Early Holocene Settlement and Subsistence in ...

Early Holocene Settlement and Subsistence in Relation to Coastal Paleogeography: Evidence from CA-SBA-1807 Author(s): John M. Erlandson Source: Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1985), pp. 103-109 Published by: Malki Museum, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27825218 . Accessed: 30/07/2013 19:58 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp

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HOLOCENE SETTLEMENTAND SUBSISTENCE 103 Kington, J.A. 1980 Daily Weather Mapping from 1781. Climatic Change 3: 7-36. Koerper, Henry C. 1981 Prehistoric Subsistence and Settlement in the Newport Bay Area and Environs, Orange County, California. PhD, dissertation, Uni versity of California, Riverside. Koerper, Henry C, and Christopher E. Drover 1983 Chronology Building for Coastal Orange County: The Case from CA-Ora-119-A. Pa cific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 19(2): 1-33. Lamb, Hubert H. 1977 Climate, Past Present and Future, 2, Climatic History and the Future. London: Methuen and Co. Lindgren, S., and J.Neumann 1981 The Cold and Wet Year 1695 - a Contem porary German Account. Climatic Change 3: 173-187. Moratto, Michael J., Thomas F. King, and Wallace B. Woolfenden 1978 Archaeology and California's Climate. The Journal of California Anthropology 5(2): 147-161. Namias, Jerome 1969 Use of Sea-Surface Temperatures in Long Range Predictions. World Meteorological Or ganization Technical Note No. 103. O'Neil, Stephen, and Nancy Evans 1980 Notes on Historical Juane?o Villages and Geographical Features. Journal of California Basin Anthropology Great and 2(2): 226-232. Pisias, Nicklas G. 1978 Paleoceanography of the Santa Barbara Ba sin During the Last 8000 Years. Quaternary Research 10: 366-384. for Paleoceanographic Reconstruc 1979 Model tions of the California Current During the Last 8000 Years. Quaternary Research 11: 373-386. Roden, Gunnar I. 1966 A Modern Statistical Analysis and Documen tation of Historical Temperature Records in California, Oregon and Washington, 1821

1964. 3-24.

Journal of Applied Meteorology

5:

Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass 1975 Volcanic Dust, Sunspots and Temperature Trends, Science 190: 741-746. Soutar, Andrew, and Peter A. Crill 1977 Sedimentation and Climatic Patterns in the Santa Barbara Basin During the 19th and 20th Centuries. Geological Society of Amer ica Bulletin 88: 1161-1172. Stuvier, M., and P. D. Quay 1980 Changes in Atmospheric Carbon-14 Attrib uted to a Variable Sun. Science 207: 11-19. Tont, Sargun A. 1975 The Effect of Upwelling on Solar Irradiance Near the Coast of Southern California. Jour nal of Geographical Research 80(36): 5031-5034. 1976

Short-Period Climatic Fluctuations: Effects on Diatom Biomass. Science 194: 942-944.

Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern Cali fornia Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11(3): 214-230.

Settlement Early Holocene inRelation and Subsistence to Coastal Paleogeography: Evidence from

CA-SBA-1807 JONM. ERLANDSON During

the

summer

of

1984,

archaeo

of logical investigations on the coast west Santa

Barbara

provided

preliminary

data

from

an early Milling Stone site (CA-SBA-1807)

dating Jon M. California,

to 8,000

radiocarbon

Erlandson, Dept. Santa Barbara, CA

years B.P. Radio

of Anthropology, 93106.

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Univ.

of

JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIAAND GREAT BASINANTHROPOLOGY

104 carbon lute

dates

from the site extend

cultural

coast

chronology the Santa Barbara

of

for

the abso

the mainland

Channel

nearly the local sequence into years, bringing closer accord with the surrounding Channel areas. and central California coastal Island 700

More

importantly,

faunal vides

assemblages into

insight

analysis of the artifact and from CA-SBA-1807 pro the nature of settlement,

and paleoenvironments subsistence, during a poorly known period of Santa Barbara Chan

nel prehistory,Phase X of King's (1981) Early Period.

This

knowledge implications prehistory other Early

current brief paper summarizes of CA-SBA-1807 and discusses

of the data for understanding of the Santa Barbara Channel Period

coastal

and

sites of southern

on an uplifted marine the west rim of Ca?ada de Alegr?a five km. 1). It is located approximately (Fig. west of Gaviota State Beach and 17 km. east of Point Conception. de Alegr?a Ca?ada

a perennial contains a relatively large catchment area shoreline is located (ca. 900 ha.). The modern south the of site at the base of a immediately nearly vertical sea cliff which drops 80 ft. to a stream with

Ca?ada beach

in

the approxi

mate location of the -18m. isobath (contour interval

=

61 m.

or 200

ft.).

