curves, represented by a sequence of at most three circular arcs. 1 Introduction ... [3] and then Schnyder [12] showed that one can draw a planar graph with straight line edges and ... that in the canonical order, vertices are labeled v. 1 , v 2,..., v n and .... vertices in M k ( wi ) with distance δ i to the right ( i= 1. ,. 2. ,..., m ), then ...
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