Effect of 8 Weeks Plyometric Training on Selected ...

UGC Sponsored 2nd National Conference

UGC Sponsored 2nd National Conference On Latest Trends in Health and Physical Education 14th -15th Feb., 2017

Dr. R. Chakravarty Organizing Secretary

Khel Sahitya Kendra 7/26, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, Delhi-110 002 (India) Ph. 011-42564726, 65190343, 43551324 (M) 9811088729, Fax: 011-42564726 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.khelsahitya.com


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CONTENTS 1 . Relationship Of Selected Biomechanical Variables With The Performance Of National Level Judokas In Kata Guruma - Dr. R. Chakravarty

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2. Comparative Analysis Of Selected Psychological And Socio Economical Variables Among Various Zones Of All India Inter University - Manoj Sethi & Dr. Sudhir Kumar

10

3. Yoga Improving Health Related Physical Fitness - Heam Singh, Akanksha Singh & Karan

13

4. Comparison Of Agility Among Cricketers And Soft Balls - Dr. Praveen Kumar & Mr. Dinesh Kumar

18

5. Contribution Of Balance Diet To Reduce Obesity Of Child - Lakhmi Chand, Dheeraj Sangwan, Harish Kumar

21

6. Comparative Study On Selected Anthropometry And Physiological Variables Among Working Women And Housewife - Dr. Rakesh Kumar 24 7. “The Effect Of Skipping And Foot Tapping Exercise On Maximal Aerobic Capacity Of Youth” - Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh

31

8. Effect Of 8 Weeks Plyometric Training On Selected Motor Abilities Of Female Taekwondo Players - Dr. Tarun Routhan & Dr. Amita Rana

34

9. Effect Of Six Week Yoga Training On Resperatory Endurance Of Basketball Players - Parveen , Manish Hooda , Sandeep Sangwan, Jagat Sing

39

10. Effects Of Training For Preventing Injuries In Sports - Dr. Sanjeev Kumar

43

11. Effect Of Structured Exercise Training In Reducing The Risk Of Breast Cancer : Meta –Analysis Findings - Neha Sharma, Deepali Seth, Dr, Sandhya Tiwari

46

12. Impact Of Emotional Aptitude And Selected Socio- Economic Variable On The Attainment Of Physical Education Notion- Sandeep Kumari

50

13. Mental Health And Sports Performance - Dr. Sheela

53

14. Health Related Fitness In The 6 Year Old Boys: A Comparative Study Between Government And Public Schools Of Delhi - Dr. Kumar Sachin

57


15 Impact Of Technology On Sports Performance - Jaipal And Vipin

66

16. The Importance Of The Physical Education In Modern Society - Shravansingh Sowamber 69 17. Comparative Analysis Of Selected Physical Fitness Variables Of School Level Hockey And Football Players - Karishma Agarwal, Pankaj Pandey 74 18. Impact Of Sports And Games On Mental Health - Mr.Jairaj Singh Jadon

77

19. Mental Health Awareness In Sports And Recreation - Dr. Shweta Suri Midha, Dr. Saryu Ruhela

78

20. A Comparative Study Of Personality Traits Between Male Sports Person And Non Sports Person At Swami Shardhanand College - Mohit Rana, Dr. Inder Mohan Datta 83 21. Effect Of Massage Theraphy On Sports Performance - Meenu, Pushpa Kumari, Manisha Devi

88

22. Effect Of Built Enviornment With Physical Activity - 1surbhi Jain & 2dr. Sandhya Tiwari

92

23. Comparison Of Batting Skills In Terms Of Influence Of Intelligence Of Cricket Players - Dr. Rajwant Singh, 2 Dr.Vikram Singh

97

24. Basal Metabolic Rate And Cardiorespiratory Endurance: A Correlation Study - Mohammad Muzamil Shah, Dr. Sandhya Tiwari & Dr. Sandeep Tiwari

104

26. Education And Changing Needs Of The Country - Mr Rajeev Kumar

107

27. Reducing Mental Health Illness Through Sports - Dr Kavita Sharma & Ms Anmol

109

28. How Can An Athlete Avoid Getting Injured - Rekha Narwal & Sikka Devi

114

29. A Research Paper On Effect Of Rapid Weight Reduction On Various Physical And Physiological Transients Of Male Judo Players - Manish Bhatt