HISTORY OF INVESTIGATION ARCHAEOLOGICAL

located on a slight knoll above the sea cliff south of the Southern Pacific railroad tracks.

site is situated

beach

and

coastline

Initially recorded in 1977 by C. Kuffner

terrace on

sand

to present

was described as and K. Wallof, CA-SBA-1807 a small (10x30-m.), shell midden shallow

LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

rocky

relation

the

and central California.

The

.-.I

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of CA-SBA-1807

below.

The

mouth

of

de Alegr?a is periodically blocked by

forming a small seasonal estuary immediately behind the beach. The site area contains heavy clay soils sand,

in Quaternary alluvium that over developed lies a marine abrasion platform of Last Inter glacial age. This terrace is incised into shales of the Sisquoc and Monterey formations. The Santa Ynez Mountains rise steeply to the north, reaching elevations of nearly 1,000 feet within a kilometer of the coast.

the

With

exception fragments" no

core

chert "possible artifacts were reported. two

of

The shellmidden located south of the railroad was

destroyed by Southern sometime after 1977.

Pacific

grading

additional During 1983, archaeological reconnaissance WESTEC Inc., by Services, resulted in the discovery of a second discrete midden

deposit Two 1

tracks.

located l-m.

north of the railroad test units were

exca

vated

in this northern locus, one near the area of the midden central and one in a

disturbed area on the siteperiphery (WESTEC 1984:

21).

Archaeological

remains

recovered

from the testunits were analyzed indetail by the Office of Public Archaeology at the

of California, University a of reconnaissance part

as Barbara, shovel test pit

Santa and

(STP) program designed to define thebound

aries

of

the

site

proposed pipeline et al. 1984).

deposits

in relation

development

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to a

(Erlandson

HOLOCENE

SITE CHRONOLOGY AND ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE radiocarbon

Six

CA-SBA-1807, samples. These and

8,000

tively crude, crude biface

other out. Further, dendrocalibration the dates places the earliest occupation at nearly

(M.

8,800

Stuiver,

personal

phase

in Santa

regional prehistory Erlandson n.d.). The inventory

CA-SBA-1807 of

episodes collections,

formal

calendar years communication

water

Channel

Wilcoxon,

and

artifacts

from

limited surface reconnaissance, and the excavation of two test

units and 57 STPs (the lattermostly on the site periphery). Nonetheless, is consistent with semblage

the artifact as an early Milling

numerous

and metate

Stone (Wallace 1955) occupation of the site?

ments stone

manos

frag

are present, and the surface chipped inventory is dominated by large, rela Table RADIOCARBON Lab No.

Date

Beta-10228

7720? 6340?

Beta-10736

7830? 7840 ?

Beta-12347

Beta 12949

DATES

Beta-12951 for isotopie Adjustment results in a date of 823S

fractionation ?115.

shellfish assemblage from CA-SBA is notable for the abundance of quiet bay or estuary species. Over 95% of the

identifiable shell recovered fromWESTEC's testunit 2 consisted of such species (Table 2).

this shellfish assemblage However, may have been biased the methods used recovery by was excavation. mesh during 1/8-in. Although used

to screen

facts

and

the excavated

faunal

remains

from screen residuals has

were

arti sediments, hand picked

in the field.

Experience working shown that such

in similar

soils

clay

recovery the smaller

techniques and more underrepresent of classes artifacts and faunal remains. fragile can have pronounced This problem effects on often

shellfish

often underestimating assemblages, the importance of rocky-shore species such as assem The shellfish Mytilus californianus.

blage from STPs excavated at CA-SBA-1807 1 FROM CA-SBA-1807 Material

90 80 70 0*

7770?100 8000? 110

Beta-12950

The 1807

is small, despite a number of

sandstone

FAUNAL REMAINS

of

Barbara

(Glassow, of

Several observed,

of exotic obsidian presence of small quantities an indicates in inter early participation networks. regional exchange

of

1985). Thus, the site is attributable to Phase X of King's (1981) Early Period, a poorly understood

tools. been

local or nearby quartz terey chert, although ites and Franciscan chert are also present. The

each

B.P.

have

fragments

in age between 6,340 years B.P. (Table 1),

for

obtained

from marine

outside 13 of C/12 C ratios on one sample suggest that errors associated with isotopie fractionation and the reservoir effect very nearly cancel

CA-SBA-1807

core

and

shell

dates

the youngest assayed sample was contexts surface from equivocal area. Analysis of the central midden

although collected

flake

a large contracting-stem including projectile base. is abun point debitage Chipped-stone of local Mon dant, consisting predominantly

were

all derived

range radiocarbon

105

SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE

Mixed

Provenience

shell

Polonices

Unit

lewisii

Mixed shell Mixed

shell

2: 20-30

cm.

cm.

