The Effect of Environment on TimberYConcrete Composite Bridge. DecN. ViNtÏria Bajzecerováa,k, Ján KanÏczb a Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHÄ%ULGJHVLQ'DQXEH%DVLQ³%'%
7KH(IIHFWRI(QYLURQPHQWRQ7LPEHU&RQFUHWH&RPSRVLWH%ULGJH 'HFN 9LNWyULD%DM]HFHURYiD -iQ.DQyF]E a
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Vysokoškolská 4, 042 00 Košice, Slovak Republic b Faculty of Arts, Technical University of Košice, Watsonova 4, 042 00 Košice, Slovak Republic
$EVWUDFW ,Q WKH ILHOG RI WLPEHU EULGJHV SURJUHVVLYH VWDWLF VWUXFWXUDO VROXWLRQ LV LI WKH WLPEHU EHDULQJ PHPEHUV RI WKH EULGJH GHFN DUH FRPELQHG ZLWK FRQFUHWH OD\HU DSSO\LQJ D VKHDU FRQQHFWLRQ WR UHFHLYH WKHLU FRPSRVLWH DFWLRQ 7KH FRPSRVLWH WLPEHUFRQFUHWH EULGJH GHFN FRPSDULQJ WR WKH VWDQGDUG WLPEHU EULGJH GHFN KDV D KLJKHU ULJLGLW\ LV PRUH UHVLVWDQW WR G\QDPLF HIIHFWV DQG KDV SURWHFWHGZRRGHQSDUWIURPH[WHUQDOPHFKDQLFDODFWLRQV7KHEHKDYLRURIWLPEHU±FRQFUHWHEULGJHGHFNLVVLJQLILFDQWO\LQIOXHQFHG E\WKHFRQGLWLRQVRIVXUURXQGLQJHQYLURQPHQW,QWKHSUHVHQWHGSDSHUUHVXOWVRIWKHRUHWLFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH HIIHFWRIWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKXPLGLW\FKDQJHVRIHQYLURQPHQWRQWKHWLPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHEULGJHGHFNZLOOEHSUHVHQWHG7KH DSSOLHGDQDO\WLFDOFDOFXODWLRQPRGHOGHYHORSHGIRUDQDO\VLVRIORQJWHUPEHKDYLRURIWLPEHUFRQFUHWHHOHPHQWVLQIOXHQFHGE\WKH HQYLURQPHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKXPLGLW\ZLOOEHLQWURGXFHG,QWKHH[SHULPHQWDOSURJUDPWLPEHU±FRQFUHWHPHPEHUVZLWKGLIIHUHQW WLPEHU VWUXFWXUDO SDUWV DQG YDULRXV FRPSRVLWH FRQQHFWLRQV XQGHU VKRUW DQG ORQJ WHUP ORDGLQJ ZHUH LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\ GXULQJ WKH \HDU ORQJ WHVW ZHUH FRQWLQXDOO\ UHJLVWHUHG &RPSDULVRQ RI WKHRUHWLFDO DQG H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV DQG VRPH SUDFWLFDO FRQFOXVLRQV IRU GHVLJQ RI WLPEHU±FRQFUHWH EULGJH GHFN ZLOO EH ILQDOO\ SUHVHQWHG © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI%'% Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of BDB 2016 Keywords:WLPEHUFRQFUHWH EULGJHGHFN HIIHFWRIHQYLURQPHQW
,QJ9LNWyULD%DM]HFHURYi3K'7HO ID[ E-mail address:YLNWRULDEDM]HFHURYD#WXNHVN
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of BDB 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.264
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
33
