Jan 23, 2018 - Public Good Services providing opportunities to industry & academia. Sustainable ... Source: The Metamorphosis of the World's Space Economy: Investigating Global Trends..; Cairn Info,. Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 2016/2 .... Very HR ; Frequent revisits & Real time delivery.
Dr V Jayaraman Former Director, NRSC
Structured Training Programme on
“Business of Space – Increasing Opportunities & Mitigating Business Risks”
ISRO Hq & ANTRIX Co. Ltd
January 23, 2018
Humble beginning in Magdalene Church in Thumba
63LV Missions
95Satellites
+ 237 S/C Intl missions 28 countries+ 9 Student Sat.
Total (incl. SRE + CARE+ RLV TD+ SE TD) =
162
ANNUAL BUDGET ~ USD 1.4 B (2017-18) LARGE USER BASE
APPLICATION LEADERSHIP
HUMAN RESOURCES 17625 strong
INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
SPACE COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE
End- to- end capability SELF RELIANCE & STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY
Business Model Application is the prime motivation; technology, an enabler
“...we must be second to none in the applications of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society ” - Vikram Sarabhai, 1969
I
EO Transgressing from Qualitative to Quantitative domain
IRS
Source: NASA Earth Science
Atmospheric chemistry instruments Atmospheric temperature & humidity sounders Cloud Profilers & Rain Radars Earth Radiation Budget Radiometers High resolution optical imagers Imaging multi-spectral radiometers (Visible/IR) Imaging multi-spectral radiometers (passive microwave) Imaging microwave radars LIDARs (Backscatter; DIAL; Doppler) Multiple direction/ polarisation Instruments. Ocean Colour instruments Radar altimeters Scatterometers Gravity, magnetic field & geodynamic instruments
Land & Water RESOURCESAT-2 & 2A
OCEAN
Large Scale Mapping CARTOSAT-2 Series. (6 )
Weather & Climate KALPANA
OCEANSAT-2
KALPANA
......
MEGHATROPIQUES RISAT-2 CARTOSAT-1
SARAL SCATSAT 1
1 KM
INSAT-3D & 3DR
0.6 M
EO IMAGING CAPABILITY
+ AERIAL CAPABILITY
14 EO satellites in SSO + 3 in GSO. Resourcesat-3, Cartosat-3, Oceansat-3, GISAT, NISAR (JPL & ISRO) are in the pipeline
‘ No Ambiguity of Purpose’
Space Infrastructure Community Resource Space Convergent Technology
Space Applications Satellite Communications, Remote Sensing, Meteorology, Navigation, Space Science
(with Cloud Computing/Crowd Sourcing & Social Networking)
Space Conduit & Content Space ‘Last Mile Outreach’
Growth Engine
Bandwidth creation, Spectrum use Broadband Networks, VSATs, DTH, … Enhanced Observations , DWR, AWS,…
Community Empowerment
Sustainable Development
Broadcasting, Interactive Development Communication, Weather, Distance Education, Telemedicine, Village Resource Centres, Kiosks ....
Governance inputs
Natural Resources Assets, Disaster Risk Reduction, Environment, Climate Change, Infrastructure, Info. Systems, Decision Support, …
Public Good Services providing opportunities to industry & academia
Basically differ from normal goods. Largely government infrastructure belonging to quasi-public goods category needing assured & sustained public investments. Space system could be classified as complex products system characterised by following features: • Concentrated demand & supply structures (e.g., oligopoly, monopsony)
• Direct government regulation & administration of transactions • Negotiated prices between suppliers and customers • Imperfect competitive interactions among economic agents • Challenges of R&D to Operational to Commercial products & services
Hitherto, dominated by a few private entities like Thales Alenia Space, Airbus Defence & Space, and OHB in Europe; and Lockheed-Martin, Boeing, and Space Systems/Loral in USA for large spacecraft systems. Highly concentrated market with high Unit costs and limited frequency & a few market transactions. This presumption may be fast changing !!! Many Small Satellite players have started challenging the traditional majors! Source: The Metamorphosis of the World’s Space Economy:; Cairn Info, Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 2016/2
Centralised (1957-1975/80) • Space transactions under the central control of governments & core industry groups and heavy technology. • Cold war age ; dominated by USA & USSR. • Commercial services and applications nascent, economically & technologically underdeveloped.
