Driving forces of soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and ...

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grassland meadow fertilized. NA. Cambisol. SEG14. SCH grassland pasture non-fertilized. NA. Gleysol. SEG15. SCH grassland mown pasture non-fertilized. NA.
Supplementary Material Driving forces of soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and function in temperate grasslands and forests Kristin Kaiser, Bernd Wemheuer, Vera Korolkow, Franziska Wemheuer, Heiko Nacke, Ingo Schöning, Marion Schrumpf and Rolf Daniel

Fig. S1. Rarefaction curves at 3% genetic distance. Rarefaction was calculated for a subset of 5,311 sequences per sample to prevent artificial overestimation of OTUs based on higher sequence numbers. Green rarefaction curves represent grassland samples, brown rarefaction curves, represent forest samples.

Fig. S2. Rarefaction curves at 20% genetic distance. Rarefaction was calculated for a subset of 5,311 sequences per sample to prevent artificial overestimation of OTUs based on higher sequence numbers. Green rarefaction curves represent grassland samples, brown rarefaction curves, represent forest samples.

Fig. S3. Canonical correspondence analysis of the community profile using pH as constrained variable.

Fig. S4. NMDS based on Bray Curtis dissimilarities of the taxonomic profile. Statistically significant correlations of soil characteristics (C:N: carbon : nitrogen ratio; water: gravimetric water content; sand: sand amount; silt: silt amount; clay: clay amount) were indicated by arrows. Green squares represent forest samples (AEG: Schwäbische Alb grassland; SEG: Schorfheide-Chorin grassland; HEG: Hanich-Dün grassland), brown triangles represent forest samples (AEW: Schwäbische Alb forest; SEW: Schorfheide-Chorin forest; HEW: HainichDün forest).

Fig. S5. Canonical correspondence analysis of the functional profile using pH as constrained variable.

Fig. S6: Response curves of the 30 most abundant bacterial orders (representing >1% of the total community) toward pH. Each line represents the predicted abundance changes along the measured pH gradient, based on predictions derived from multinomial regression models.

Table S1. Edaphic parameters. This table gives the pH, C:N ratio (C:N), gravimetric water content (water) and amounts of clay, silt and sand; LUI: land use intensity index, calculated for 2006-2011, as described in Blüthgen et al. (2012) for grassland samples; SMI: silvicultural management index (Schall & Ammer, 2013) for forest samples. Site

pH

C:N

SEG1 SEG2 SEG3 SEG4 SEG5 SEG6 SEG7 SEG8 SEG9 SEG10 SEG11 SEG12 SEG13 SEG14 SEG15 SEG16 SEG17 SEG18 SEG19 SEG20 SEG21 SEG22 SEG23 SEG24 SEG25 SEG26 SEG27 SEG28 SEG29 SEG30 SEG31 SEG32 SEG33 SEG34 SEG35 SEG36 SEG37 SEG38

7.22 7.32 7.42 7.35 7.41 5.5 7.29 7.34 6.56 7.39 7.42 7.37 7.12 7.34 7.36 7.4 5.03 5.14 7.33 6.58 5.35 7.28 5.2 7.07 6.29 7.14 5.76 7.29 7.39 7.09 6.23 5.91 5.71 5.58 5.96 6.2 4.57 5.17

10.65 10.1 10.1 10.15 10 12.46 10.42 10.71 12.6 10.36 10 10 10 10 10 10.07 12.66 12.3 10.09 12.51 12.83 10 14.14 10.08 12.19 12.29 14.56 10.66 10.16 10.52 10.77 10.5 10.41 10.59 10.62 10.09 10.51 10.46

Water (%) 134 90 84 113 88 165 57 63 114 127 101 98 10 107 106 88 227 4 71 133 52 51 83 149 114 161 193 107 131 10 10 8 14 8 8 13 4 4

Clay (g kg-1) 233 198 89 163 162 248 157 110 171 183 137 138 41 169 191 178 374 65 87 307 278 93 373 283 176 427 416 175 195 146 182 190 118 138 200 139 93 89

Silt (g kg-1) 466 527 600 686 575 284 648 713 143 516 552 548 324 625 593 655 348 89 553 304 310 636 461 504 206 353 417 651 694 343 281 234 265 273 238 301 99 72

Sand (g kg-1) 301 275 311 151 263 468 195 177 686 301 311 314 635 206 216 167 278 846 360 389 412 271 166 213 618 220 167 174 110 511 537 576 617 589 562 560 808 838

LUI / SMI 2.33 2.14 2.28 1.04 1.08 1.48 1.64 1.06 1.53 2.19 2.19 2.33 1.79 1.04 1.16 1.15 1.28 1.36 1.03 1.37 1.51 1.62 1.62 1.16 1.42 1.51 1.00 1.16 0.92 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.84 1.94 1.97 1.56 1.81 2.44

Table S1 continued. Site pH SEG39 SEG40 SEG41 SEG42 SEG43 SEG44 SEG45 SEG46 SEG47 SEG48 SEG49 SEG50 SEW1 SEW2 SEW3 SEW4 SEW5 SEW6 SEW7 SEW8 SEW9 SEW10 SEW11 SEW12 SEW13 SEW14 SEW15 SEW16 SEW17 SEW18 SEW19 SEW20 SEW21 SEW22 SEW23 SEW24 SEW25 SEW26 SEW27 SEW28 SEW29 SEW30

7.06 5.75 5.29 5.08 5.93 5.41 5.25 5.36 6.16 6.73 5.98 5.07 3.5 3.4 3.34 3.27 3.18 3.45 3.48 3.28 3.26 3.58 3.29 3.38 3.15 3.17 3.46 3.41 3.08 3.42 3.5 3.59 3.14 3.36 3.24 3.44 3.43 3.51 3.3 3.35 3.18 3.12

C:N 10.34 10.49 10.41 10.06 10.12 10.15 10.21 10.58 10.55 10.11 10.66 10.84 23.2 17.07 19.84 20.75 19.37 17.39 16.29 16.54 19.18 17.94 23.83 26.3 20.53 17.63 19.57 18.28 23.57 21.97 20.17 23.59 18.6 17.86 15.1 15.8 15.72 15.18 15.93 14.76 21.93 23.06

Water (%) 7 6 7 6 6 6 7 12 10 4 8 6 9 11 7 11 14 15 16 23 14 7 8 7 9 10 5 8 7 10 6 7 9 13 11 15 13 12 15 13 6 15

Clay (g kg-1) 225 98 136 117 131 113 100 146 186 130 106 92 37 32 24 27 19 49 16 47 0 36 31 18 28 8 31 30 24 29 37 42 55 34 51 46 63 52 51 51 30 50

