjk dMuw dkgh vuqHkokps iz'u fopk:u ?kMoqu vk.kyk** vkf.k ex Kkus'ojkapsp f'k"; folksck [kspj ;kauk xq: Eg.kqu ;kaP;k HksVhyk xsys vlrkuk R;kauk peRdkj fnlykfolksck [kspj egknsokP;k fiaMhoj ik;BsÅu 'kkar i.ks >ksiys gksrs gs n`'; ikgqu ukensokauk vk'p;Z okVys dh ,okyk o dGys dh bZ'oj loZO;kih vkgs- gs letY;koj ;kaps ik; /kjys o R;kauk 'kj.k tkÅu EgVys dh eyk vkiyk f'k"; iRd:u mins'k ns.;kph dìk djkoh- vkf.k folksck [kspjkauh R;kauk ukeea= nsÅu lq[kkph lq[k lks; nk[kowu fnyh o R;keqGs ukensokal d`r d`R;rsps lek/kku ykHkys- ^^gh [kspj ekÅyh HksVrkap eyk dìsph v[kaM lkoyh ykHkyh vkf.k ek>s tUe ej.kkps lkadMs fuokjys- ln~xq:dìsus gk ukek ijczEg iDokUu tsoyk o lalkjkl vkapoyk- T;kauh eyk futoLrq nk[koqu Lo:i lk{kkRdkjkpk vuqHko vk.kqu fnyk v';k ;k lq[kkP;k lq[kr:pk eh mrjkbZ rjh dlk gksÅ\eh gk ukf'koar nsg xq: pj.kh viZ.k dsyk vkf.k myV R;kauh eyk futlq[kkph tksM d:u fnyh- ek;k ?ksÅu czEg ns.kkj~;k 8


ln~xq:ph ;kiqkyk- vkf.k ek>h HkDrh MksGl o lKku gksÅu ek>k vagdkj u"V >kyk o loZ= vkuanh vkuankps Hkjrs vkys^^yks[kaMkyk ifjlkpk Li'kZ dsY;kus rs lksus gksrs] R;kp izek.ks ln~xq:aP;k laxrhus lar lekxekr jkgqu ijes'oj izkIrh gksrs- mnk- panukP;k ifjljkryh brj >kMs panuk izek.ks lqaxf/kr gksrkr] u|k lkxjkyk feGkY;k dh R;k lkxjkr foyhu gksrkr] vXuhr Vkdysyh oLrq vXuh:i gksrs** rlsp larkP;k o xq:aP;k lkfu/;kr jkfgY;kus rks ijekRe Lo:ikr foyhu gksrks,dukFk egkjktkauk vkiY;k xq:a cn~ny Eg.kts tukZnu Lokeh ;kaP;k oj vfr'k; izse vkf.k J)k gksrh- thoukr xq:aps fdrh egRo vkgs gs R;kauh vkiY;k ,dukFkh Hkkxorkarqu Li"V d:u lkafxrys vkgs- tuknZu Lokeh rj R;kaps xq: gksrsp f'kok; R;kauh rj loZ txkykp xq: dsys gksrs- R;kr R;kaps 24 xq: fo'ks"k vkgsr,dukFkkauh l`"VhdMs la'kks/kukRed n`"Vhrwu ikfgY;koj R;kauk v';k vusd oLrq fnlY;k dh R;krwu dqBY;k nqxqZ.kkapk R;kx djk;pk vkf.k dqBY;k ln~xq:.kkaps lao/kZu djk;ps gs vpqd i.ks dGY;koj R;kauk lkjs txp xq: vkgs vls okVys;k izek.ks i`Foh] ok;q] vkdk'k] vXuh] ty] panz] lw;Z] diksr] vtxj] leqnz] irax] e/kek'kh] gÙkh] Hka`xk] gfj.k] eklk] fiaxyk ukokph lqanj os';k] fVV~oh] ckyd] dqekjh] ck.k dj.kkjk yksgkj] liZ] dksGh o dqaHkkjh.k ek'kh vls ,dq.k 24 xq: ,dukFkkauh dsys vkgsr- iapfolkos ts czEg rRo rs tk.k.;klkBh g;k 24 xq:aph mikluk djkoh foosd o ;qDrh ;kapk ;ksxs xq:aps Hktu djkos] vkRecks/k feG.;klkBh jk=afnol foosd d:u vusdkauk xq:Ro nsÅu LofgrklkBh eh R;kal xq: dsys- dks.kdks.kR;k fopkjkus] y{k.kkus dks.kkyk xq: dsys ;kph lfoLrkj ppkZ 9