117

30. Influence Of Different Resistance Training Protocols On Selected Physiological And Biochemical Variables Of College Men Students - Surendra Pratap Singh & Sudhir Kumar Sharma

123

31. Role Of Management And Media: Isl: The New Dawn In Indian Soccer?" - Dr Abha Jain

126


32. Critical Analysis Of Women Sports In India - Dr. Anek Goel & - Dr. Birendrajhajharia

128

33. Role Of Modern Technology In Today Sports’ World - Neeraj Chawla

137

34. A Reflection Paper Of Health Related Quality Of Life And Academic Achievement Of Delhi College Level Females - Dr. Vineet Mehta, Dr. Kuljeet Kaur, Dr. Ajit

143

35. Effect Of Selected Asanaon Speed And Flexibility Of Kabaddi Players - Sandeep Sangwan

149

36. Self Confidence – A Boost To Enhance The Performance Of Sports Persons - Mr. Rajeev Singh, Mr. Dinesh Kumar & Dr. Praveen Kumar

154

37. The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Job Stress Of Physical Education Teachers Working In Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut Area

157

38. Sport Management And Role Of Higher Education In India - Mr. Dadasaheb Lokhande

159

39. Surya Namaskar: Past, Present & Future Health Tool - Dr Mukesh Agarwal, Ms Preeti Goel

162

40. Effect Of Weight Resistance Exercise On Wrestling Players Of Hisar - Pardeep Kumar

165

41. Yoga For Total Well-Being - Dr. Renu Tomar

169

42. Yoga For Well Being - Dr Somlata Sharma

171

43. A Comparative Study Of Leadership Quality Of Individual And Team Sports - Dr.Dravin

174

44. A Comparative Study Of Physilogical And Hematological Variables Among Football Players - Dr.Sandeep Kumar Rai

177

45. Attacking To The First Hurdle In High Hurdle Men - Shri. C.Ramarao & Smt.Richarao

179

46. A Comparative Study Of Leadership Quality Of Individual And Team Sports - Dr.Dravin 183 47. A Comparative Study Of Physilogical And Hematological Variables Among Football Players - Dr.Sandeep Kumar Rai

183


48. Attacking To The First Hurdle In High Hurdle Men - Shri. C.Ramarao & Smt.Richarao

188

49. Gender Equality And Good Governance In Sports - Dr. Benu Gupta

192

50. Comparison Of Selected Physical Fitness Components Between Sub-Junior, Junior And Senior Category Girls - Dr. Vikram Singh, Dr. Parmod Kumar Sethi, Iqbal Kaur 196


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RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED BIOMECHANICAL VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL LEVEL JUDOKAS IN KATA GURUMA Dr. R. Chakravarty, Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Physical Education, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi), Delhi.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship of selected biomechanical variables to the performance of National level Judokas in kata guruma. The subjects for this study were 60 male judokas who had represented their respective states in national tournaments(12 subjects from each team). Their age ranged from nineteen to twenty five years. All the subjects were right handed throwers. The data was analyzed by use of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. The level of significance chosen to test the hypothesis was .05. None of the selected angular biomechanical (kinematic) variables that is Ankle Joint (Right and Left), Knee Joint (Right and Left), Shoulder Joint (Right and Left), Elbow Joint (Right and Left) and Wrist (Right and Left), and Hip Joint (Left and Right) has significant relationship with the performance of Judokas in kata guruma. In case of Linear A biomechanical (kinematic) variable that is height of center of gravity at moment contact does not have significant relationship with the performance of Judokas in kata guruma. Key Words: Biomechanical, Kinematics, Kata guruma. INTRODUCTION: Judo ( jūdō?, meaning "gentle way") is a modern martial art, combat and Olympic sport created in Japan in 1882 by Jigoro Kano ( ). Its most prominent feature is its competitive element, where the objective is to either throw or takedown an opponent to the ground, immobilize or otherwise subdue an opponent with a pin, or force an opponent to submit with a joint lock or a choke. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as weapons defenses are a part of judo, but only in prearranged forms (kata, ) and are not allowed in judo competition or free practice (randori, ). A judo practitioner is called a judoka. The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū ( ?, traditional schools). The worldwide spread of judo has led to the development of a number of offshoots such as Sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Jigoro Kano ( Kanō Jigorō, 1860–1938), born Shinnosuke Kano ( Kanō Shinnosuke). Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of KikuMasamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano, and ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government.1 The role that sports biomechanics can play is becoming more widely understood in sports community and the demand for service increasing, researchers in sports biomechanics will have to consider