Silt (g kg-1) 237 192 185 289 121 189 234 210 255 120 372 112 81 98 50 54 17 77 124 198 58 53 85 106 51 17 46 108 49 34 44 70 69 71 76 142 77 66 139 141 11 172

Sand (g kg-1) 538 710 679 594 748 698 666 644 559 750 522 796 882 870 926 919 964 874 860 755 942 911 884 876 921 975 923 862 927 941 919 892 876 895 873 812 860 886 810 808 959 778

LUIa / SMIb 1.28 2.11 2.06 2.74 2.25 1.37 1.24 1.77 1.49 1.59 1.74 1.58 0.351 0.329 0.334 0.136 0.211 0.319 0.082 0.059 0.017 0.381 0.281 0.391 0.224 0.276 0.33 0.335 0.175 0.262 0.285 0.357 0.218 0.178 0.162 0.048 0.129 0.051 0.234 0.121 0.073 0.266

Table S1 continued. Site pH SEW31 SEW32 SEW33 SEW34 SEW35 SEW36 SEW37 SEW38 SEW39 SEW40 SEW41 SEW42 SEW43 SEW44 SEW45 SEW46 SEW47 SEW48 SEW49 SEW50 HEG1 HEG2 HEG3 HEG4 HEG5 HEG6 HEG7 HEG8 HEG9 HEG10 HEG11 HEG12 HEG13 HEG14 HEG15 HEG16 HEG17 HEG18 HEG19 HEG20 HEG21 HEG22

3.23 3.21 3.18 3.22 3.43 3.21 3.43 3.18 3.46 3.56 3.57 3.55 3.48 3.52 3.5 3.3 3.21 3.49 3.24 3.41 6.64 7.18 7.25 6.65 7.09 5.95 6.98 7.15 6.9 6.39 7.23 6.98 7.15 6.27 7.09 6.59 6.98 7.31 6.58 5.4 7.33 6.91

C:N 19.37 19.78 24.96 22.22 18.82 17.26 16.97 15.96 17.74 17.73 18.96 16.85 16.49 18.47 17.9 15.87 17.62 16.46 18.52 16.08 10 10 10 10.42 10 10.33 10 10 11.49 10.9 10.4 10 10 10.75 10.16 10.02 10.71 11.74 10.89 11.66 10.5 10

Water (%) 9 13 4 10 14 16 12 16 15 13 10 22 15 10 14 17 10 21 12 18 20 23 27 26 37 15 31 22 17 29 21 24 16 18 24 26 29 20 35 13 22 14

Clay (g kg-1) 51 51 25 42 65 64 63 57 52 63 50 74 69 75 48 63 49 85 68 79 502 552 544 511 454 257 536 494 387 436 552 497 394 450 528 555 546 457 485 239 311 446

Silt (g kg-1) 61 141 9 69 74 88 70 103 98 71 49 247 121 69 75 132 18 190 74 99 447 396 399 414 497 698 434 452 537 532 405 448 536 491 435 405 419 446 427 661 631 467

Sand (g kg-1) 888 808 966 889 861 848 871 840 850 866 905 679 810 856 881 805 933 725 858 822 50 52 57 75 49 45 30 56 76 30 43 55 70 60 38 39 32 97 87 102 58 87

LUIa / SMIb 0.285 0.282 0.125 0.217 0.234 0.166 0.161 0.204 0.29 0.25 0.244 0.224 0.229 0.21 0.092 0.088 0.082 0.07 0.334 0.116 2.75 2.62 2.62 2.09 2.46 1.96 1.73 1.44 0.72 1.48 1.43 2.83 1.76 2.25 2.06 1.03 0.63 0.68 0.63 0.77 0.67 1.35

Table S1 continued. Site pH HEG23 HEG24 HEG25 HEG26 HEG27 HEG28 HEG29 HEG30 HEG31 HEG32 HEG33 HEG34 HEG35 HEG36 HEG37 HEG38 HEG39 HEG40 HEG41 HEG42 HEG43 HEG44 HEG45 HEG46 HEG47 HEG48 HEG49 HEG50 HEW1 HEW2 HEW3 HEW4 HEW5 HEW6 HEW7 HEW8 HEW9 HEW10 HEW11 HEW12 HEW13 HEW14

7.19 6.63 7.24 7.29 7.28 7.22 7.12 7.1 7.13 5.52 5.01 7.06 6.96 7.24 7.37 7.28 6.44 6.68 7.18 7.15 7.13 7.13 6.72 7.43 7.08 6.78 6.62 6.81 6.78 5.52 4.98 5.99 4.99 4.15 4.1 5.56 4.12 4.86 4.53 4.05 6.66 4.53

C:N 10 9 10 10.1 10.43 10 10.28 10 10.02 10.54 10.45 10 10 10 10 10 10 10.08 11.29 10.91 11.16 10.32 10.39 10.4 10 10.33 10 10.27 12.54 15.23 15.79 12.66 12.64 12.46 13.95 13.93 12.78 12.5 12.35 13.41 15.13 13.21

Water (%) 21 26 30 24 22 17 15 14 22 21 15 16 14 22 21 16 23 22 17 28 23 22 22 19 23 19 22 20 36 23 31 45 35 30 30 35 33 46 35 29 43 40

Clay (g kg-1) 588 545 423 481 492 536 469 400 237 340 353 448 307 61 60 310 351 275 518 435 376 79 492 395 483 465 431 646 195 308 409 387 460 218 197 227 287 447 414 168 510 448

Silt (g kg-1) 375 404 531 458 472 409 501 548 726 640 618 469 580 871 841 622 537 648 417 520 589 853 468 531 477 488 500 335 738 600 549 562 485 709 714 716 622 503 551 713 444 504

Sand (g kg-1) 37 52 46 61 36 55 30 52 36 17 29 83 113 71 99 68 110 79 65 46 38 69 43 74 40 50 71 23 71 92 43 55 59 74 88 58 92 53 36 117 48 47

LUIa / SMIb 1.47 1.61 1.60 1.30 1.74 1.96 1.89 2.28 1.94 2.02 1.99 1.96 2.07 2.15 2.12 1.64 1.24 1.55 0.77 0.63 0.85 0.73 0.60 0.77 1.49 1.39 1.73 1.81 0.421 0.387 0.508 0.463 0.219 0.101 0.18 0.195 0.188 0.055 0.002 0.069 0.389 0.445