Surface Unit

2: 30-40

Unit

12: 80-100

cm.

Saxidomus

nut talli

Unit

12:

100-120

cm.

Saxidomus

nut talli

Unit

12:

120-140

cm.

(13C/12C)

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106

JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA

AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Table 2

SHELLFISH

REMAINS

(WEIGHT

Bay/Estuarine Chione Chione Ostrea

6.8

3.5

5.3

8.4

sp. lurida

5.8

staminea

Saxidomus

nuttalli

Trachycardium Non-Estuarine

Tivela

Total

30-40

Percent

12.7

2.4 28.1 0.6

0.4

6.0

51.4

9.6

1.4

7.6 0.5

Protothaca

Mytilus Olivella

in cm.

species

californianus undatclla

Chione

FROM TEST UNIT 2 Depth 20-30

10*20

0-10

Habitat*/Taxa

IN GRAMS)

24.2

14.8

7.0

1.5

0.7

0.4

2.5

2.8

0.9

6.6

3.1

19.6

18.1

16.9

9.2

63.8

30.1

0.7

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.5

1.1

0.5

species

californianus biplicata stultorum

Undifferentiated

2.6

0.4

1.5

0.7

1.4

1.4

0.7

4.5

2.1

1.9

shell

Crab

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.5

0.2

Pelecypod Other shell

3.5

12.7

15.5

4.7

36.4

17.1

3.3

4.6

5.7

2.4

16.0

7.5

61.3

73.6

31.5

Total Compiled

was

45.8 from Ricketts,

recovered

water-screen

and Hedgpeth

Calvin,

through laboratory residuals and showed

tion of taxa and habitats

similar

visual

scan of

that Mytilus present Moore, The

and other

in

sorting of a distribu to that from

contrast

shell

suggests are

rocky-shore species small quantities

relatively personal communication

presence shellfish remains

marked

this unsorted

1985).

bay/estuarine of the is intriguing because to modern intertidal habitats there appear to be that would support

such species west of the Goleta Slough south of the Santa Ynez River mouth. A

(J.

of abundant

in the site vicinity. Today, no major bays or estuaries

small

amount

of bone

or

excavation

cesses which may bone at the site.

or

to

Of of

elements, those to be appear predominant of the identified remains are

the identified

land mammals

skeletal

although most from species that could

be of natural

rather

of small number origin. A fish bones were also recovered, identifiable (batray, thorn including three elasmobranchs and four and shovelnose back, guitarfish) than

cultural

croaker, pile (sardine, white species sea the identi and white bass). Among perch, inhabit fied species, at least six are common teleost

ants of estuaries

and/or

shallow

bay habitats

(Johnson 1980a, 1980b). Thus, the limited

also suggests recovered assemblage to was located adjacent that CA-SBA-1807 the habitats extensive during bay/estuary fish-bone

early Holocene. was

relatively recovered from CA-SBA-1807, and this has only partially been analyzed. At present, it is not known if the dearth of bone is due to the limited

100.0

(1968).

test unit 2. However, only shell remains larger than 1/4-in. were specifically identified, and over 60% of the assemblage remains unsorted. A

212.2

pro taphonomic act to selectively deteriorate

DISCUSSION Early Holocene The faunal

Coastal

Environments

recovery of a primarily bay/estuarine at CA-SBA-1807 suggests assemblage

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SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE

HOLOCENE

that major environmental changes have occur red in the site vicinity over the course of the in Holocene. The most important process in these changes may well be sea-level the nature of Holocene While fluctuation. volved

of some is the subject changes sea ca. seems levels that it 8,000 debate, likely have stood radiocarbon ago would years between 15 and 20 m. lower than at present sea-level

(Inman 1983: 9), after risingrapidlyover the ten millennia.

preceding

this earlier

During

eustatic rise probably outstripped period, and tectonic uplift, resulting in sedimentation the deep inundation of coastal drainages. According

(1983:

to a model within

embayment deep and other coastal an

Such

by

proposed

Inman

19), this process would have formeda Ca?ada

de Alegr?a in the vicinity.

drainages would

have

embayment

provided

ideal sheltered habitats for the shellfish spe cies that dominate

the faunal assemblage

from

CA-SBA-1807.