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,dukFkh Hkkxorkrhy lkrO;k] vkBO;k o uoY;k v/;k;kr dsyh xsyh vkgsv';kfjrhus ukFkkauh ojhy 24 xq:a dMqu dkgh uk dkgh f'kdo.k ?ksÅu R;kauk xq: LFkkuh clfoys vkgs- ;kaP;k O;frjhDr R;kauh ujnsgkyk gh xq: dsys vkgs- ;k izek.ks R;kauh xq: efgesps o.kZu dsys vkgs;k lar ijaijsr rqdkjke egkjktkauh xq:acn~nyps izse] HkDrh] fopkj vuqHko LokuqHkokus o d"Vkus gLrxr dsys vkgs- rqdkjke egkjkt vkiY;k thoukrhy ifjfLFkrh eqGs o lalkj rkikus rkiY;kus ijes'oj HkDrh dMs oGys gksrsgGw&gGw ,d&,d ik;jh pkysys gksrsvkf.k gh HkDrhph okVpky pkyr vlrk R;kauk vkiY;k iwohZP;k larkps xq:&HkDrkps ukrs ikgqu Eg.kts fuo`Ùkh ukFk&Kkus'oj] tuknZu&,dukFk] folksck [kspj&ukenso ;kaps xq:&f'k";kaps izse ikgqu eukyk lkj[kh gqj&gqj ykxyh gksrh dh vkiY;kyk ln~xq: d/kh HksV.kkj- vki.k gk tks ekxZ Lohdkjyk vkgs rks ;ksX; vkgs dh ukgh ;k dfjrk ln~xq: ph xjt vlrs- o xq: ulY;kus xq: f'kok; vkiys thou gs loZ Kku] HkDrh lxGs O;FkZ tk.kkj ;kph [kar rqdksckauk Qkj tk.koq ykxyh- vkiY;kyk ln~xq: izkIrh d/kh gks.kkj vkiys thou lkFkZdh d/kh ykx.kkj] brjkauk xq:auh tls Kku fnys rls eyk d/kh ns.kkj v'kh lkj[kh eukyk Vksp.kh ykxysyh gksrh Eg.kwu R;kauh ukensoknh larkaps vHkax] Kkus'ojh] ,dukFkh Hkkxor] xhrk Hkkxor gh f'knksjh ikBh'kh ?ksÅu rqdkjkekauhftn~nhus vf/kd ikBkarj] okpu] euu djk;yk R;kauh lq[kkr dsyh- rs Kkunsokauk ^^Kkuh cki** Eg.krkr rj ukensokauk ^^ftoyxk ekf>;k ukensok** Eg.kqu lacksf/krkrthfoP;k thouk ,dk tukZnuk yk rs vuU; Hkkokus 'kj.k tkrkr rj dchjkyk rs vknjkus ikgrkr- ;k loZ lar dohaP;k xzaFkkpk vkf.k xhrk Hkkxorkph /keZ xzaFkkpk vH;kl R;kauh fu"Bkaor eukua dsyk gksrk- o ;k xzaFkkrwu feG.kkjh f'kdo.kwd xq:ins'kklkj[kh ekuyh gksrh- fuOoG ikBkarjk is{kk vFkkZ'kh >ksca.kkj~;k R;kaP;k ;k v/;;ukua R;kaP;k vaxh Kku :tysY;k O;qRiUu iafMrkaph fouezrk vkyh vkf.k rs Lor%yk ^^larkaps ik;o.kh lsfo.kkjk** HkDr Eg.koq ykxyslR; ladYikpk nkrk gjh vlrks ;k opukizek.ks rqdkjke 11


ISSN : 2319-300X

egkjktkauk yodjp xq:ins'k >kyk- R;kaP;k lrr /;klkps Qy feGkys o LoIukr ln~xq:auh ;sÅu R;kauk xq: ea= fnyk- rs ;k fo"k;h Eg.krkr^^ln~xq:jk;s dìk et dsyhA ijh ukgh ?kMyh lsok dkagh 12 lkaiMfoys okVs tkrk xaxkLukukA eLrdh rks tk.kk Bsfoyk dj**