Table S1 continued. Site pH HEW15 HEW16 HEW17 HEW18 HEW19 HEW20 HEW21 HEW22 HEW23 HEW24 HEW25 HEW26 HEW27 HEW28 HEW29 HEW30 HEW31 HEW32 HEW33 HEW34 HEW35 HEW36 HEW37 HEW38 HEW39 HEW40 HEW41 HEW42 HEW43 HEW44 HEW45 HEW46 HEW47 HEW48 HEW49 HEW50 AEG1 AEG2 AEG3 AEG4 AEG5 AEG6

3.91 4.74 3.86 4.78 4.56 5.97 4.7 4.62 4.53 4.05 4.57 4.45 6.37 6.29 3.86 3.85 3.87 3.92 4.45 4.62 4.5 4.55 4.49 5.15 4.14 5.46 4.25 3.96 6.35 6.26 7.09 3.91 4.79 4.13 3.89 4.75 6.53 6.75 6.22 5.07 6.14 5.87

C:N 16.2 12.1 15.24 12.99 11.4 12.97 12.46 13.94 12.56 13.73 12.73 14.95 12.93 13.8 13.94 12.57 12.62 12.84 14.17 11.84 12.44 12.84 12.61 13.04 12.64 12.05 12.52 14.34 12.83 13.42 12.5 12.7 13.35 13.21 14.83 11.91 10 9 10.21 9.17 10.34 10.07

Water (%) 31 33 30 38 33 33 37 30 30 32 34 35 49 50 28 30 27 32 32 35 39 36 32 47 28 39 32 30 42 42 51 35 35 27 27 38 40 41 56 32 59 44

Clay (g kg-1) 150 322 183 272 310 253 268 184 279 162 325 150 291 306 227 358 377 345 227 380 396 356 265 511 330 406 210 184 337 373 88 387 323 273 223 349 643 512 672 488 365 588

Silt (g kg-1) 785 628 725 684 636 708 672 747 662 793 624 796 643 634 719 595 573 593 706 571 551 558 661 440 615 563 754 760 635 586 854 570 632 687 732 606 324 411 298 427 518 380

Sand (g kg-1) 66 53 96 41 52 40 61 68 56 44 53 54 67 60 55 48 52 64 68 52 55 84 78 54 58 33 34 60 30 43 60 45 46 44 48 46 33 77 30 85 117 32

LUIa / SMIb 0.427 0.333 0.364 0.205 0.071 0.174 0.135 0.125 0.397 0.195 0.317 0.184 0.19 0.27 0.154 0.187 0.173 0.2 0.047 0.069 0.108 0.13 0.022 0.051 0.049 0.007 0.107 0.121 0.486 0.486 0.293 0.115 0.113 0.147 0.191 0.184 1.87 3.14 2.03 1.78 1.85 2.26

Table S1 continued. Site pH AEG7 AEG8 AEG9 AEG10 AEG11 AEG12 AEG13 AEG14 AEG15 AEG16 AEG17 AEG18 AEG19 AEG20 AEG21 AEG22 AEG23 AEG24 AEG25 AEG26 AEG27 AEG28 AEG29 AEG30 AEG31 AEG32 AEG33 AEG34 AEG35 AEG36 AEG37 AEG38 AEG39 AEG40 AEG41 AEG42 AEG43 AEG44 AEG45 AEG46 AEG47 AEG48

7.11 6.51 6.7 6.07 5.49 6.56 5.95 6.71 5.67 6.6 6.86 6.87 5.85 6.62 5.99 5.88 6.77 6.08 6.97 6.66 6.14 6.07 5.77 6.64 6.55 5.3 5.97 6.17 5.67 6.01 6.1 5.5 5.67 6.71 6.15 6.97 6.81 7.05 5.19 5.68 7.18 7.3

C:N 11.37 11.21 11.91 10.29 10.39 10.25 10.39 10.09 10 10.11 9.89 10 10.17 9 10 11.16 9.83 10.31 11.27 12.12 11.63 11.19 10.32 10 10.18 10.64 10.61 10 10 10.38 10 10 10.52 10 10.26 9 10 10 10 10 10.8 12.84

Water (%) 33 39 50 72 55 36 38 35 37 45 47 44 56 71 29 60 49 48 62 34 50 39 25 33 34 46 41 37 33 39 28 36 32 52 33 48 54 37 50 41 41 21

Clay (g kg-1) 385 673 556 647 643 436 643 521 642 528 618 649 637 597 587 708 566 638 463 679 576 599 566 556 595 461 597 423 446 588 566 451 463 698 541 159 613 152 529 659 146 295

Silt (g kg-1) 427 319 417 327 327 512 311 453 340 449 365 332 327 334 391 270 387 329 406 241 410 385 343 375 381 466 388 554 503 213 334 468 493 269 407 757 349 735 417 287 704 565

Sand (g kg-1) 188 8 27 26 30 52 46 26 18 23 17 19 36 69 22 22 47 33 131 80 14 16 91 69 24 73 15 23 51 199 100 81 44 33 52 84 38 113 54 54 150 140

LUIa / SMIb 0.51 1.30 0.61 1.00 2.13 2.16 2.16 2.25 2.59 1.71 2.17 2.42 2.41 1.66 3.92 1.30 1.36 2.22 0.83 1.43 1.12 0.70 1.49 1.52 1.19 0.59 1.21 1.03 1.76 1.83 1.91 1.54 2.00 2.04 2.41 2.21 1.87 1.81 1.48 1.55 0.80 0.65

Table S1 continued. Site pH AEG49 AEG50 AEW1 AEW2 AEW3 AEW4 AEW5 AEW6 AEW7 AEW8 AEW9 AEW10 AEW11 AEW12 AEW13 AEW14 AEW15 AEW16 AEW17 AEW18 AEW19 AEW20 AEW21 AEW22 AEW23 AEW24 AEW25 AEW26 AEW27 AEW28 AEW29 AEW30 AEW31 AEW32 AEW33 AEW34 AEW35 AEW36 AEW37 AEW38 AEW39 AEW40

6.16 5.93 3.42 4.34 5.65 6.19 4.5 4.88 4.59 6.06 5.88 4.62 3.48 4.29 4.76 4.59 6.21 6.2 6.41 4.61 4.8 6.64 6.11 6.25 5.48 4.88 4.7 4.85 4.49 4.9 4.48 5.93 5.8 6.58 5.33 4.93 5.1 5.84 5.39 6.14 5.73 5.01

C:N 10.36 10.15 15.34 13.91 14.18 12.75 12.98 12.32 13.05 14.11 14.29 13.48 15.09 13.16 14.85 12.81 13.76 13.81 12.5 12.71 12.08 12.14 11.71 13.31 12.42 13.04 12.9 12.19 13.8 12.75 13.92 12.55 12.2 12.95 14.4 13.7 14.34 12.06 12.44 13.42 13.1 11.46