柔道

嘉納治五郎

形

乱取り

古流

嘉納治五郎

1

嘉納新之助

Daigo, Toshiro (2005), Kodokan Judo Throwing Techniques, Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International


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carefully how much time they can devote to the provision of scientific services without impairing their performance as scholar researchers. To develop programmers of study for the training of techniques in sports biomechanics, technicians who can provide the kind of services sought by sporting bodies. In order to analyze the techniques o sports and games, photographic methods is probably the most popular methods. Although this is not a recent development, photography was formally limited to the filming of few sports only. It is now being applied to many sports at an increasing rate. Recently videotapes have begun to replace conventional motion pictures for teaching and coaching purpose. Since videotape is erasable reusable and does not require any developing. It is more economical than film. The relatively inexpensive recorders are simple to operate and permit immediate play back. Biomechanics and Judokas in kata guruma practices described by some of the authors are as follows: Biomechanics 1. A branch of physics concerns with the description of the motion of objects without considering the forces that causes or result from the motions. It is a study of motion that aims to provide a description of the spatial position of points in moving bodies. For the purpose of this study Biomechanical variables were represented by the selected angles of the various joints of human body and height of center of gravity at moment contact. K in e ma t ic s 1. Kinematics will be represented by the selected angles of the various joints of human body and height of center of gravity at selected moment. Kata Guruma ) is one of the traditional forty throws of Judo as developed by Kano Jigoro.Kata Kata guruma ( guruma belongs to the third group of the traditional throwing list in the Gokyo no waza of the Kodokan Judo. It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. Because the technique is not a sweep nor a trip and requires tori to pull uke into a carry, it is categorized as a hand throwing technique (tewaza). METHODOLOGY The subjects for this study were 48 male Judokas who had represented there respective states in National Judo tournaments. Four teams were selected for this study namely: Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Haryana (12 subjects from each team).There age ranged from Nineteen to Twenty Five years. All the subjects were right handed Throwers.ollowing were the Kinematic variables which were constituted in the study: The selected kinematical variables were divided in two parts i.e.

肩車

a) Linear Kinematic Variable were: i. Height of Center of Gravity at moment release. b) Angular Kinematic Variables were represented by the angles at selected joints i.e. i. Ankle joints ii. Knee joints iii. Hip joints iv. Shoulder joints v. Elbow joints vi. Wrist joints The scholar developed stick figures on the photographs, from which selected kinematical variables were calculated. The stick figures were developed by using Joint-point method. The center of gravity of each subject, at one selected moment. Procedure for Location of Center of Gravity The center of gravity of the body at moment release was determined by use of segmentation method. ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY The data was analyzed by use of Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation. The level of significance chosen to test the hypothesis was .05 and are presented in Table-I, Table-II, Table-III, Table-I, Table-IV.