Decentralised (1980 – 1995/2000) • Technological changes supporting diffusion & commoditisation of goods & services, • Advances in satellite payloads’ miniaturisation and innovation in ground stations’ capabilities • Space systems becoming slightly smaller, cheaper, and lighter than inherited technology • Affordable access to satellite services ,enabling promising business opportunities (e.g. mobile telephony, broadcasting, GIS) • Creation of multinational organisations towards commercialising space assets (e.g. INTELSAT in USA; EUTELSAT in Europe, INSAT in India) , and • Technology induced space regulation and policy frameworks (e.g. ITAR, UN Policies revisited)
Distributed (2000 & beyond) • Emergence of new space nations and international competition between private companies - stimulus to growth of space business ecosystem. • Diffusion of technology facilitated by technological innovation, deregulation and privatisation of national telecom networks and navigation. • Disruptive Technologies ( Internet, Social networking, Mobile proliferation) • Reduction operational costs and technical risks. Entry of Private entrepreneurs
Recent developments
Decreasing spacecraft unit costs and reducing time scales for development, test & experimentation, large-scale Small satellite constellations open ways to larger production techniques and enhanced industry participation & commercialisation.
Source: The Metamorphosis of the World’s Space Economy: Investigating Global Trends..; Cairn Info, Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 2016/2
https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-database#.WkTCadKWbIV
Space
Services
Telecommunications Television Telephone Broadband Aviation Maritime Road and Rail
Earth Observation Agriculture Change Detection Disaster Mitigation Meteorology Resources Mapping
Science Space Science Earth Science
National Security
Source: State of the Satellite Industry; Satellite Industry Association, Oct 2017.
“ Governments remain the alpha and omega of the entire business, but there is increasing private-sector involvement ” Source: The state of the satellite industry in 5 charts; Peter B de Selding,tSpace News Magazine, June 20 2016
EO is much Smaller portion of the global economy, but a great contributor to Society $ 344.5 B in 2016
$ 260.5 B in 2016
Source : Gary Oleson, The Space Review, May 2016
Satellite industry revenues (constituting ~ 77 percent of the space industry), equalled about 4 percent of global telecommunications revenues in 2013. Thus, the largest segment of the space industry is a very small segment of its dominant market. Same pattern appears to hold in the rest of the space economy.
Employs around 900,000 persons around the world, excluding the academic institutions
Source: EuroConsult May 2017
Space often has a reputation of being expensive, but national investments in space represent only a small percentage of GDP (< 0.3 % in USA and < 0.1 % in France and 0.06 % in India)
TOTAL = 1739
In the past 60 years, around 8593 satellites have been launched. Of these, 4635 are in orbit as of Nov 2017 as per UN OOSA Index of Objects. Out of this, active satellites are only 1739 (as of Aug 2017). In 2017 (till Nov 2017), 357 satellites were launched - the highest in 60 years. In the next 3 years 1300 satellites (mostly Small satellites) are expected to be launched,. It is almost 1/6th of the total launches in the past 60 years!
Interestingly, $300-500 M, 4-6T class, 15 years mission life telecom satellites with $1 Billion revenue is lumped together with $1-5 M, 10 Kg CubeSats when it comes to regulating frequency rights and orbital-debris-mitigation issues! Sources: (i) State of the Satellite Industry Report – Satellite Industry Association - June 2017 (ii) Pixalytics Satellites Orbiting Earth – November 2017 (iii) Space News
Total number of satellites launched from 1957 till Oct 4, 2017 : 8593 Currently in Orbit ( Nov 2017) : 4635 Active satellites (Aug 2017) : 1739
(30% GEO; 60% LEO)
Operating Satellites: 1738
(till Aug 31 2017):
LEO 1071 MEO 97 Elliptical 39
GEO 531
USA 803; Russia 142 ; China 204 ; Others 589
(Source: Union of Concerned Scientists)
Functional EO satellites in Aug 2017: 620 (EO or Earth Science oriented )
44.7 % for commercial use - up from 21% in 2016. Govt use 31% against 44% Optical 327 representing 98% increase over 2016. Radar Imaging 45 satellites (32% increase); Meteorology 64 satellites ( 73 % increase) ( Source: Pixalytics)
Number of EO satellites as on Oct 2017 : 153 from 32 Space agencies Planned for next 15 years
: > 240 ( 80 in GEO) (Source: CEOS)
Recent jump of CubeSats have telling effect on year-to-year statistics
India
(Source: Alan Belward et al)].