Water (%) 45 54 41 39 38 67 54 50 59 51 46 39 35 51 54 36 72 58 56 47 50 72 59 65 55 44 38 52 47 54 43 75 46 42 44 38 58 59 63 54 55 59

Clay (g kg-1) 451 589 318 500 527 487 404 415 548 492 693 528 260 570 666 449 653 521 428 313 471 437 519 542 500 510 383 480 518 474 413 700 548 395 681 626 587 407 553 502 432 610

Silt (g kg-1) 522 382 659 462 424 482 579 494 362 466 289 441 699 405 289 508 277 335 540 655 503 533 453 409 486 307 506 329 352 474 550 263 431 548 305 353 362 541 374 387 530 347

Sand (g kg-1) 27 29 23 38 49 32 18 91 90 42 18 33 41 25 45 43 70 144 32 34 28 30 30 49 15 183 111 181 130 52 37 37 21 57 14 23 51 52 73 111 38 44

LUIa / SMIb 0.96 2.30 0.54 0.568 0.515 0.229 0.183 0.246 0.15 0.011 0.127 0.476 0.486 0.602 0.433 0.472 0.406 0.348 0.225 0.207 0.15 0.165 0.124 0.175 0.177 0.321 0.418 0.318 0.334 0.211 0.487 0.212 0.538 0.674 0.528 0.518 0.379 0.421 0.301 0.34 0.242 0.119

Table S1 continued. Site pH AEW41 AEW42 AEW43 AEW44 AEW45 AEW46 AEW47 AEW48 AEW49 AEW50

5.12 5.88 4.8 5.86 5.71 5.06 5.07 5.4 5.85 5.86

C:N 12.3 12.57 11.06 12.31 12.22 12.85 12.84 12.18 12.65 13.19

Water (%) 55 63 48 57 53 57 50 47 47 73

Clay (g kg-1) 475 504 386 429 220 546 531 464 645 543

Silt (g kg-1) 449 386 577 528 574 425 404 508 234 429

Sand (g kg-1) 76 110 39 43 206 27 65 28 121 28

LUIa / SMIb 0.172 0.241 0.278 0.292 0.274 0.253 0.199 0.156 0.238 0.134

Table S2. Categorical Parameters. This table lists the exploratory (ALB: Schwäbische Alb; SCH: Schorfheide-Chorin; HAI: Hainich-Dün), land use, management type (AKL: age class forest; NW: unmanaged forest; PLW: selection forest), treatment (fertilized/non-fertilized), dominant tree species and soil type for all plots analyzed. Site SEG1 SEG2 SEG3 SEG4 SEG5 SEG6 SEG7 SEG8 SEG9 SEG10 SEG11 SEG12 SEG13 SEG14 SEG15 SEG16 SEG17 SEG18 SEG19 SEG20 SEG21 SEG22 SEG23 SEG24 SEG25 SEG26 SEG27 SEG28 SEG29 SEG30 SEG31 SEG32 SEG33 SEG34 SEG35 SEG36 SEG37 SEG38 SEG39 SEG40

Exploratory SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH SCH

Land use grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland

Management meadow meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow meadow meadow pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture meadow pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture mown pasture pasture pasture

Treatment fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized

Tree species NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Soil type Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Gleysol Histosol Histosol Gleysol Histosol Histosol Gleysol Histosol Cambisol Gleysol Histosol Gleysol Histosol Luvisol Gleysol Histosol Gleysol Gleysol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Histosol Albeluvisol Cambisol Luvisol Albeluvisol Albeluvisol Luvisol Albeluvisol Albeluvisol Cambisol Cambisol Luvisol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory SEG41 SCH SEG42 SCH SEG43 SCH SEG44 SCH SEG45 SCH SEG46 SCH SEG47 SCH SEG48 SCH SEG49 SCH SEG50 SCH SEW1 SCH SEW2 SCH SEW3 SCH SEW4 SCH SEW5 SCH SEW6 SCH SEW7 SCH SEW8 SCH SEW9 SCH SEW10 SCH SEW11 SCH SEW12 SCH SEW13 SCH SEW14 SCH SEW15 SCH SEW16 SCH SEW17 SCH SEW18 SCH SEW19 SCH SEW20 SCH SEW21 SCH SEW22 SCH SEW23 SCH SEW24 SCH SEW25 SCH SEW26 SCH SEW27 SCH SEW28 SCH SEW29 SCH SEW30 SCH SEW31 SCH SEW32 SCH SEW33 SCH

Land use grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest

Management pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL NW NW NW AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL

Treatment fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tree species NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA pine pine pine pine beech beech beech beech beech pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine pine oak oak oak oak oak oak oak pine pine pine pine pine

Soil type Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Cambisol Albeluvisol Cambisol Luvisol Luvisol Albeluvisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Albeluvisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Podzol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Regosol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory SEW34 SCH SEW35 SCH SEW36 SCH SEW37 SCH SEW38 SCH SEW39 SCH SEW40 SCH SEW41 SCH SEW42 SCH SEW43 SCH SEW44 SCH SEW45 SCH SEW46 SCH SEW47 SCH SEW48 SCH SEW49 SCH SEW50 SCH HEG1 HAI HEG2 HAI HEG3 HAI HEG4 HAI HEG5 HAI HEG6 HAI HEG7 HAI HEG8 HAI HEG9 HAI HEG10 HAI HEG11 HAI HEG12 HAI HEG13 HAI HEG14 HAI HEG15 HAI HEG16 HAI HEG17 HAI HEG18 HAI HEG19 HAI HEG20 HAI HEG21 HAI HEG22 HAI HEG23 HAI HEG24 HAI HEG25 HAI HEG26 HAI

Land use forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland

Management AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL NW NW AKL AKL AKL meadow meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture meadow

Treatment NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized

Tree species pine beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Soil type Albeluvisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Regosol Cambisol Cambisol Albeluvisol Albeluvisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Vertisol Vertisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Vertisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Vertisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Cambisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Cambisol Cambisol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory HEG27 HAI HEG28 HAI HEG29 HAI HEG30 HAI HEG31 HAI HEG32 HAI HEG33 HAI HEG34 HAI HEG35 HAI HEG36 HAI HEG37 HAI HEG38 HAI HEG39 HAI HEG40 HAI HEG41 HAI HEG42 HAI HEG43 HAI HEG44 HAI HEG45 HAI HEG46 HAI HEG47 HAI HEG48 HAI HEG49 HAI HEG50 HAI HEW1 HAI HEW2 HAI HEW3 HAI HEW4 HAI HEW5 HAI HEW6 HAI HEW7 HAI HEW8 HAI HEW9 HAI HEW10 HAI HEW11 HAI HEW12 HAI HEW13 HAI HEW14 HAI HEW15 HAI HEW16 HAI HEW17 HAI HEW18 HAI HEW19 HAI