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Table-I Relationship of Selected Angular Kinematical Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Uttar Pradesh Judokas in kata guruma (N = 12) S. No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1. Ankle Joint (Left) 0.189 2. Ankle Joint (Right) 0.144 3. Knee Joint (Left) 0.175 4. Knee Joint (Right) -0.123 5. Hip Joint (Left) 0.118 6. Hip Joint (Right) 0.305 7. Shoulder Joint (Left) 0.420 8. Shoulder Joint (Right) -0.162 9. Elbow Joint (Left) 0.137 10. Elbow Joint (Right) -0.036 11. Wrist Joint (Left) 0.00 12. Wrist Joint (Right) -0.007 *Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 Table –II Relationship of Selected Angular Kinematical variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Delhi judokas in kata guruma (N = 12) S. No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1. Ankle Joint (Left) -0.151 2. Ankle Joint (Right) -0.127 3. Knee Joint (Left) 0.070 4. Knee Joint (Right) -0.069 5. Hip Joint (Left) 0.195 6. Hip Joint (Right) 0.287 7. Shoulder Joint (Left) -0.206 8. Shoulder Joint (Right) -0.126 9. Elbow Joint (Left) -0.100 10. Elbow Joint (Right) -0.053 11. Wrist Joint (Left) -----12. Wrist Joint (Right) -0.407 *Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 Table – III Relationship of Selected Angular Kinematical Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Uttarakhand judokas in kata guruma (N = 12) S. No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1. Ankle Joint (Left) -0.208 2. Ankle Joint (Right) -0.274 3. Knee Joint (Left) -0.384 4. Knee Joint (Right) -0.267 5. Hip Joint (Left) -0.323 6. Hip Joint (Right) -0.402 7. Shoulder Joint (Left) 0.553 8. Shoulder Joint (Right) -0.318

UGC Sponsored 2nd National Conference 9. Elbow Joint (Left) 10. Elbow Joint (Right) 11. Wrist Joint (Left) 12. Wrist Joint (Right) *Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576

4 -0.437 -0.551 ----0.033

Table – IV Relationship of Selected Angular Kinematical Variables at Moment Release with the Performance of Haryana judokas Team in kata guruma (N = 12) S. No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1. Ankle Joint (Left) -0.542 2. Ankle Joint (Right) 0.384 3. Knee Joint (Left) 0.046 4. Knee Joint (Right) -0.284 5. Hip Joint (Left) 0.113 6. Hip Joint (Right) -0.034 7. Shoulder Joint (Left) -0.847* 8. Shoulder Joint (Right) 0.605* 9. Elbow Joint (Left) 0.065 10. Elbow Joint (Right) 0.555 11. Wrist Joint (Left) ----12. Wrist Joint (Right) 0.056 *Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 As shown in Table- I, II, III, that the values of coefficient of correlation in case of all the selected Kinematic variables with the (Uttar Pradesh Under, Delhi , Uttaranchal) Judokas were found insignificant at the selected level of significance of 0.05. Since the required value of coefficient of correlation for 10 degree of freedom is 0.576 and the obtained values of coefficient of correlation of selected variables less than the required value. The correlation could not be calculated with the left wrist joint because the variable was constant in case of every subject. The correlations might have been insignificant because of the independent calculation but they must have a cumulative effect on the performance. As shown in Table-IV that the values of Coefficient of Correlation in case of all the selected Kinematic variables with the Haryana Judokaswere found insignificant at the selected level of significance of 0.05. Since the required value of Coefficient of Correlation for 10 degree of freedom is 0.576 and the obtained values of coefficient of correlation of selected variables less than the required value, except in case of the both the shoulder joints of the subjects which showed significant relationship. As the judoka uses both his hands while executing the Kata guruma and full extension of hands is required and the right hand is the bottom hand so as the angle would increase the shot would be better and vice versa the left shoulder joint angle is bound to decrease, so combination of both would produce a good Kata guruma. The correlation could not be calculated with the Left Wrist Joint because the variable was constant in case of every subject. The correlations might have been insignificant because of the independent calculation but they must have a cumulative effect on the performance. The relationship of selected Linear Kinematic variables at the moment contact with the performance in Kata guruma as presented in table-1.5, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8.


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Table - 1.5 Relationship of Selected Linear Kinematic Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Uttar Pradesh Judokasin Kata guruma S. No.

Variables

Coefficient of Correlation “r”

1.

Height of Centre of Gravity (Moment contact)

-0.172

*Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 Table - 1.6 Relationship of Selected Linear Kinematic Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Delhi Judokasin Kata guruma S. No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1.


0.304

*Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 Table -1.7 Relationship of Selected Linear Kinematic Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Uttaranchal Judokasin Kata guruma S. No. 1.

Variables Height of Centre of Gravity (Moment contact)

Coefficient of Correlation “r” -0.161

*Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 Table -1.8 Relationship of Selected Linear Kinematical Variables at Moment Contact with the Performance of Haryana Judokasin Kata guruma S.No. Variables Coefficient of Correlation “r” 1.


