Earth in the Solar System

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Earth in the Solar System

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Equator. June. Solstice. SCIENCE EXPLORER. Focus on Physical Science. ©. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Sun's rays. Sun's rays. Sun's rays. 93 Exploring the Seasons.

93

Exploring the Seasons

© Prentice-Hall, Inc.

March Equinox June Solstice

December Solstice

SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Physical Science

September Equinox

March Equinox

June Solstice

N

N Sun’s rays

tor a u Eq S Noon sun vertical at 23.5° N

December Solstice

Sun’s rays

N Sun’s

Equator

S Noon sun vertical at equator

rays

Equ ato r

S Noon sun vertical at 23.5° S

Exploring Phases of the Moon

First Quarter Waxing Gibbous

ek we

Firs t

ek we

Seco nd

Waxing Crescent

Waning Gibbous

w

d

w

Full Moon

New Moon

eek

T hir

SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Physical Science

© Prentice-Hall, Inc.

94

ee

k

Fo ur

th

Third Quarter

Waning Crescent

95

Solar Eclipse

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96

Lunar Eclipse

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Earth

High and Low Tides

Low tide

High tide

97

Low tide

High tide

Moon

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Material from the object and Earth is thrown into orbit.

Earth

Earth

Material in orbit forms the moon.

Material from Earth’s outer layer is broken off by the collision.

Moon

Earth

Collision Theory of the Moon’s Origin

A large object strikes Earth.

98

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Earth

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Exploring the Sun

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Sunspots Corona

SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Physical Science

Chromosphere

Prominence Photosphere Core

Diameter (kilometers) 4,878 12,104 12,756 6,794

Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Venus

59 243 1 1.03

Period of Rotation (Earth days)

The Inner Planets

Planet

100

58,000,000 108,000,000 150,000,000 228,000,000

Average Distance From the Sun (kilometers)

Mars

0.24 0.62 1 1.9

0 0 1 2

Number of Moons

Earth

Period of Revolution (Earth years)

Mercury

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Diameter (kilometers) 142,800 120,540 51,200 49,500 2,200

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Uranus

Period of Revolution (Earth years) 12 29 84 165 248

778,000,000 1,427,000,000 2,871,000,000 4,497,000,000 5,913,000,000 0.41 0.43 0.72 0.67 6.4

17 19 18 8 1

Number of Moons

Saturn

Average Distance From the Sun (kilometers)

Jupiter

Neptune

Pluto

Period of Rotation (Earth days)

The Outer Planets

Planet

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Reflecting Telescope

Refracting and Reflecting Telescopes

Refracting Telescope

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Parallax

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Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

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105 Exploring the Lives of Stars Red Giant or Supergiant © Prentice-Hall, Inc.

When a star begins to run out of fuel, it expands to become a giant or supergiant.

A star’s life begins when gas and dust in a nebula contract to form a protostar.

SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Physical Science

Protostar

Nebula

Giant and supergiant stars can blow up into supernovas.

Supernova

Small and medium stars become red giants and then white dwarfs.

White Dwarf Black Hole Neutron Star

The remains of the most massive stars collapse into black holes. Not even light can escape from a black hole.

When a white dwarf runs out of energy, it turns into a black dwarf.

The remains of the supernova become a neutron star.

Black Dwarf

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106 The Milky Way Galaxy

107

The remaining gas and dust formed the planets.

A cloud of gas and dust formed a spinning disk.

Formation of the Solar System

The solar system includes the sun, planets, and belts of rock, ice, and dust.

Gas in the center of the disk collapsed to form the sun.

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