Land use grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest

Management meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL PLW PLW PLW NW NW NW AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL

Treatment fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tree species NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA spruce spruce spruce beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech spruce beech beech beech beech beech beech

Soil type Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Luvisol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory HEW20 HAI HEW21 HAI HEW22 HAI HEW23 HAI HEW24 HAI HEW25 HAI HEW26 HAI HEW27 HAI HEW28 HAI HEW29 HAI HEW30 HAI HEW31 HAI HEW32 HAI HEW33 HAI HEW34 HAI HEW35 HAI HEW36 HAI HEW37 HAI HEW38 HAI HEW39 HAI HEW40 HAI HEW41 HAI HEW42 HAI HEW43 HAI HEW44 HAI HEW45 HAI HEW46 HAI HEW47 HAI HEW48 HAI HEW49 HAI HEW50 HAI AEG1 ALB AEG2 ALB AEG3 ALB AEG4 ALB AEG5 ALB AEG6 ALB AEG7 ALB AEG8 ALB AEG9 ALB AEG10 ALB AEG11 ALB AEG12 ALB

Land use forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland

Management AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL PLW PLW PLW PLW PLW PLW PLW PLW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL PLW PLW NW meadow meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow meadow

Treatment NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized

Tree species beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Soil type Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Luvisol Luvisol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Stagnosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory AEG13 ALB AEG14 ALB AEG15 ALB AEG16 ALB AEG17 ALB AEG18 ALB AEG19 ALB AEG20 ALB AEG21 ALB AEG22 ALB AEG23 ALB AEG24 ALB AEG25 ALB AEG26 ALB AEG27 ALB AEG28 ALB AEG29 ALB AEG30 ALB AEG31 ALB AEG32 ALB AEG33 ALB AEG34 ALB AEG35 ALB AEG36 ALB AEG37 ALB AEG38 ALB AEG39 ALB AEG40 ALB AEG41 ALB AEG42 ALB AEG43 ALB AEG44 ALB AEG45 ALB AEG46 ALB AEG47 ALB AEG48 ALB AEG49 ALB AEG50 ALB AEW1 ALB AEW2 ALB AEW3 ALB AEW4 ALB AEW5 ALB

Land use grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland grassland forest forest forest forest forest

Management meadow meadow meadow mown pasture meadow meadow mown pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow mown pasture pasture pasture pasture pasture mown pasture mown pasture mown pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow meadow mown pasture mown pasture pasture meadow pasture pasture pasture pasture meadow AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL

Treatment fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized non-fertilized NA NA NA NA NA

Tree species NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA spruce spruce spruce beech beech

Soil type Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory AEW6 ALB AEW7 ALB AEW8 ALB AEW9 ALB AEW10 ALB AEW11 ALB AEW12 ALB AEW13 ALB AEW14 ALB AEW15 ALB AEW16 ALB AEW17 ALB AEW18 ALB AEW19 ALB AEW20 ALB AEW21 ALB AEW22 ALB AEW23 ALB AEW24 ALB AEW25 ALB AEW26 ALB AEW27 ALB AEW28 ALB AEW29 ALB AEW30 ALB AEW31 ALB AEW32 ALB AEW33 ALB AEW34 ALB AEW35 ALB AEW36 ALB AEW37 ALB AEW38 ALB AEW39 ALB AEW40 ALB AEW41 ALB AEW42 ALB AEW43 ALB AEW44 ALB AEW45 ALB AEW46 ALB AEW47 ALB AEW48 ALB

Land use forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest forest

Management AKL AKL NW NW AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL AKL

Treatment NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tree species beech beech beech beech spruce spruce spruce spruce spruce beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech spruce spruce spruce spruce beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech beech

Soil type Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Leptosol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol Cambisol Leptosol

Table S2 continued. Site Exploratory AEW49 ALB AEW50 ALB

Land use forest forest

Management NW AKL

Treatment NA NA

Tree species beech beech

Soil type Leptosol Leptosol

Table S3. Diversity indices and estimates. This table lists the Chao1 richness estimator, MichaelisMenten-Fit, number of observed species and the diversity indices Shannon (H’) and Simpson (D) for all samples, calculated at 5,311 sequences per sample. Site SEG1 SEG2 SEG3 SEG4 SEG5 SEG6 SEG7 SEG8 SEG9 SEG10 SEG11 SEG12 SEG13 SEG14 SEG15 SEG16 SEG17 SEG18 SEG19 SEG20 SEG21 SEG22 SEG23 SEG24 SEG25 SEG26 SEG27 SEG28 SEG29 SEG30 SEG31 SEG32 SEG33 SEG34 SEG35 SEG36 SEG37 SEG38 SEG39

Chao 1 7094.229 7323.877 7670.008 4344.132 6331.462 8012.599 7402.458 8856.476 7282.602 7814.84 7428.185 7607.704 9886.498 7839.443 4790.82 7380.001 7205.694 8969.864 6417.823 7431.05 6693.213 7185.279 7706.474 6515.806 6834.74 6318.051 7813.434 6296.629 5223.306 6446.365 7369.885 7119.621 8104.286 8648.031 6293.491 6864.958 7005.596 6357.294 6121.355

MichaelisMenten-Fit 5759.738 6407.304 6358.627 3546.984 5419.245 6909.807 6357.476 7882.927 6309.089 6904.029 6190.338 6768.333 8821.943 7242.44 4041.234 6116.738 6041.893 8021.993 5613.748 6753.321 6013.486 6136.323 6573.289 5475.427 5797.908 5430.308 6966.592 4998.498 4294.069 5701.008 6562.902 5901.151 7055.753 7364.476 5155.253 5800.902 6324.656 5261.015 5056.049

Number of observed species 2306 2509.1 2455.1 1817.2 2255 2639.4 2452.9 2763.1 2397.9 2612.4 2415.3 2579.6 2798.6 2670.7 1918.5 2431.5 2436.6 2722.7 2303.4 2553.4 2322 2446.7 2462.4 2288.7 2376.1 2246.8 2602.8 2175.4 1993.7 2260.1 2415.4 2262.2 2595.4 2605.6 2164.1 2290.4 2356.7 2141.1 2126

Shannon index (H') 10.15 10.43 10.328 9.744 10.098 10.597 10.302 10.66 10.184 10.561 10.275 10.514 10.543 10.599 9.771 10.344 10.346 10.45 10.186 10.418 10.038 10.368 10.246 10.204 10.283 10.083 10.461 10.07 9.859 10.026 10.048 9.85 10.413 10.377 9.946 9.992 9.922 9.736 9.876