0.019

*Significant at 0.05 Level r .05 (10) = 0.576 As shown in Table-1.5, 1.7, 1.6, 1.8, that the values of coefficient of correlation in case of the selected Linear Kinematic variable (Height of Center of Gravity) with the (Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Haryana) Under-19 Cricket teams was found insignificant at the selected level of significance of 0.05. Since the required value of coefficient of correlation for 10 degree of freedom is 0.576 and the obtained values of coefficient of correlation of selected variables less than the required value. This trend does not mean that Height of Center of Gravity does not play any important role in executing the Kata guruma but the low value of correlation must have been because of the small sample size and the low value of the Height of Center of Gravity at moment contact.


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Table-1.9 Analysis of Variance of the Mean Difference of the Four Groups for Height of Centre of Gravity at Moment Contact Source of Variance df Sum of Square Mean Sum of Square ‘F’ Ratio Between Groups

3

3731

1243.06

9.48*

Within Groups 44 6295.92 131.66 *Significant at .05 level. F.05 (3, 44) = 2.82 It is evident from Table – 1.9 that variability exists among the four groups with respect to criterion variable namely Height of Centre of Gravity at moment contact. As each player has his own reach as per the flexibility of the groin muscle and leg length so the difference in the Centre of Gravity at moment contact must have been there. Since there is significant difference in the result of ‘One Way Analysis of Variance’ therefore Post Hoc (LSD) test was applied to find out which of the mean difference amongst the group were statistically significant. The data relating to this is presented in Table -1.10. Table-1.10 Least Significant Difference Post Hoc Test for Mean of the Four Groups for Height of Centre of Gravity at Moment Contact Uttar Pradesh

Delhi

Uttaranchal

188.72 183.15 166 188.72 166

Haryana

M. D.

185.20

-3.52*

185.20

-2.05*

185.20

-19.2*

183.15

-5.57*

183.15

-17.15*

C. D.

0.2282

*Significant at .05 level. The above table1.10 shows that there was significant difference between the means of Delhi and Haryana Under-1 9 teams in which as per the terms of means Delhi Judokaswas found to be superior. Significant difference was also found between the means of Uttaranchal and Haryana Judokas in which as per the terms of means Haryana Judokaswas found to be superior. Significant difference was also found between the means of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana Judokas in which as per the terms of means Haryana Judokaswas found to be superior. Table – 4.26 also reveals that difference was found between the means of Delhi and Uttaranchal Judokasas per the means the Delhi Judokaswas found to be superior. Significant difference was also found between the means of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Judokas in which as per the terms of means Uttaranchal Judokaswas found to be superior. Difference between the means of four groups is shown in Fig. -1.


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188.72 190

183.5

185.2

180 Mean

170

166

160 150 U.P.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Delhi UttaranchalHaryana Teams