From a handful of countries in 70s, today there are around 40 countries involved in civilian EO satellites programme
Traditional Waterfall model
“Vee” Model (NASA)
Attributed to NASA, which in 1988 saw a benefit in bending the waterfall model into the “V ” shape for software development. Later, adopted for systems engineering of larger space systems. Each one of these branches has a window for business openings! Source: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12065/pre-milestone-a-and-early-phase-systems-engineering-a-retrospective
http://www.rpmitconsulting.com/ BusinessAnalysis.aspx
Many specialised entities in EO chain. Scope & Challenges for innovation and Business Opportunities
Data Acquisition
Payload
Platform
Making Right Product with Right Relevance Accessible, Available & Affordable
Satellite Mission Opns
Data Processing
Data Analytics, Assimilation
Customer Services
Data Archival
Technology captures observations. These change our understanding. New understanding changes practices. Practices drive changes in technology, needing more observations and more data!!Source: Third Nature
Ensuring right products with right relevance
Challenge of Twin Valleys of Death Source: Royal Aeronautical Society evidence to UK Parliament, Feb 2012
Source: Satellite observations of the Earth’s Environment, National Academies Press 2000
Balancing the dynamics of Technology Push on the one side, and the Market Pull on the other side. Not all the R&D will become Operational and not all Operational products will become Commercial. Challenge is to make the transition pathways quicker and efficient. First in bringing technology to maturity for space & ground infrastructure, and generating user friendly operational products & services; and second in commercially exploiting them in applications
Source:Business in Earth observation: eoVAX/EaRSc
EO DIKW Chain with many is more Complex and Challenging
Source: The Complex EO data utilization chain with functional links (Adapted from National Academy of Sciences; http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11187.html
Research to Operational to Commercialisation in EO is an unenviable task, needing constant watch on all the links of the Chain. Interdisciplinary expertise opens up challenges & business opportunities Source: Remote Sensing: The Image Chain approach, John R Scott, Oxford University Press, 2007
Continuing advances – High Resolutions, Stereo/video -viewing & all weather capability; SmallSats & UAVs have made dramatic entry; Constellations & Frequent revisit has become normal norm. Big data; IOT; mobile platforms; social networks; Open Source tools; Cloud Computing and Crowd Sourcing lead to quantum jump in value addition perspectives to geo-informatics services.
“
“ 100 + ” Progress in EO since Rio Earth
Summit 1992
.
TES
Mapping the Earth’s Surface
:100+ times more accurate
Measuring the sinking of cities
:1/100+ of a metre accuracy in surface subsidence
Predicting El Nino
:100+ days early warning
Storms and floods advance
:100+ hours risk warning
Earth watch
:100+ new satellite sensors (Source: www.esa.int)
Many Success stories on the accruing benefits, both direct and indirect, in terms of social and environmental gains
? Market driver Key International Vendors -Widening application base of EO satellites - Strategic, public good & commercial demands Airbus D&S;; e-GEOS; DMC Intl. Imaging; Maxar Tech(MDA; SSL; DigitalGlobe: Market challenge - Very HR ; Frequent revisits & Real time delivery TerraBella); ImageSat Intl; BlackBridge (Planet Labs); Deimos Imaging - Adoption of UAV-based Earth Observation (UrtheCast), Spire Global, BlackSky; - Many counties joining the EO business GeoOptics; Geosys; PlanetiQ; Satellogic; Market trend SSTL, …. - Explosive growth in SmallSats - Increased lift-off of nano & micro satellites Source:, “Global Satellite-based Earth Observation Market 2016-2020” - Fast Market Research TechNavio report
> 3,600 SmallSats expected over next 10 years. EO segment
expected to launch 1400 satellites (coming from Planet, Spire Global, BlackSky ,Satellogic...... Anticipated market value : $22 Billion (manufacture and launch), a 76-percent increase over that of 2006-2015.
Source: Euroconsult report on “Prospects for the Small Satellite Market”, July 2016.