Simpson index (D) 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.998 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.999 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.995 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.995 0.997

Table S3 continued. Site SEG40 SEG41 SEG42 SEG43 SEG44 SEG45 SEG46 SEG47 SEG48 SEG49 SEG50 SEW1 SEW2 SEW3 SEW4 SEW5 SEW6 SEW7 SEW8 SEW9 SEW10 SEW11 SEW12 SEW13 SEW14 SEW15 SEW16 SEW17 SEW18 SEW19 SEW20 SEW21 SEW22 SEW23 SEW24 SEW25 SEW26 SEW27 SEW28 SEW29 SEW30 SEW31

Chao 1 8390.666 6710 7325.056 7356.489 8049.2 6935.908 7317.88 6935.032 7720.198 11338.475 8003.882 3226.914 4166.034 4209.99 4225.192 3779.391 5700.206 3841.901 4599.68 3348.157 4100.863 3449.996 3474.737 3472.795 4075.648 3935.772 3544.056 3736.918 3557.598 3726.94 4292.182 3729.98 2871.611 2839.466 3932.676 3656.363 4157.099 4897.615 5220.853 3938.06 2298.115 3140.168

MichaelisMenten-Fit 6856.695 5565.906 6109.753 6065.728 7014.484 5888.577 6154.615 5540.522 6759.925 10258.913 6636.919 2450.502 3098.27 3130.77 3160.341 2879.822 4317.668 3084.638 3697.152 2620.492 3150.289 2678.906 2720.213 2712.561 2930.557 3006.317 2651.659 2738.553 2581.468 2780.928 3378.129 2865.003 2335.542 2103.331 3062.104 2964.947 3225.616 3762.679 4155.135 3236.631 1794.485 2311.563

Number of observed species 2466.7 2226.6 2301.8 2297.6 2415.5 2285.5 2279.1 2246.4 2405 3014 2332.3 1220.7 1468.9 1474.4 1424.6 1391.7 1783.7 1435.7 1660.8 1292.9 1467.8 1295.1 1288.8 1309.5 1388.5 1463.6 1285 1294.8 1268 1335.6 1491.5 1452.9 1189.3 1116 1496.8 1452.4 1583 1768.9 1903.8 1608.4 1018.5 1176.1

Shannon index (H') 10.133 9.908 9.876 9.91 9.708 9.889 9.772 9.976 9.986 10.722 9.745 8.052 8.656 8.475 8.32 8.447 9.085 8.461 9.015 8.376 8.557 8.264 8.162 8.182 8.432 8.738 8.13 8.159 8.184 8.402 8.508 8.83 8.071 8.001 8.841 8.705 8.986 9.401 9.602 9.164 7.857 8.143

Simpson index (D) 0.996 0.996 0.995 0.996 0.989 0.995 0.994 0.997 0.995 0.998 0.993 0.984 0.991 0.983 0.985 0.989 0.993 0.989 0.993 0.991 0.989 0.988 0.986 0.985 0.989 0.992 0.983 0.986 0.987 0.991 0.988 0.993 0.987 0.988 0.993 0.992 0.993 0.996 0.996 0.995 0.987 0.989

Table S3 continued. Site SEW32 SEW33 SEW34 SEW35 SEW36 SEW37 SEW38 SEW39 SEW40 SEW41 SEW42 SEW43 SEW44 SEW45 SEW46 SEW47 SEW48 SEW49 SEW50 HEG1 HEG2 HEG3 HEG4 HEG5 HEG6 HEG7 HEG8 HEG9 HEG10 HEG11 HEG12 HEG13 HEG14 HEG15 HEG16 HEG17 HEG18 HEG19 HEG20 HEG21 HEG22 HEG23

Chao 1 4768.341 4246.486 3584.837 5201.553 5224.153 5649.108 4374.013 4091.545 5210.123 5813.735 6230.117 6082.497 4998.739 5486.506 5436.563 5665.275 5519.121 4476.105 6161.316 7925.276 7804.237 7725.96 8097.095 7861.365 8407.463 6664.923 7537.824 8789.452 7395.908 7052.871 7865.953 7391.416 7100.277 7925.082 7025.202 6821.349 5822.378 6858.536 9476.55 7706.758 6559.395 7703.378

MichaelisMenten-Fit 3926.295 3469.11 2969.609 4449.65 4063.02 4595.895 3738.485 3314.456 4088.085 4886.967 4850.247 4975.654 4048.157 4694.132 4240.365 4750.536 4634.311 3437.385 5511.844 6993.927 7012.619 6902.421 7090.592 7367.644 7635.28 6020.003 6855.176 8183.874 6644.077 5991.567 6446.97 6837.799 6019.024 6319.681 5297.383 5733.976 4911.61 5820.174 8533.684 6306.9 5506.084 6553.404

Number of observed species 1649.5 1672.8 1429.6 1885.9 1760.5 1907.1 1741.6 1558.2 1751.2 1884.3 1977.8 1973.3 1691.8 1907 1861.3 2016.1 1985.1 1575.5 2224.3 2587.2 2615.1 2617.9 2520.1 2703.9 2641.7 2331.2 2616.3 2813.6 2532.7 2340 2409.8 2533 2206.2 2364.4 2128.3 2250.3 2085.4 2338 2760 2425.7 2214.2 2477.4

Shannon index (H') 8.782 9.156 8.624 9.377 9.18 9.379 9.258 8.911 9.108 9.212 9.5 9.406 8.934 9.327 9.405 9.697 9.578 8.91 9.933 10.452 10.522 10.556 10.269 10.635 10.374 10.109 10.533 10.691 10.353 10.132 10.159 10.364 9.681 10.111 9.771 9.98 9.771 10.169 10.454 10.273 9.932 10.317

Simpson index (D) 0.991 0.993 0.991 0.995 0.994 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.993 0.994 0.995 0.994 0.992 0.994 0.995 0.997 0.995 0.994 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.999 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.999 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.995 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.996 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.998

Table S3 continued. Site HEG24 HEG25 HEG26 HEG27 HEG28 HEG29 HEG30 HEG31 HEG32 HEG33 HEG34 HEG35 HEG36 HEG37 HEG38 HEG39 HEG40 HEG41 HEG42 HEG43 HEG44 HEG45 HEG46 HEG47 HEG48 HEG49 HEG50 HEW1 HEW2 HEW3 HEW4 HEW5 HEW6 HEW7 HEW8 HEW9 HEW10 HEW11 HEW12 HEW13 HEW14 HEW15