Fig.1 Bar Diagram Representing Means for Four Judokas for Height of Centre of Gravity at Moment contact Discussion of Findings None of the selected Angular Kinematic variables that are Ankle Joint (Right and Left), Knee Joint (Right and Left), Shoulder Joint (Right and Left), Elbow Joint (Right and Left) and Wrist (Right and Left), and Hip Joint (Left and Right) showed relationship with the performance of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Haryana Judokasin Kata guruma. This trend does not mean that these variables do not have any effect on the performance of the players but these variables’ relationship was calculated independently but the variables must have a cumulative effect on the performance. In case of Linear Kinematic variable Height of Center of Gravity at moment contact none of the teams showed relationship with the performance of the subjects in Kata guruma. As the study was about the moment contact of the Kata guruma and the higher the subject is elevated from the ground which is Height of Centre of Gravity the better would be his performance. So it can be concluded that better performance is achieved by higher elevation. No variation was found between the groups in case of all the Judokas in terms of their performance in Kata guruma but the mean of the performance of Haryana was a little high than the other teams. As the performance of the Judokas is more or less the same but in this age of cut throat competition even a little difference can win or lose matches but the skill tested was under controlled conditions and was also one in number so if a detailed study on each and every skill (Hook Shot, Pool Shot, Drive Shot etc.) may be done difference can found. No variation was found between the Judokas in terms of their Angular Kinematic Variables Ankle Joint (Right and Left), Knee Joint (Right and Left), Shoulder Joint (Right and Left), Elbow Joint (Right and Left) and Wrist (Left), and Hip Joint (Left and Right) apart from right wrist joint and Height of Centre of Gravity at moment contact which was the highest in case of Uttar Pradesh Under19 state team. No significant difference was found between the means of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, Delhi and Haryana, Uttaranchal and Haryana but the means of the Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, Delhi and Uttaranchal were found to be statistically significant as per the LSD test implemented which showed the mean difference 13.91 in case of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana,8.08 in case of Delhi and Haryana and 8.41 in case of the means of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana , Delhi and Haryana, Uttaranchal which was higher than the tabulated value of 3.59.The analysis of data clearly reveals that the Uttar Pradesh and the Uttaranchal Under-19 State team are better in terms of right Wrist Angle. In case of Height of The Center of Gravity the following state teams differed Uttar Pradesh and the Delhi State team as the mean difference was 22.49, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Under-19 State team which was 15.34, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana was 16.62 which was higher than the tabulated value of 3.59 hence it could


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be said that Delhi and Uttaranchal Under-19 State team was better in terms of Height of Center of Gravity at moment contact. Conclusions 1. None of the selected Angular Kinematic variables that are Ankle Joint (Right and Left), Knee Joint (Right and Left), Shoulder Joint (Right and Left), Elbow Joint (Right and Left) and Wrist (Right and Left), and Hip Joint (Left and Right) showed relationship with the performance of Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Haryana Judokasin Kata guruma. 2. In case of Linear Kinematic Variable Height of Center of Gravity at moment contact none of the teams showed relationship with the performance of the subjects in Kata guruma. 3. No variation was found between the groups in case of all the National Teams in terms of their performance in Kata guruma but the mean of the performance of Haryana was a little high than the other Judokas. 4. No variation was found between the Judokas in terms of their Angular Kinematic variables Ankle Joint (Right and Left), Knee Joint (Right and Left), Shoulder Joint (Right and Left), Elbow Joint (Right and Left) and Wrist (Left), and Hip Joint (Left and Right) apart from right wrist joint and Height of Centre of Gravity at moment contact which was the highest in case of Uttar Pradesh Under-19 state team. No significant difference was found between the means of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana , Delhi and Haryana, Uttaranchal and Haryana but the means of the Uttar Pradesh and Delhi, Delhi and Uttaranchal were found to be statistically significant as per the LSD test implemented which showed the mean difference 13.91 in case of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana,8.08 in case of Delhi and Haryana and 8.41 in case of the means of Uttar Pradesh and Haryana, Delhi and Haryana, Uttaranchal which was higher than the tabulated value of 3.59.The analysis of data clearly reveals that the Uttar Pradesh and the Uttaranchal Under-19 State team are better in terms of Right Wrist angle. In case of Height of the Center of Gravity the following state teams differed Uttar Pradesh and the Delhi Under-19 State team as the mean difference was 22.49, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal State team which was 15.34, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana was 16.62 which was higher than the tabulated value of 3.59 hence it could be said that Delhi and Uttaranchal Under-19 State team was better in terms of Height of Center of Gravity at moment contact. REFERENCES Book Birley Derek, A Social History of English Cricket, (London: Aurum Press Ltd., New edition, 1999). Bunn, John W. Scientific Principles of Coaching, New York: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1972. Clarke, David H. and Clarke, H. Harrison, Research Process in Physical Education IInd Ed. New York: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1984. Gerrett, Henry E. Statistics in Psychology and Education, Bombay: Vakils Feffer and Simons Ltd. 1981. Kamlesh M.L, Sports & Games, (New Delhi: Nageen Prakashan, 2006-07). Miller,Doris I. And Nelson, Richard C. Biomechanics of Sports, Philadelphia: ea and Febiger, 1973. Syal Meenu, Teach Yourself Cricket, (New Delhi: Prerna Prakashan, 2004). Journals and Periodicals Ginnis, Mc. And Richard, A. “A Kinematical Analysis of a One Hand Jump-shot in Basketball, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation 19 (1977): 254. Hudron, Jackie, “Cinematographic Analysis of the Basketball One Handed Free Throw.” Abstracts of Research Papers (1980): 30. Hay, James G., The Biomechanics of Sports Technique, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall Inc., 1985. Ranson Craig A. & Burnett Angus F., “The relationship between bowling action classification and three-dimensional lower trunk motion in fast bowlers in cricket”. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 26, Is. 3, (Jan. 2008). Karayanne, “The Bio-mechanics of Triple Jump”, Track and Field Quarterly Review, Vol. 87, (Spring1987).