ln~xq: jktk] etoj rqEgh Qkj eksBh dìk dsyhr- jk?ko pSrU;] ds'ko pSrU; v'kh vkiyh ijaijsph [kw.k R;kauh eyk lkafxryh vkf.k Lor%ps uko ckckth pSrU; vls lkaxwu R;kauh eyk ^^jke d`".k gjh** gk lksik ea= fnyk- ckckth pSrU; gs ds'ko pSrU;kaps f'k"; gksr- ^jke d`".k gfj* gk ea= rqdksckauk ckckth pSrU;kadMwu feGkyk- ;krhy jgL; /;kukr ?ks.;k lkj[ks vkgs- ,d rj ;kr jke o d`".k ;k nksu izeq[k bZ'ojh vorkjkaps egRo vkgs- nqljs vls dh Kkus'ojkaP;k vkèkhP;k dkGkiklqu ;k ea=kps egkRE; gksrsnqljk ,[kknk xqarkxqarhpk ea= xq: ukFkkauh fnyk ukgh Eg.kqu rqdksckauh iqkyh] ijes'oj izkIrh >kyh o loZ= vkuanh vkuan >kykvktP;k thoukr iwohZ lkj[ks lgtrsus xq: feG.ks 'kD; ukgh- i.k vkiY;k laLd`rhrhy] bfrgklkrhy] lkfgR;krhy] xq:] HkDrh] izse] J)k] bZ'oj vkjk/kuk ;k vH;klkus o lar] fo}ku iq:"kkaP;k pfj=krwu f'kdo.k o mins'k ?ksÅu thoukyk oG.k nsÅ 'kdrks- ;k lkBh thoukrhy izR;sd {ks=kr izR;sd VI;kVI;kr~ ;s.kkj~;k O;Drha dMwu vkn'kZ thoukrwu /kMk ?ksÅ 'kdrks- pkaxY;k Volume - II, Issue - 8, May 2014

ISSN : 2319-300X

xks"Vh vkRelkr djk;P;k o okbZV xks"Vh lksMk;P;k dq.kh izsekuss dGdGhus ln~xq.kh jkg.;kl] pkaxY;k mi;ksxh xks"Vh lkafxrY;k rj ,Sdk;P;k] foosdkus fopkj d:.k okxk;ps- bZ'oj fufeZr txkr loZ izk.khek= leku vkgsr vls letk;ps bZ'ojkps ukeLej.k djk;ps xq: feGkY;kl R;kaP;k oj fo'okl BsÅu bZ'ojkph vkjk/kuk djk;ph J)k izse] fo'okl Bsok;pk Ny diV LokFkZ cq)hpk R;kx dj.;kpk iz;Ru djk;pk lq[k] nq%[k leku vkgsr vls ekuwu okxk;pa dq.kkps gh eu nq%[kh u Ogkos vlk izR;u djk;pk rj dGr udGr bZ'oj HkDrh o xq: HkDrh P;k ekxkZoj tkÅ 'kdrks vkf.k ;kaP;k dìsus thoukrhy izR;sd vMp.khauk rksaM nsÅu lkeksjs tk.;kph 'kDrh lgtfjR;k feGrw 'kdw v'kkZ vk'kk cGdV gksÅu thou lkFkZdh dj.;kpk iz;Ru lQy gksbZy- v'kh bZ'ojpj.kh xq:pj.kh izkFkZuk vkgslanHkZ xzaFk lwph % 1- Jh e-ekVsa & lar] iar] rar] BksdG izdk'ku] 1957] i`"B Øekad 54] 55] 56 2- in~ehuh jkts iVoèkZu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkf.k dchj] dkUVhusUVy izdk'ku] iq.ks] 1969] i`-Øa-1283- in~ehuh jkts iVoèkZu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkf.k dchj] dkUVhusUVy izdk'ku] iq.ks] 1969] i`-Øa-1294- in~ehuh jkts iVoèkZu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkf.k dchj] dkUVhusUVy izdk'ku] iq.ks] 1969] i`-Øa-1295- in~ehuh jkts iVoèkZu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkf.k dchj] dkUVhusUVy izdk'ku] iq.ks] 1969] i`-Øa-1316- in~ehuh jkts iVoèkZu] Hkkjrh; ijaijk vkf.k dchj] dkUVhusUVy izdk'ku] iq.ks] 1969] i`-Øa-128] 1327- laiknd] Jh e-uk-vnoar] HkkypUnz [kkaMsdj Kkus'ojh 12 v/;k; i`"B Øekad 268- MkW-'ka-xks-rqGiqGs] ikap lar doh] izFkeko`Ùkh 1948 i`-Ø1479- MkW-'ka-xks-rqGiqGs] ikap lar doh] izFkeko`Ùkh 1948 i`-Ø14810- jk/kk Lokeh lRlax U;kl] Jh ukensoxkFkk] 863] lar ukenso fganh esa laLdj.k i`- 5111- laiknd&dk'khukFk vuar tks'kh] ,dukFkh Hkkxor] v/;k;&7] vko`Ùkh ifgyh 1927 nqljh 1960] i`- 312 12- vuar oklqnso ejkBs] rqdkjke xkFkk vHkax] 3973 lkfgR; jl ekyk eqcabZ izFkeko`Ùkh 196413- MkW- 'ka- nk- isaMls lk{kkRdkjh lar rqdkjke63

RNI No. : MPMUL 00308

ISSN : 2319 - 300X

Research

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