Small satellite constellation emerging as a game changer
IKONOS was the first sub-metre Commercial satellite launched in 1999 by Space Imaging. First launch failed in 1994. During the intervening period, EOSAT ( Space Imaging later) used IRS-1C& 1D. Space Imaging was acquired by Orbimage in 2005, and later renamed GeoEye. GeoEye merged with Digital Globe in 2013 to get the promised funding from NGIA under Enhanced View ($ 7.35 B) for WorldView 3 & GeoEye 2. WorldView 3 was launched in 2014 and GeoEye -2 was kept in storage. Later, it was launched as WorldView 4 in November 2016.
IKONOS 1 m,1999
Digital Globe’s 43% of the revenue is from NGIA. Digital Globe was acquired by MDA and the Company renamed Maxar technologies. In 2017. WorldView Legion planned in 2020. Raytheon will build Payload and Space Systems Loral will be satellite integrator.
WorldView 4 0.31m, 2016
WorldView 3 0.31m, 2014
WorldView 2 0.46m, 2009
WorldView 1 0.46m, 2007
QuickBird 0.65 m, 2001
GeoEye 1 0.46 m, 2008
WorldView -3 Launched on Aug 13, 2014 0.31 M PAN; 1.24 M MSS; 3.7 M SWIR 11 Bits Radiometry
WorldView 3 satellite delivered indisputable evidence of human trafficking in action
WorldView 3 $ 650 Million Mission, 2800 Kg
WorldView 4 $ 835 Million Mission, 2800 Kg
- DigitalGlobe
USA has relaxed the restrictions on resolution of commercially available satellite images from 0.5 m to 0.25 m in public domain.
NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer
Flock 1 (28 DoveSats) from Planet Labs launched from ISS in 2014
In 1908, German apothecary Julius Neubronner patented pigeon photography. Said to have been tried in World War 1 in 1914
PSLV main launcher for Dove satellites including 88 in Feb 2017
Planet Labs later acquired BlackBridge & its RapidEye constellation; and TerraBella ( SkyBox Imaging)
DoveSats from ISS
Can you believe they are from 5 Kg DoveSats? 3.7 m resolution ? Planet has more than 150 Doves in orbit, completing their Mission-1 Objective of covering the globe everyday
30x10x10 cm CubeSats < 5 Kg, 90mm Aperture Optical; 3-5 M Res; Commercial CCD. US $ 1 Million/satellite
SEE CHANGE. CHANGE THE WORLD. Learn how global coverage and daily imagery helps you move from seeing the past to understanding what’s happening today
Source: Planet Website
Chicago’s Soldier Field stadium as seen by SkySat 3. Photo: Terra Bella
PSLV launch on June 22nd. Image on June 25th
SkySat 1 in 2013 and SkySat 2 in 2014 by Skybox Imaging. Optical payloads with 1.1 m res. Skysat 3 launched in 2016. using PSLV C 34. Total 24 SkySats planned.; so far 13 satellites launched till Oct 2017. Provides HR imagery, and videos ( 90 sec 30 fps) from space.
Mass 110 Kg
Google acquired Skybox Imaging for $ 500 M in June 2014. TerraBella ( formerly Skybox Imaging) was formed in March 2016 as a subsidiary of Google.Planet acquired Terra Bella from Google in April 2017.
Planet has Skysats in addition to Doves!
Deimos-2 0.75m resolution imagery with a 12 km swath and a high revisit rate. Receive imagery data from request to delivery in three hours.
Acquired in July 2015
Deimos-1 22m resolution. 3-band multispectral imagery with a wide swath of 650 km
Iris UHD 1m full-colour video from International Space Station that are ~60 seconds long. Deimos-2 monitors SpaceX SES-9 launch campaign
Iris image of Iran’s Imam Khomeini space launch facility.