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Kellis E. & Liassou C., “The effect of selective muscle fatigue on sagittal lower limb kinematics and muscle activity during level running”, Journal Orthop Sports Phys Therapy, Vol. 39, No. 3, (Mar. 2009). Kellis, Eleftherios, Katis, Athanasios, “Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of instep soccer kick”, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Vol. 1, (Jun 2007). Kirten Ronald F., “An introduction to Sports Photography”, Athletic Journal, Vol. 52, No. 6, (Feb. 1972). Laurence Chéze, “Comparison of different calculations of three-dimensional joint kinematics from videobased system data”, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 33, Iss.12, (Dec. 2000). Laurence Hort E., “A Comparative Study of Selection handball Techniques”, Research Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4, (Dec.1969). Lawrenee Casico T., “A Cinematographical Analysis Comparing Approach Velocity of Pole Vaulters Using Horizontal and Vertical Pole Carries”, Completed Research in Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Vol. 79, (1978). Lloyd D.G., Alderson J.A. & Elliotta B.C., “An upper limb kinematic model for the examination of cricket bowling: A case study of Mutiah Muralitharan”, Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol.18, Is. 12, (Dec.2000). Loram L.C., McKinon W. & Wormgoor S., “Determinants of ball release speed in schoolboy fast-medium bowlers in cricket”, Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness. Vol. 45, No. 4, (Dec. 2005). Marshall K.W. & Marshall D.L., “Osteochondral lesions of the humeral trochlea in the young athlete”, Springer, Vol. 38, No. 5, (May 2009). Mccaw, Cerullo Steven T. & James F, “Prophylactic ankle stabilizers affect ankle joint kinematics during drop landings”, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 31, Is. 5, (May 1999). Stidwilla T. J., Pearsalla David & Turcotte Rene, “Comparison of skating kinetics and kinematics on ice and on a synthetic surface”, Sports Biomechanics, Vol. 9, Iss. 1, (Mar. 2010). Wagner Herbert, Buchecker Michael, Serge P., Duvillard Don, Müller Erich, ”Kinematic description of elite vs. low level players in team-handball jump throw”, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Vol. 9, (2010).


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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMICAL VARIABLES AMONG VARIOUS ZONES OF ALL INDIA INTER UNIVERSITY Manoj Sethi, Research Scholar, Deptt. Of Physical Education, SGSU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Dr. Sudhir Kumar. Sharma, Supervisor, Asso. Prof. Deptt. Of Phy. Edn. SGSU, Gandhinagar. ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to find out the comparative analysis of selected psychological and Socio Economical Variables among various zones of All India Inter University. For this study Anxiety has been chosen as Psychological Variables and 100 Power lifters, 100 Weightlifters and 100 Bodybuilders come for participation in the All India Inter University Tournament 2014-15 has been selected at random as subjects. The age of the selected subjects was ranged from 18 to 28 years. The selected players have been asked to fill the questionnaire before the competition. Anxiety data was collected through Rainer Marten’s Questionnaire. The score was recorded in points. The results revealed that there was significant difference in Anxiety level among the West, East, North, South and Central zone players. Keywords: Anxiety, Power lifter, Weightlifter, Bodybuilder, Inter University INTRODUCTION Psychology is the study of human behavior and human relationship. Sports psychology means applying psychological theories and concepts to aspects of sports much as coaching and teaching sports psychology is concerned with analyzing human behavior in various types of sports setting. It is individual behavior acting individually and acting in a group. Sports psychology focuses on learning and performance. Sports psychology considers both the participants and the spectators. Emotional factors like Anxiety, tension, Achievement Motivation, stress and motivation play an important role in sports psychology. Certain amount of tension and Anxiety are necessary to put for the best performance. Family and economic conditions to play an important part in sports psychology. Thus amongst many outcomes, development of physical fitness for personal growth and social efficiency are important ones and in such an education process the social and economic miles plays an important role. Moreover, the investigator has adequate knowledge experience and interest in the field The investigator’s previous experience hails from participation at various levels namely inter school, inter university, state and national championships in Weightlifting, Power lifting and Bodybuilding. Among the many existing psychological variables, the researcher’s close proximity to the event has urged him to select Anxiety in the present study. METHODOLOGY 300 University level male (100 Weightlifters, 100 Power lifters and 100 Bodybuilders) will be selected as subjects at random and their age will be 18 to 28 years. Anxiety data was collected through Rainer Marten’s Questionnaire. The score was recorded in points. RESULTS