In all likelihood, the site was probably also

farther

situated

from

the

considerably open coast than at present. Study of coastal erosion along the Santa Barbara Channel main land has shown that sea cliffs are retreating at rates year flect

cm. per re rates probably

15 and

between

averaging 1968). These (Norris recent erosion intensified of coastal

damming littoral sediment. Holocene

rates

25

due

to the

rivers and a reduction

in

of However, extrapolation to 50% of the modern equal

standard back 6,000 years (to the point of relative

sea-level

CA-SBA-1807

stabilization) may have been

that

suggests fronted by a

coastal plain between 450 and 750 m. wide.

such an estimate should be regarded the figures correlate reasonably caution, the which extrapolate well with calculations an at seaward 25-m. sea-cliff height average While

with

wave-cut

terrace

1983:

12). This

that

the sea

930 m.

over

slope of

1.5 degrees

(Inman

latter calculation suggests

cliff may have retreated up to the past 6,000 years. In addition,

a

sea

ocean

to 25 m.

15

level

surface would even

line

107 below

have

extended at

south

further

the present the shore

approximately radiocarbon years ago. Coastal 8,000 naviga tion charts indicate that the 18-m. isobath lies approximately 1.4 to (submarine contour) 1.7 km. south of the present shoreline (Fig. 1). If this reconstruction

is correct, CA-SBA

1807 would have been located at thehead of a

between long, narrow embayment 7,500 and 8,000 radiocarbon years ago. This embay ment may have expanded until the sea level ca. 6,000 shrunk as

stabilized gradually

then would have B.P., a result of progressive

tectonic

sedimentation,

and

uplift,

sea-cliff

retreat.

This environmental reconstruction sup ports the idea that one of the most important of Early Period settlement may determinants have been an optimal location of villages in a to three relation dynamic interface between environmental fresh water,

stable

features:

landforms,

the shoreline.

and

Early Period Chronology In 1963,

several

radiocarbon

from

samples

the Glen Annie Canyon site (CA-SBA-142)

extended Santa

the

Barbara

of the chronology to between mainland

absolute Channel

and 7,300 radiocarbon years ago (Owen was one of the At CA-SBA-142 1964). time, the earliest known sites from coastal Califor

6,600

nia.

dating land,

use

extensive

Despite

the Santa

along no dates

older

of

Barbara than

radiocarbon

Channel

7,300

B.P.

main were

obtained in the intervening22 years (Bres

and Erlandson 1984). chini, Haversat, from sur In the meantime, chronologies the have coastal regions rounding surpassed

Santa

Barbara

area

in length, extending

the

Early Period to close to or beyond 9,000 years

B.P.

(e.g.,

Greenwood

1972;

Glassow

1981). This chronological patternhas led to a

situation

wherein

settlement

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of

the Santa

JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIAAND GREAT BASINANTHROPOLOGY

108

its mainland Channel coast, despite resource base, appears not to have of less pro until after settlement

Barbara attractive occurred ductive The Early

surrounding areas. dating of CA-SBA-1807

Period

extends

of the mainland

chronology

the area

by nearly 700 years and significantlyreduces absolute

between

differences for various

sequences coastal California. will

research

the established

of south-central

It seems

continue of

chronology

areas

likely that further to extend the cultural

the Santa

Barbara

mainland

coast.

CONCLUSIONS at CA-SBA Preliminary investigations 1807 have provided information concerning human settlement and subsist early Holocene ence

in relation

along coast.

the Santa

to coastal

paleogeography Channel mainland

Barbara

of Holocene model (1983) coastal development as a variable is proposed to consider in understanding the evolution of human fornia

Inman's

land-use coast.

along

Despite

the south-central earlier

warnings

Cali (i.e.,

Warren and Pavesic 1963; Bickel 1978), many continue archaeologists of Holocene

magnitude in coastal

California,

to underestimate

the

environmental and

change the effects of such

and change on prehistoric human adaptation its potential significance for interpretations of the archaeological record.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Jerry Moore, Tom Rockwell, Lynn Gamble, Madonna Moss, Brenda Bowser, and anony mous referees for their constructive comments. Much of the data presented in this paper was collected under terms of a contract between Arthur D. Little, Inc., and the Office of Public Archaeology (OPA), Social Process Research Institute, University of Cali fornia, Santa Barbara. Additional data were collected during joint investigations byWESTEC Services, Inc., and OPA under the direction of the author. Funding was provided by Chevron USA, Inc. Minze Stuiver (University of Washington) kindly provided access to

unpublished dendrocalibration data. The shell from CA-SBA-1807 was identified by Brian Haley, the fish bone by Brenda Bowser, and all other bone by Jean Hudson. The assistance of these specialists is greatly appreciated. Nonetheless, responsibility for the inter pretations presented rests solely with the author.