Theia 5m resolution, 4-band multispectral imagery from ISS, ~100 km x 50 km in size. Planned •Urthecast OptiSAR Constellation with 16 Satellites: 8 tandem pairs in 2 orbital planes. Separated by only a few minutes, each pair provides 1m X-band & 5m L-band imagery. Optical P/L: 0.5m GSD & 0.4m colour video 30 fps. •UrtheDaily constellation of 8 more medium resolution optical satellites
APIs and developer tools that help access, integrate, and analyze Earth imagery data complement the space systems
Large Scale private Industry participation. ‘Decreased barriers to entry’. SmallSats and UAV entry the game changer. Acquisition & Consolidation happening to move up the value chain, even as newer systems are entering business. Will it result in emergence of a fewer bigger players ultimately? Separating out private & Govt.; and public good & commercial functions becoming difficult in EO. ‘Who does it‘ is not the criterion, but ‘what is done’ is ! Source: State of the Satellite Industry Report – Satellite Industry Association - June 2017
Three recent events below indicate the shape of things in the making:
-Planet acquiring Terra Bella (formerly Skybox Imaging) from Google; - MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) acquiring DigitalGlobe (which itself is a product of many mergers) for $2.4 billion and naming it Maxar Technologies; and -EagleView Technologies acquiring OmniEarth, a company that originally planned its own satellite constellation and later focused on analyzing satellite imagery. Are Companies merging with or acquiring one another to shore up their positions as there are more EO companies than the market can support? Horizontal consolidation is where companies merge with their competitors; Vertical, where companies merge with others to build up a more complete set of both imagery & analysis capabilities; and financial, where private equity companies “roll up” several companies. Or, are the companies evolving a strategy moving away from imagery market to intelligence analytics model ? Derived information integrated into a subscription-based Application Program Interface (API) seems to be evolving future market. Companies are moving closer to the customers and deeper into analytical model. Companies like Eagle view could be opportunity and threat to EO satellite developers – either as bulk image buying customers or undercut ting the plan to move up the value chain.
Finding customers & partners to monetise the technology and data opportuniities will drive the companies in their choice of business models Source: http://spacenews.com/is-the-earth-observation-industry-consolidating-or-just-evolving
.. EO creating huge data volume,
variety, velocity & veracity…
Remote Sensing-
GIS Information Communication Technology
Satellites & aerial
GPS
Mobile
Broadband Network
Cartography Geodesy, Geography, Civil, STEM…
Photogram metry Convergence - BIG DATA Analytics
Total Station
Total Turnkey Solutions
... plus emerging cutting edge technologies – IOT, BYOD,…
Courtesy:: Joseph Berry
Disruptive innovative technologies, (Internet, Cloud, Smart phones and Social networks) provide immersive, animated experience
Internet of Things, BYOD & Big Data analytics posing new challenges & Opportunities
OSM
Internet of Things
Value Proposition
“ Whilst in earlier years it was possible that if you produced good content it would get found and shared, almost by virtue of its quality, this is no longer the case. There is now so much content that even producing great content is not enough. The bar is way higher. Popular sites with great content are also being affected by content shock “ - Steve Rayson
Source: Copenhagen Business School. 2014. Driving Competitiveness through Servitisation.
How do you keep the ever increasing EO data content relevant and attractive to users with so many competitive systems in position? Creating unique Value Proposition in the data chain is the challenge Business models face today Source: Content Shock: Why content marketing is not a sustainable strategy, Mark Shaefer
PRODUCTS + SERVICES + SOLUTIONS+ SYSTEM INTEGRATOR
Expand
Development Partner
PRODUCTS+SERVICES+ SOLUTIONS
Develop
PRODUCTS + SERVICES
Create
Distributor
PRODUCTS
Reseller
Market Trend
Geospatial Moving up the Value Chain Data and Services are increasingly commoditised. Entrepreneurs play a disruptive role in Value Chain.
Capture
Source: Geospatial World Forum Brochure, May 2016
Strategic Alliance Partner
Type of Servitisation
.
Characteristics
Examples
Product Oriented
Business model mainly Products sale oriented with some additional Services
• Product related services • Advice & Consultancy
Use Oriented
Provider owns the Products and shares in different form with one or more users
• Product lease • Product renting & sharing • Product Pooling
Result Oriented
Client and Supplier agree on the result and there is no pre-determined Products
• Activity Management/ Outsourcing • Pay per service unit
Servitisation is competing through extending the Value Proposition that integrate services with products. APIs are developed to access EO data and extract value. Pay-per-use model is emerging as the viable business model Source: Driving Competitiveness through Servitization: Copenhagen Business School. 2014
SmallSat companies like Planet ( with Terra Bella) Value consider themselves as satellite powered data Proposition companies. Their Value Proposition is on feature extractions, algorithms, and specific domain knowledge and toolsets tailored to a range of industries. The goal for its constellation is to yield analysis and insight rendering the image almost irrelevant.
.