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nfluence of relative humidity changes of environment 7KHZRRGUHDFKHVHTXLOLEULXPRIPRLVWXUHFRQGLWLRQLILVSODFHGORQJHQRXJKLQDQHQYLURQPHQWZLWKFRQVWDQW SDUDPHWHUV ,Q WKH FDVH RI FKDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV WKH PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI ZRRG DGDSW WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK D ODJ 7KH PRLVWXUH SURFHVV LQ WKH ZRRGHQ FURVVVHFWLRQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV LV JRYHUQHG E\ WKH ODZ RI GLIIXVLRQ )URP WKH SUDFWLFDO SRLQW RI YLHZ WR VROYH FRPSOH[ GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQVRIGLIIXVLRQSURFHVVLVGHPDQGLQJWDVNWKHUHIRUHWKHVLPSOLILHGFDOFXODWLRQPRGHOLVDSSOLHG,QWKLVPRGHO WKH PRLVWXUH HTXLOLEULXP LQ ZKROH FURVVVHFWLRQ ZLWKRXW WLPH GHOD\ LV FRQVLGHUHG 7KH HTXLOLEULXP RI PRLVWXUH FRQWHQWFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGE\PHDQVRIVRUSWLRQLVRWKHUPVDFFRUGLQJWRYDULRXVDXWKRUV >@>@ &RQFUHWHPRLVWXUH H[SDQVLRQ FDQ EH QHJOHFWHG EHFDXVH HYHQ XQGHU H[WUHPH FRQGLWLRQV IRU ORQJ F\FOHV RI DEVRUSWLRQ DQG GHVRUSWLRQ RFFXULQFRQFUHWHQHJOLJLEO\VPDOOGHIRUPDWLRQ
34
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
σ u,I σ u,II
A c, I c, E c hc /2 t
e at
x
Nu
ht /2
Nu
+
+
=
σ u,c1 σ u,c2
σ u,t1
Mu
εu
A t , It , E t
σ u,III
σ u,t2
)LJ6WUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQLQFRPSRVLWHFURVVVHFWLRQDIIHFWHGE\WLPEHUVZHOOLQJ
,QFRPPRQSUDFWLFHWKHGHVLJQHUKDYHQRLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHPRLVWXUHWLPHFRXUVHLQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQ7KH HIIHFWRIPRLVWXUHFKDQJHVRIWKHWLPEHUWRWKHGHIOHFWLRQDQGWRWKHVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQFDQEH GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH LQWHUYDO RI SRVVLEOH GHYLDWLRQV GXULQJ WKH OLIH WLPH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH ZKLFK PD\ EH IRU WKH DVVHVVPHQWRIFRPSRVLWHWLPEHUFRQFUHWHHOHPHQWVVXIILFLHQW 7KH GHIOHFWLRQ LQ WKH EHDP PLGGOH VSDQ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH KXPLGLW\ FKDQJHV RI HQYLURQPHQW ZLOO FKDQJH E\ WKH IROORZLQJYDOXH Δδ u =
α t u Δ u Et At at L
(EI )eff
ZKHUHĮt,uLVPRLVWXUHH[SDQVLRQFRHIILFLHQWRIWLPEHUDORQJWKHJUDLQ ¨u u2±u1FKDQJHRIWLPEHUPRLVWXUH FRQWHQW EPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\ LQGH[c IRUFRQFUHWHRU LQGH[t IRUZRRG ADUHDRIFRQFUHWHRUZRRGFURVV VHFWLRQ aGLVWDQFHRIJUDYLW\RIFRQFUHWHRUWLPEHUSDUWIURPWKHFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\RIFRPSRVLWHFURVVVHFWLRQ L EHDPVSDQ EI)effHIIHFWLYHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHFRPSRVLWHFURVVVHFWLRQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK>@ȖVWLIIQHVVFRHIILFLHQW RIIDVWHQLQJ hGHSWKRIFRQFUHWHRUZRRGFURVVVHFWLRQ ,Iu2!u1WKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIWLPEHULQFUHDVHDQGWKHVZHOOLQJRIWLPEHURFFXUWKHUHIRUHWKHGHIOHFWLRQYDOXH RIWKHFRPSRVLWHEHDPLQFUHDVH5HYHUVHO\LIu2 u1VKULQNDJHRIWLPEHURFFXUWKHUHIRUHWKHGHIOHFWLRQYDOXHRI WKHFRPSRVLWHEHDPGHFUHDVH 7KHVWUHVVFKDQJHVLQWLPEHUFRQFUHWHFURVVVHFWLRQDIIHFWHGE\WKHLQHODVWLFVWUDLQVGXHWRPRLVWXUHYDULDWLRQVıu VHH)LJ FDQEHSUHGLFWHGXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJH[SUHVVLRQV § Ec At at Ec At # hc − γ ac + ( ) EI E A c c + Et At eff ©
σ u c =α t u Δu Et ¨¨ + § ¨ ©
σ ut = α t u Δu Et ¨ − +
(
)
(
)
· ¸ ¸ ¹
· ¸ ¸ ¹
Et At at Et At # ht + at + (EI )eff Ec Ac + Et At
2.2. Influence of temperature changes of environment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
35
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
ε c,T -ε t,T
A c , I c, E c
NT
σ T,I
hc /2 ac
t
e NT
x ht /2
σ T,II +
σ T,III +
=
σ T,c1 σ T,c2
σ T,t1
MT
σ T,t2
A t, It , E t
)LJ6WUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQLQFRPSRVLWHFURVVVHFWLRQDIIHFWHGE\FRROLQJRIHQYLURQPHQW
,Q FDVH RI HQYLURQPHQWDO FRROLQJ T2 T1 WKH ZKROH EHDP LV IUHHO\ VKRUWHQ E\ WKH YDOXH RI WLPEHU VKULQNDJH IXUWKHU GHIRUPDWLRQ LQ FRQFUHWH LV SUHYHQWHG GXH WR WKH FRPSRVLWH FRQQHFWLRQ 7KH GHIOHFWLRQ LQ WKH EHDP PLGGOH VSDQDIIHFWHGE\WKHWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVRIHQYLURQPHQWZLOOFKDQJHE\WKHIROORZLQJYDOXH Δδ T = −
γ α c T − α t T Δ TE c Ac ac L
(EI )eff
ZKHUH Įc,T LV WKHUPDO H[SDQVLRQ FRHIILFLHQW RI FRQFUHWH Įt,T WKHUPDO H[SDQVLRQ FRHIILFLHQW RI WLPEHU ¨T WHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHVRIHQYLURQPHQW¨T T2T1 ,Q WKH FRPSRVLWH FURVVVHFWLRQ VHH )LJ WKH VWUHVV FKDQJHV FDXVHG E\ WKH LQHODVWLF VWUDLQ GXH WR WKHUPDO YDULDWLRQVLVSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHE\WKHIROORZLQJIRUPXODV §
σ T c = γ ΔT (α cT − α t T )Ec ¨¨ − − ©
(
)
Ec Ac ac Ec Ac # hc − γ ac + (EI )eff Ec Ac + Et At
§ Et Ac ac · Et Ac ¸ # ht + at + Ec Ac + Et At ¸¹ © (EI )eff
σ T t = γ ΔT (α cT − α t T )Ec ¨¨ −
(
)
· ¸ ¸ ¹
)RUPXODV D ZLOO EH IXUWKHU YHULILHG E\ UHVXOWV RI ORQJ WHUP EHQGLQJ WHVWV RI WLPEHUFRQFUHWH FRPSRVLWH EHDPVZLWKYDULRXVVWLIIQHVVRIFRQQHFWLRQ /RQJWHUPEHQGLQJWHVWV
3.1. Screwed composite connection 'XULQJWKHILUVWSKDVHRIORQJWHUPWHVWVWLPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHEHDPVZLWKVFUHZHGFRPSRVLWHFRQQHFWLRQ ZHUHSUHSDUHG7KHEHDPVGHQRWHGDV'%.ZHUHPORQJDQGPPZLGHDQGFRQVLVWHGIURPWKUHHVHSDUDWHG ORQJLWXGLQDOYHUWLFDOO\RULHQWHGWLPEHUSODQNVZLWKFURVVVHFWLRQîPP7KHSODQNVZHUHFRYHUHGE\PP WKLFN26%VKHHW7KHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHFRQFUHWHOD\HUZDVPP6RIWZRRGVSUXFHZLWKJUDGH&DQGFRQFUHWH