REFERENCES Bickel, Polly McW. 1978 Changing Sea Levels along the California Coast: Anthropological implications. The Journal of California Anthropology 5: 6-20. Breschini, G. S., T. Haversat, and J.Erlandson 1984 California Radiocarbon Dates: Third Edi tion. Salinas: Coyote Press. Erlandson? J., P. Snethkamp, R. Bookspan, J. John son, T. Rockwell, and F. Duncan 1984 Archaeological Investigations in Support of the Proposed Chevron/Texaco Onshore De velopments: Point Conception to Gaviota Areas, Santa Barbara County California, Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: University of California Office of Public Archaeology. Glassow, Michael A. 1981 Archaeological Data Recovery Program in to Space Shuttle Development, Relation Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: University of California Office of Public Archaeology. .A., L. R. Wilcoxon, and J.Erlandson Glassow, n.d. Cultural and Environmental Change During the Early Period of Santa Barbara Channel Prehistory. In: Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Economies inCoastal Environments, J. Park ington and G. Bailey, eds. Cambridge: Cam bridge University Press (in press). Greenwood, Roberta S. 1972 9,000 Years of Prehistory at Diablo Canyon. San Luis Obispo County Archaeological So ciety Occasional Papers 7. Inman, Douglas L. 1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the in the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In: Quatern ary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology, P. Masters and N. Flemming, eds, pp. 1-49. New York: Academic Press.

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FISH REMAINS 109 Johnson, John R. 1980a Reconstructing the Prehistoric Fishery of theGoleta Lagoon. MS on file, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa

Barbara.

1980b Analysis of Fish Remains. In: Cultural Re sources Technical Report: Proposed Embar cadero Residential Development, J. B. Ser ena, ed., pp. 215-223. Santa Barbara: Uni versity of California Social Process Research

Fish Remains

from an "Open"

Archaeological Site in the Fort Rock Basin, South-Central Oregon

KATHRYNANNE TOEPEL RUTH L. GREENSPAN

Institute.

King, Chester D. 1981 The Evolution

of Chumash Society. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Davis.

Norris,

1968

R.

Sea Cliff Retreat Near Santa Barbara, Cali fornia. California Division of Mines and Geology Information Service 21.

Owen, Roger C. 1964 Early Milling Stone Horizon (Oak Grove), Santa Barbara County, California: Radio carbon Dates. American Antiquity 30: 210-213. Ricketts, Edward F., Jack Calvin, and Joel W. Hedgpeth 1968 Between Pacific Tides. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern Cali fornia Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11: 214-230. Warren,

1963

C. N.,

and M.

G.

Pavesic

Shell Midden Analysis of Site SDi-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural Devel opment of Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County, California. Los Angeles: University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1962-1963: 407438.

WESTEC Services, Inc. 1984 Report of Archaeological Testing for the Proposed Point Arguello Santa Barbara County, California. file, Department of Anthropology, sity of California, Santa Barbara.

Program Project, MS on Univer

field studies in the Great Archaeological Basin traditionally have focused on the exca vation of caves and rockshelters containing stratified cultural deposits and well-preserved remains.

organic

A more

recent

emphasis

on

sites has primarily in investigating "open" volved the examination of surficial archaeo logical assumed

characteristics, that such sites

surface

cultural

since lack

it

is

often

significant sub little or no

with deposits of organic materials.

preservation This report presents results of test excava an open archaeological tions at 35LK1016, site in Fort Rock Basin on the northwestern below the margin of the Great Basin.1 Found surface at the site, in association with chipped were stone tools and debitage, and ground substantial faunal the

quantities remains. This yet

largest

of fish bone

of fish bone

collection

from

reported

and other

an

is

archaeo

logical site in Fort Rock Basin. The findings made at 35LK1016 provide an example of the scientific

potential

sites

of open

in the Great

Basin.

SITE LOCATION The site is located in Silver Lake Valley, the

southwestern

that comprise south-central Basin Kathryn Research

has

lobe

Fort Rock

of

the

Basin,

three valleys Lake

County, 1). Fort Rock (Fig. Oregon been the scene of archaeological

L. and Ruth Toepel 2008 Onyx St., Associates,

Anne

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Greenspan, Eugene,

OR

Heritage 97403.