Moving ‘Computation to Data’ and ‘Applications to Data’ attracting attention (‘Data Gravity’)
Source: Living on the Real World, William Hooke
Source: EO 21- Indicator of Trends Report: ESA- Catapult Satellite Applications, 2016
Pitches & Value Proposals from Companies indicate their Plans, Differentiators and Ambition. Nearly all promote information freshness, APIs, or Platforms and Data Analytics tools Urthecast: “moves pixels from space to the screen”. .
Terra Bella: “empower global businesses to make better decisions with timely, high fidelity imagery and infinite analytics” Google: “Rethinking geospatial data in a bigger way, Imagery is only the beginning…”. Planet: “See change. Change the World. Anywhere, anytime”. Digital Globe : ‘ Actionable Insights, Global Scale With analytics and insight becoming important drivers in the Value chain, there is no more fascination for imagery only business
• Shifting from an imagery-driven to insight-driven business (Planet with daily global coverage has moved to Big Data analytics; Urthecast collaboration with ESRI for applications focused SAS model; and DigitalGlobe (after merger with MDA) announcing image+ analytics service)
• Beyond Volume, Variety, Velocity & Veracity, the Vertical like Services is an important focus in Big Data Analytics • EO business stands at an inflection point with the threats of competition and consolidation (Example: Planet & Terra Bella and EagleView and OmniEarth) • With commercial sustainability being the final barrier for Big Data
analytics, this Service-based model is more long lasting than the Projectbased models. Marrying technological capabilities (AI, Machine learning, Deep Learning etc) to develop Verticals will be challenging and more so for developing sustainable commercial models Source: Dallas Kasabosk, North Sky Research; Dec 12th, 2017
… Some Emerging Initiatives towards Data Gravity … (Moving ‘Computation to Data’ and ‘Applications to Data)
DG WorldView-4 images
…to create new customer solutions without the cost of owning and operating costly data and IT infrastructure …
-Digital Globe
DG’s geospatial Big Data platform, GBDX provides access to geospatial library with tools and algorithms to extract useful insight at scale.
In one year, Copernicus Sentinel satellites generated equivalent of 50 years of ENVISAT mission data. To foster such massive data dissemination and to answer a strong need for simplification, EC & ESA offer users, the capability to exploit Copernicus data and information without having to manage transfer and storage on their own computer systems.
Source: EARSC Dec 14, 2017
DIAS to be operated by Private sector apart by EUMETSAT
.. DIAS combines EO data acquisition with new and efficient technologies like cloud computing and simplify the data access and will boost the creation of new business models based on EO ” - Mathilde Royer- Germain, Airbus D&S
Old data system models not sustainable for handling the Big EO Data – Volume, Variety, Velocity and Veracity involved in addressing global issues ( SDG, CC, DRR..) CEOS studies like Global Data Flow and the Future Data Architectures highlighted the importance of removing the obstacles of data processing complexity from individual user agencies. This realisation reflected in the CEOS advocacy on Analysis Ready Data (ARD) and the Data Cube . Data Cube is a Free and Open Source analytical framework and organises data into stacks of consistent, time-stamped geographic ‘tiles’, so that they can be rapidly manipulated in a high performance computing (HPC) environment. The Data Cube provides a collaborative infrastructure for many possible users and uses. Basic handling, calibration and processing of the EO satellite data are undertaken in a standardised way and made openly available as ARD products to be easily ingested into Data Cubes.
Australian Geoscience Data Cube
Data oriented Faces
Originating from Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) of business /statistical data, DataCube represents a multidimensional array with metadata describing semantics of axes, coordinates and cells. Hyper-spectral DataCubes familiar in 1980-90s itself; but technology was not ripe for efficient storing & serving data.. Recently, discussions have intensified on DataCube for structured geospatial data Data ingestion, storage and analysis of geospatial data are essential functions of DataCube covering different technical facets. Six Faces of a Geospatial DataCube • Parameter Model ( ‘Analysis Ready Data ‘ )
Functionality oriented faces .
• Data Representation (projection, grid, tiling…) • Data Organisation ( File formats… & DB structures) • Infrastructure (H/W, storage, processing..) • Access and Analysis ( API, GIS tools) • Interoperability ( Standards, Access, Transfer protocols..) Source: The Six Faces of the Data Cube; Peter Strobl et al; Conference on Big Data, November 2017
* Including BRDF
Towards unlocking power of Big EO data
Source: Building an Earth Observations Data Cube: lessons learned from the Swiss Data Cube (SDC) on generating Analysis Ready Data (ARD); Gregory Giuliani et al; BIG DEARH DATA Vol 1, 2017- Issue 1-2
Data providers themselves building interoperable auto preprocessing chains to generate ARDs and ingest them into Data Cube to enable users to concentrate more on data analytics from multiple platforms.