ZLWKJUDGH&ZDVDSSOLHG6WHHOILEHUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHZDVXVHGIRUEHDPVSHFLPHQV7KHVKHDUFRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHFRQFUHWHDQGSODQNVZDVSHUIRUPHGE\FRPPRQEUDVVVFUHZVIRUZRRGZLWKPPGLDPHWHUDQG PPOHQJWK7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHVFUHZVDORQJWKHSODQNVZDVPP,QHDFKSRVLWLRQDSDLURIVFUHZVZDV GULYHQLQZLWKDVORSHRIWRWKHSODQNVWRSHGJH )LJD 0RUHDERXWPDWHULDOSDUDPHWHUVFDQEHILQGLQ>@
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
Temperature (T)
Relative humidity (RH)
T °C
30.0
15 220
50
brass screws O 5x120mm fiber reinforced concrete OSB board timber beam A
95 80 65 50 35 20
20.0 10.0 0.0
mid-span deflection mm
A 600 concrete brass screws OSB board
50
A-A
15 220
timber
150 150 150 150
10.0
2007
2006
2008
2009
RH %
36
2010
8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0
1.0 DBK1-1D
2.0 DBK1-2D
4.0 t year
3.0 DBK1-3D
theory
)LJ D *HRPHWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIFURVVVHFWLRQ E 5HVXOWVRIORQJWHUPWHVW
/RQJWHUPEHQGLQJWHVWVRIWKUHHVSHFLPHQVZHUHFDUULHGRXWLQWKHSHULRGIURPWR)RXUSRLQWEHQGLQJ WHVW ZLWK VSDQ RI P DQG ORQJ WHUP FRQVWDQW VWDWLF ORDG î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ǻįuZDVFDOFXODWHGDVPP PD[LPDOGHIOHFWLRQYDULDWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHUPDOFKDQJHVǻįTDVPP 3.2. Grooved composite connection $W WKH VDPH WLPH ZLWK EHDPV '%. ORQJ WHUP WHVWV RI WLPEHUFRQFUHWH FRPSRVLWH EHDPV ZLWK JURRYHG FRPSRVLWHFRQQHFWLRQGHQRWHGDV'%.ZHUHFDUULHGRXW7KHPORQJEHDPVZDVEXLOWIURPYHUWLFDOO\QDLOHG WLPEHUSODQNVZLWKFURVVVHFWLRQRIî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îN1DWWKHGLVWDQFHRIPZDVFDUULHGRXW,QWKHPLGGOHRIEHDPVSDQ WKHYHUWLFDOGHIOHFWLRQZDVJDXJHG
37
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
Relative humidity (RH) 95 80
20.0
65
fiber reinforced concrete
mid-span deflection mm
340 260 80
35
A grooves
concrete
timber
260 30
80
315 A-A
50
10.0
A vertically nailed planks
RH %
T °C
Temperature (T) 30.0
0.0 5.0
20 2007
2006
2008
2009
2010
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
350
150
350
150 350
0.0
1.0 DBK3-1D
2.0 DBK3-2D
3.0 DBK3-3D
4.0 theory
t year
)LJ D *HRPHWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIFURVVVHFWLRQ E 5HVXOWVRIORQJWHUPWHVW
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ǻįuZDVFDOFXODWHGDVPP PD[LPDOGHIOHFWLRQYDULDWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHUPDOFKDQJHVǻįTDVPP 3.3. Adhesive composite connection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îN1DWWKHGLVWDQFHRIPIURPVXSSRUWV%HDPVSHFLPHQGHQRWHGDV7&BZLWKWKHRUHWLFDO VSDQRIPLVORDGHGE\î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