Chao 1 8550.141 7443.614 6771.309 7429.278 6773.083 6804.499 7644.897 7739.947 8677.593 7142.119 8046.48 7713.075 7760.423 7849.898 8161.055 10379.915 9410.013 7225.035 7531.542 6787.035 7646.666 7423.06 6910.777 5880.431 8119.746 5373.033 6461.04 8650.604 8324.796 8164.795 7944.321 7375.756 6510.697 7365.413 8275.611 7447.434 6833.442 7250.425 5512.578 6361.843 6419.51 5386.689

MichaelisMenten-Fit 7556.418 6142.819 5536.117 6102.886 5399.948 5993.753 6658.264 6609.193 8224.579 6106.662 8024.91 6550.669 6639.811 7178.348 7387.638 9897.247 9651.121 5895.28 7017.655 5318.297 6062.505 6409.286 5547.945 4624.264 6632.664 4289.846 5486.6 6930.626 7151.404 7064.625 7354.168 6264.727 5032.176 5787.957 6699.093 5843.373 5539.28 5469.239 4207.001 4999.553 5137.252 4456.904

Number of observed species 2636 2432.9 2235.5 2349.6 2236.3 2351.3 2484.9 2498.5 2793.3 2374.2 2871.1 2476.1 2526.3 2662.1 2642.6 3035.8 3130.1 2363.6 2604.5 2186.4 2336.8 2464.5 2248 1967.2 2459.6 1951.5 2247.8 2562.3 2592.5 2473.5 2557.7 2371.4 1983.2 2136.3 2545.5 2200.3 2220.8 2117.8 1782.3 2078.7 2029 1882.5

Shannon index (H') 10.425 10.331 10.032 10.117 10.065 10.139 10.292 10.374 10.583 10.113 10.826 10.32 10.414 10.59 10.488 10.843 11.039 10.241 10.484 9.943 10.061 10.338 10.039 9.594 10.215 9.669 10.045 10.407 10.383 10.095 10.2 10.071 9.459 9.599 10.428 9.774 9.926 9.701 9.175 9.75 9.423 9.333

Simpson index (D) 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.995 0.994 0.998 0.996 0.996 0.996 0.993 0.996 0.993 0.994

Table S3 continued. Site HEW16 HEW17 HEW18 HEW19 HEW20 HEW21 HEW22 HEW23 HEW24 HEW25 HEW26 HEW27 HEW28 HEW29 HEW30 HEW31 HEW32 HEW33 HEW34 HEW35 HEW36 HEW37 HEW38 HEW39 HEW40 HEW41 HEW42 HEW43 HEW44 HEW45 HEW46 HEW47 HEW48 HEW49 HEW50 AEG1 AEG2 AEG3 AEG4 AEG5 AEG6 AEG7

Chao 1 6140.342 5728.986 8156.286 7255.033 7668.27 8042.853 9343.535 11772.515 12600.362 12625.689 10296.499 10800.155 13704.666 7564.013 7986.106 8147.447 9662.948 11004.471 11096.224 9044.84 11074.79 10125.4 12826.544 8722.412 14432.655 11686.629 10877.836 12556.006 15267.118 8774.148 8541.199 13582.314 10442.486 9315.865 8394.801 6509.742 6186.869 6056.487 6852.583 7412.708 7534.877 6290.972

MichaelisMenten-Fit 4792.369 4490.939 7173.983 6351.878 6445.536 6639.189 8263.172 10323.203 10058.618 10046.659 8582.787 9476.954 12792.52 5891.861 6476.243 6557.371 7766.849 9660.192 10072.176 7056.686 9002.528 8410.339 10406.134 7115.261 13698.182 9831.282 8983.633 10624.598 14225.105 7747.68 6608.822 11391.486 8944.448 7726.909 7022.75 5603.182 5312.725 4978.924 5879.876 6206.475 6005.639 5205.158

Number of observed species 1915.1 1813.8 2469.5 2348.8 2395.5 2394.7 2604.2 2889.2 2920.5 2800.8 2664.6 2966.1 3368.4 2141.3 2242 2298.4 2500 2839.9 2893 2450.4 2792.7 2668.9 3010.1 2399.7 3408.8 2875.7 2669.1 3012.2 3495.6 2713.2 2311.5 3098.6 2706.5 2506.8 2425.4 2328.9 2248.6 2172 2390.9 2407.2 2302.9 2221.4

Shannon index (H') 9.182 9.094 10.021 9.992 10.068 10.02 10.139 10.446 10.617 10.309 10.299 10.79 11.143 9.649 9.731 9.88 10.051 10.484 10.496 10.093 10.462 10.314 10.747 9.909 11.118 10.508 10.228 10.658 11.233 10.587 9.87 10.767 10.294 10.042 10.034 10.236 10.134 10.005 10.297 10.222 10.001 10.118

Simpson index (D) 0.99 0.992 0.995 0.996 0.996 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.998 0.996 0.997 0.999 0.999 0.996 0.995 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 0.995 0.999 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.999 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.998

Table S3 continued. Site AEG8 AEG9 AEG10 AEG11 AEG12 AEG13 AEG14 AEG15 AEG16 AEG17 AEG18 AEG19 AEG20 AEG21 AEG22 AEG23 AEG24 AEG25 AEG26 AEG27 AEG28 AEG29 AEG30 AEG31 AEG32 AEG33 AEG34 AEG35 AEG36 AEG37 AEG38 AEG39 AEG40 AEG41 AEG42 AEG43 AEG44 AEG45 AEG46 AEG47 AEG48 AEG49

Chao 1 6766.84 5570.335 6010.696 6250.92 6315.959 5726.15 6376.177 6199.153 6951.524 6369.211 5440.358 5926.76 6654.157 6319.584 6813.146 6218.697 6213.207 6407.637 6780.735 6866.719 6319.787 7574.405 6415.742 6989.857 8228.713 6863.883 5565.443 7004.054 6491.113 6593.61 5893.134 6739.306 5661.46 6187.209 6900.878 7545.519 7051.659 5847.468 6644.454 7263.009 6700.199 6721.956

MichaelisMenten-Fit 5397.583 4709.748 4891.221 5591.978 5157.856 4854.779 5292.335 5196.339 5663.081 5342.349 4446.025 5006.72 5896.851 5243.971 5515.524 5234.001 4944.084 5356.046 5874.224 5824.318 5009.022 6261.025 5119.894 5677.971 7239.791 5576.393 4585.045 5774.322 5181.385 5162.588 5147.187 5599.151 4331.422 4941.962 5677.101 6563.508 6219.606 4874.353 5682.535 6062.201 5547.513 5534.606