The Earth Imagery Platform for Impact Open Geospatial data for positive global impact and improved decision-making Billionaire philanthropists, Bill & Melinda Gates joined hands with e-Bay founder Pierre Omdiyar to support a digital platform to harness the plethora of EO data gathered from satellites each day, and make it available for humanitarian & environmental causes. Jeff Bezos’s Amazon Web Services provides Cloud computing resources to build the platform. Radiant.Earth initiative is envisioned to be a repository and archive of EO imagery from satellite/aerial/drones. It seeks to simplify the overall process across the value chain and more effectively deliver open earth imagery; analytical tools and strategies to meet some of the most urgent challenges in the world. The offerings will be open, free of charge and in simple formats that do not require specific expertise to understand. Source: Anusuya Datta, The Geospatial World: May 25, 2017
Whether public good or commercial are decided not by: ‘Who does it‘, but ‘what is done’ !
To summarise ….
Types of EO business models developed over the last 45 years bringing significant paradigms shifts in Policy & Perceptions
•
Public data with LANDSAT in the USA • Development of the commercial market initiated by EOSAT (1984); SPOT Image (1986) and now by Digital Globe & others • National support to private companies through anchor tenant contracts: Digital Globe backed by the National Geospatial Agency • Development of dual systems (defence and civil): Pleiades (2001-03) and COSMO SkyMed (2007-10) • Purely private investment for SPOT-6 & SPOT-7 ( 2012 & 2014) • Development of shared satellites and virtual constellations (Disaster Monitoring Constellation; GEO Virtual Constellations) • GEOSS Open Data Policy for mid-resolution & Commercial market for HR/VHR • “New Space” era and the recent advent of EO CubeSat constellations • Recent Mergers & Consolidation ( MAXAR Technologies - SSL+ MDA+ DG+ Radiant) & (Planet acquiring TerraBella business & SkySat Constellation) Source: Towards disruptions in Earth observation? New Earth Observation systems and markets evolution: Possible scenarios and impacts - Gil Deniset al, Acta Astronautica 137 (2017) 415–433
Source: Towards disruptions in Earth observation? New Earth Observation systems and markets evolution: Possible scenarios and impact, Gil Denis et al, Acta Astronautica 137 (2017) 415–433
* * Economic benefits of Open data Policy of Landsat imagery downloads is app. $ 1.7 Billion annually - Barbara Ryan ,GEO Source: Towards disruptions in Earth observation? New Earth Observation systems and markets evolution: Possible scenarios and impact, Gil Denis et al, Acta Astronautica 137 (2017) 415–433
CubeSat business models excel by producing more satellites more often, thus, able to integrate technology upgrades more quickly, compared to larger satellites , launched more infrequently Digital Globe and Planet business models exemplify this contrast
“ Technology evolves naturally over time toward higher performance by maximising innovations. Disruptive innovations start at the low end performance, often cheaper and targeting underserved or newer users. But evolves rapidly towards higher performance over time at lower cost. Typically introduced by a nonmainstream player, it is advanced by an enabling technology, and follows business models not typically followed by incumbents. Examining along these dimensions, the CubeSat paradigm may be considered as a disruptive innovation in the satellite sector “ Source: Achieving Science with CubeSats: Thinking Inside the Box ( http://www.nap.edu/23503)
Top Global Trends that could transform business in next 5 years
Technology Advances voted as the major transformative agent
EO based Geospatial technologies have all these attributes Courtesy: : Tech Breakthroughs Megatrend: Technology: PwC
Do we have a sustainable Innovation Strategy & Process ? Have we quantified the impact of emerging technologies? Are we up-to-date with emerging technologies roadmap? And above all, their relevance to our stated goals ?
Source: Copenhagen Business School, 2014
How do you keep EO data content relevant and attractive to users? Winning companies create innovative Value Proposition in the data chain to create necessary impact!
So Remember the Mantra for any Business Model
Relevance + Innovation = Impact
- Dr Gururaj Deshponde
Thanks