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
Temperature (T)
Relative humidity (RH) 95 80 65 50 35 20
30.0
130
50
T °C
TC1_4,5
mid-span deflection mm
40.0 light-weight concrete adhesive Sikadur T35 LVP vertically laminated timber
170
120
50
TC1_6,0
0.0 -15.0
80
600
15.0
RH %
38
600
30.0 20.0 10.0 2014 0.0
2015
0.0 TC1_4,5
1.0 TC1_4,5 - theory
TC1_6,0
t year 2.0 TC1_6,0 - theory
)LJ D *HRPHWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIFURVVVHFWLRQ E 3DUWLDOUHVXOWVRIORQJWHUPWHVW
7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH PD[LPXP DQG PLQLPXP GHIOHFWLRQ RI 7&B LQ WKH SHULRG EHWZHHQ VW DQG QG \HDUZDVPP RIVSDQ DQGRI7&BWKHGLIIHUHQFHZDVPP RIVSDQ 7KHRUHWLFDO YDOXH RI PLG VSDQ GHIOHFWLRQ YDULDWLRQ RI EHDP 7&B FDXVHG E\ KXPLGLW\ FKDQJHV ǻįu ZDV FDOFXODWHGDVPPPD[LPDOGHIOHFWLRQYDULDWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHUPDOFKDQJHVǻįTDVPP,QFDVHRIEHDP 7&B GHIOHFWLRQ YDULDWLRQ FDXVHG E\ KXPLGLW\ FKDQJHV ǻįu ZDV FDOFXODWHG DV PP PD[LPDO GHIOHFWLRQ YDULDWLRQFDXVHGE\WKHUPDOFKDQJHVǻįTDVPP 'LVFXVVLRQ
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ǻįu DQG ǻįT)RUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHPD[LPXPDQQXDOYDULDWLRQVRIGHIOHFWLRQGXHWRFKDQJHVRIHQYLURQPHQWFRQGLWLRQVLWLV SRVVLEOH FRXQW WKHVH YDOXHV WRJHWKHU %XW GXULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO WHVWV RI '%. WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KXPLGLW\ UHDFKHGWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQGLWFDXVHGWKHLQWHUIHUHQFHHIIHFWV,QWKHUHDORXWGRRUFRQGLWLRQVLW LVFRPPRQWKDWLQWLPHRIWKHKLJKHVWWHPSHUDWXUHWKHUHODWLYHKXPLGLW\RIHQYLURQPHQWLVWKHORZHVW,QWKLVFDVH WKHUHLVQRLQWHUIHUHQFHHIIHFWVDQGWKXVDGGLQJXSWKHYDOXHVǻįuDQGǻįTZHFDQUHOLDEO\HVWLPDWHWKHPD[LPXP DQQXDOYDULDWLRQV )RUPXODV DQG FDQ EH XVHG WR SUHGLFW WKH EHKDYLRXU RI WKH WHVWHG EHDPV IRU H[WHUQDO HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQVIRUH[DPSOHIRUXVLQJDVEULGJHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQWKHDUHDRI(DVWHUQ6ORYDNLDLQ.RãLFH,QLQWKLV
Viktória Bajzecerová and Ján Kanócz / Procedia Engineering 156 (2016) 32 – 39
39
DUHD WKH DYHUDJH GDLO\ WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH IURP & WR & DQG UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ UDQJH EHWZHHQ DQG 6XFK IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQGLWLRQV FDXVH LQ WKH FDVH RI WHVWHG EHDPV '%. '%. 7&B DQG 7&B WKH PD[LPXP DQQXDO GHYLDWLRQ RI PP PP PP DQG PP UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH YDOXHVRIEHDPV7&SUHVHQWVDERXWRIVSDQ,QFDVHRIEHDPV'%.LWLVLQFDVHRI'%.LWLV RIVSDQ,WLVVHHQWKDWWKHVHIOXFWXDWLRQVJLYHVLJQLILFDQWYDOXHVZKLFKKDVWREHFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVRI WLPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHEHDPV &RQFOXVLRQ