Number of observed species 2184.9 2044.7 2096.1 2335.5 2207.4 2092.7 2200.2 2197.9 2279 2220.2 1994.4 2110.4 2319.4 2201.1 2259.6 2167.8 2099 2194.2 2327.1 2293.8 2122.8 2312.6 2185.1 2254.7 2601.4 2230.5 2038.4 2275.3 2187.8 2171.6 2163.4 2295 1979.5 2160.6 2225.2 2501.5 2408.5 2100.9 2308 2379.4 2278.7 2311.9

Shannon index (H') 9.893 9.698 9.799 10.225 10.084 9.839 10.017 10.011 10.088 10.024 9.749 9.836 10.095 9.995 10.034 9.914 9.788 9.934 10.08 9.976 9.91 9.893 10.038 9.999 10.371 9.865 9.848 9.942 9.957 9.954 9.915 10.156 9.798 10.042 9.948 10.37 10.227 9.793 10.144 10.211 10.146 10.205

Simpson index (D) 0.996 0.995 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.996 0.997 0.995 0.998 0.997 0.997 0.995 0.997 0.995 0.996 0.997 0.996 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.997 0.998 0.998 0.996 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.998

Table S3 continued. Site AEG50 AEW1 AEW2 AEW3 AEW4 AEW5 AEW6 AEW7 AEW8 AEW9 AEW10 AEW11 AEW12 AEW13 AEW14 AEW15 AEW16 AEW17 AEW18 AEW19 AEW20 AEW21 AEW22 AEW23 AEW24 AEW25 AEW26 AEW27 AEW28 AEW29 AEW30 AEW31 AEW32 AEW33 AEW34 AEW35 AEW36 AEW37 AEW38 AEW39 AEW40 AEW41

Chao 1 7271.138 4147.685 5779.795 6263.087 4734.699 5103.505 4516.37 4061.702 4576.867 3454.318 3095.173 2875.121 4221.973 3173.415 5107.693 4776.078 5033.195 4462.391 7298.052 3619.005 6633.477 7480.323 6249.586 5499.94 6906.674 5053.817 6081.067 4800.17 6394.175 4925.566 6515.459 5329.834 4969.466 3898.764 4613.363 7514.192 8877.86 8667.86 6170.329 9569.422 5962.302 7828.788

MichaelisMenten-Fit 6411.706 2946.909 4226.617 5258.342 3756.306 3793.186 3518.038 2994.617 3674.305 2645.924 2460.067 2084.505 3229.57 2363.999 4069.705 3752.416 4109.862 3611.231 6401.647 2951.212 5381.162 6446.085 5098.035 4448.112 5617.582 4155.117 4837.371 3765.774 5497.115 3884.101 5681.403 4429.401 3951.603 3179.409 3561.339 6216.002 7188.271 7639.726 4897.242 8952.119 4797.357 6527.176

Number of observed species 2522.1 1359 1739.8 2203.8 1742.3 1733.8 1676.3 1455.6 1717.1 1370.8 1314 1080.8 1515.3 1237.2 1866.5 1742 1798.9 1741.6 2385.4 1436.4 2247.3 2445.4 2136.6 1930.5 2182.9 1748 2049.3 1739.1 2159.1 1769.3 2284 1999.1 1839.4 1580 1719.5 2380.6 2539.6 2638.3 2035.3 2808.7 2013.4 2387.2

Shannon index (H') 10.446 8.319 8.967 10.005 9.183 9.132 9.153 8.621 9.15 8.697 8.533 7.852 8.696 8.274 9.446 9.221 9.07 9.318 10.055 8.588 10.082 10.243 9.79 9.411 9.741 9.014 9.657 9.22 9.723 9.214 10.039 9.738 9.521 8.95 9.291 10.098 10.218 10.352 9.573 10.45 9.561 9.992

Simpson index (D) 0.998 0.989 0.992 0.997 0.992 0.992 0.994 0.99 0.993 0.993 0.99 0.986 0.99 0.989 0.994 0.994 0.989 0.994 0.996 0.99 0.997 0.997 0.995 0.993 0.995 0.991 0.995 0.994 0.995 0.993 0.997 0.996 0.996 0.991 0.994 0.996 0.996 0.997 0.994 0.996 0.994 0.996

Table S3 continued. Site AEW42 AEW43 AEW44 AEW45 AEW46 AEW47 AEW48 AEW49 AEW50

Chao 1 9075.141 7029.852 7346.448 6178.309 8785.3 5896.774 7015.329 8413.35 7085.739

MichaelisMenten-Fit 8033.014 5402.884 5665.453 4985.523 7755.439 4663.848 5753.076 7781.44 5720.121

Number of observed species 2794 2120.8 2222.3 2061.8 2700.1 1956.5 2356.8 2771.2 2214.6

Shannon index (H') 10.695 9.6 9.823 9.59 10.497 9.414 10.229 10.639 9.788

Simpson index (D) 0.999 0.993 0.995 0.994 0.998 0.993 0.998 0.998 0.995

Table S4. Shannon indices (H’) for the different management regimes per exploratory and land use. Letters indicate significant (P< 0.05) differences between management regimes according to Holm's test (mean ± SD).

Exploratory

Land use

Fertilization / tree species

Mean H ’

non-fertilized

10.00 ± 0.3

fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized fertilized beech spruce

10.00 ± 0.1 10.04 ± 0.2 10.05 ± 0.1 10.02 ± 0.0 10.05 ± 0.2 9.67 ± 0.5a 8.97 ± 0.7b

NW

beech

9.50 ± 1.0ab

meadow

fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized fertilized beech spruce beech beech

10.31 ± 0.2 10.30 ± 0.3 10.11 ± 0.0 10.09 ± 0.3 10.30 ± 0.3 10.07 ± 0.6 10.16 ± 0.3 10.21 ± 0.5 10.17 ± 0.5

non-fertilized

10.14 ± 0.2

fertilized non-fertilized fertilized non-fertilized fertilized beech

10.40 ± 0.2 10.12 ± 0.3 9.90 ± 0.2 10.10 ± 0.4 10.25 ± 0.3 9.24 ± 0.3a

oak

8.84 ± 0.6ab

pine

8.41 ± 0.3b

beech

9.02 ± 0.6ab

Management meadow

Grassland pasture Schwäbische Alb mown pasture Forest

Grassland Hainich-Dün

AKL

pasture mown pasture AKL

forest

NW PLW meadow

grassland SchorfheideChorin

pasture mown pasture

Forest

AKL NW

Table S5. Key enzymes involved in cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Significance tested by applying the Mann-Whitney test. The land use in which the abundance of the key genes was significantly higher (P