Dynamic Programming Catalan Numbers and Memoization
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Dynamic Programming Catalan Numbers and Memoization
This is best shown with an example (or a few). Catalan Numbers and
Memoization. How many binary search trees are there that contain n different
elements?
CPSC 490
Dynamic Program ming: Memoization
Dynami c Program m i n g Dynamic programming is a technique that appears in many forms in lots of vastly different situations. The core idea is a simple application of divideandconquer. First, we split the problem into several parts, all of which are smaller instances of the same problem. This gives us a recursive solution. And then we simply run the recursive solution, making sure never to solve the same subproblem twice. This is best shown with an example (or a few).
Catalan Numbers and Memoizati o n How many binary search trees are there that contain n different elements? Remember that a binary search tree always obeys the rule of having smaller elements to the left of larger ones. For example, there are 2 BST's with 2 nodes (2 choices for the root) and 5 BST's with 3 nodes. Let us call the number of BST's with n nodes C n . Whenever you have a problem involving trees, it's always a good idea to think about a recursive solution. Here is one. We will pick one of the n nodes to be the root. If the nodes are numbered from 1 to n, imagine picking node number i. This splits the problem nicely into 2 subproblems. In the left subtree, we have a BST on i1 nodes, and there are Ci−1 ways of building those. In the right subtree, we have ni nodes and so, C n−i ways of building a BST. The two subtrees are independent of each other, so we simply multiply the two numbers. That is if we have chosen node i to be the root. Picking a different root is sure to give us a different tree, so to get all the possible trees, we pick all the possible root nodes and multiply the numbers for the two subtrees that we get. This gives us a neat, recursive formula. n
Cn =∑i=1 Ci−1 C n−i Of course, we need some base cases. Simply setting C0 to be 1 is enough – there is just one way to make a tree with zero nodes. A mathematician would now try to get a closed form solution to this recurrence, but we have computers. What will happen if we simply write a recursive function to calculate Cn ? Here it is. int C( int n ) { if( n == 0 ) return 1; int ans = 0; for( int i = 1; i