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
3DSHU LV WKH UHVXOW RI WKH 3URMHFW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 6FLHQFH 3DUN 7(&+1,&20 IRU ,QQRYDWLRQ $SSOLFDWLRQV 6XSSRUWHG E\ .QRZOHGJH 7HFKQRORJ\ ,706 VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 5HVHDUFK 'HYHORSPHQW2SHUDWLRQDO3URJUDPPHIXQGHGE\WKH(5') 7KLV SDSHU LV SUHSDUHG ZLWK VXSSRUWLQJ RI WKH JUDQW 9(*$ 3URMHFW 1R ³$QDO\VLV RI SURJUHVVLYH SDUDPHWULF GHVLJQHG VSDWLDO VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHPV FUHDWHG IURP ZRRGEDVHG FRPSRVLWHV´ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 6FLHQWLILF *UDQW$JHQF\RI0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQRI6ORYDN5HSXEOLFDQG6ORYDN$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV 5HIHUHQFHV >@-15RGULJXHV$'LDV33URYLGrQFLD7LPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHEULGJHV 6WDWHRIWKHDUWUHYLHZ%LR5HVRXUFHV SS >@ $ 'LDV - 6NLQQHU . &UHZV7 7DQQHUW 7LPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHV LQFUHDVLQJ WKH XVH RI WLPEHU LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI :RRGDQG:RRG3URGXFWV SS >@ - 5RGULJXHV $ 'LDV 3 3URYLGrQFLD 7LPEHUFRQFUHWH FRPSRVLWH EULGJHV±VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW &267 ± 7LPEHU %ULGJHV &RQIHUHQFH 6ZLW]HUODQG±%LHO%LHQQH >@(1 (XURFRGH'HVLJQRIWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHV3DUW %ULGJHV >@ 7 7RUDWWL &UHHS RI WLPEHU EHDPV LQ YDULDEOH HQYLURQPHQW 3K' WKHVLV +HOVLQNL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ RI 6WUXFWXUDO (QJLQLHHULQJDQG%XLOGLQJ3K\VLFV >@ $ +DQKLMlUYL 0RGHOOLQJ RI FUHHS GHIRUPDWLRQ PHFKDQLVPV LQ ZRRG +HOVLQNL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ 7HFKQLFDO 5HVHDUFK &HQWUH RI )LQODQG9773XEOLFDWLRQV(VSRR 6) 'LVVHUWDWLRQ >@(1 (XURFRGH'HVLJQRIWLPEHUVWUXFWXUHV3DUW &RPPRQUXOHVDQGUXOHVIRUEXLOGLQJV >@ - .DQyF] 9 %DM]HFHURYi â âWHOOHU 7LPEHUFRQFUHWH FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQWV ZLWK YDULRXV FRPSRVLWH FRQQHFWLRQV 3DUW 6FUHZHG FRQQHFWLRQ:RRGUHVHDUFK > @ - .DQyF] 9 %DM]HFHURYi â âWHOOHU 7LPEHUFRQFUHWH FRPSRVLWH HOHPHQWV ZLWK YDULRXV FRPSRVLWH FRQQHFWLRQV 3DUW *URRYHG FRQQHFWLRQ:RRGUHVHDUFK >@-.DQyF]9%DM]HFHURYi7LPEHUFRQFUHWHFRPSRVLWHHOHPHQWVZLWKYDULRXVFRPSRVLWHFRQQHFWLRQV3DUW $GKHVLYHFRQQHFWLRQ:RRG UHVHDUFK