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Table I shows the analyzed data on Anxiety. Factor “A” shows five categories of topography namely North, South, East, West, and Central zones. Factor “B” shows three categories of players namely Weightlifters, Power lifters and Bodybuilders. Factor “A” and “B” shows five categories of topography and three categories of players. Table I 5 x 3 FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR ANXIETY OF UNIVERSITY WEIGHTLIFTERS, POWERLIFTERS AND BODYBUILDERS AT DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHY (Scores in Points) Sources of Sum of Degrees of Mean Scores OF Sig. Variance Scores Freedom Factor ‘A’ 118.353 4 29.588 2.971 .020 Factor ‘B’ 11.887 2 5.943 .597 .551 AxB 53.247 8 6.656 .668 .719 Error 2838.550 285 9.960 Total 100835.00 300 *Significant at 0.05 level of confidence The obtained ‘F’ ratio of Anxiety for factor ‘A’ was 2. study was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 4 and 285. 971 and table ‘F’ ratio was 2.41. As the obtained ‘F’ ratio was greater than the table ‘F’ ratio, the as the factor “A” was significant, the post hoc test was followed as stated by Clarke and Clarke (1972). The obtained ‘F’ ratio for factor ‘B’ was .597 and table ‘F’ ratio was 3.04. As the obtained ‘F’ ratio was lesser than the table ‘F’ ratio, the study was non-significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 285. As the factor “B” was non- significant, the post hoc test was not followed. The obtained ‘F’ ratio for factor ‘A’ and ‘B’ was .668 and table ‘F’ ratio was 1.98. As the obtained ‘F’ ratio was lesser than the table ‘F’ ratio, the study was non-significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 8 and 285. As the obtained ‘F’ ratio is lesser than the table ‘F’ ratio, the simple effect test was not applied to find out the overall cell mean significant difference as stated by Rothstein (1985).

TABLE I (A) SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST PAIRED MEAN DIFFERENCE OF ANXIETY AT DIFERENT TOPOGRAPHY (NAMELY NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST AND CENTRAL) OF UNIVERSITY LEVEL WEIGHTLIFTERS, POWER LIFTERS AND BODYBUILDERS FACTOR ‘A’ (Scores in Points) North South East West Central MD CI 17.30 18.45 -1.15 -3.573 17.30 18.60 -1.30 -3.573 17.30 17.28 0.02 -3.573


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17.30 18.65 -1.35 -3.573 18.45 18.60 -0.15 -3.573 18.45 17.28 1.17 -3.573 18.45 18.65 -0.20 -3.573 18.60 17.28 1.32 -3.573 18.60 18.65 -0.05 -3.573 17.28 18.65 -1.37 -3.573 *Mean difference is Significant at 0.05 level of confidence Table I (A) shows the Scheffe’s post hoc test for paired mean difference of Anxiety of different topography namely North, South, East, West and Central (Factor ‘A’). The mean difference between North and South, north and East, North and West, North and Central, South and East, South and West, South and Central, East and West, East and Central and West and Central were -1.15, -1.30, 0.02, -1.35, -0.15, 1.17, 0.20, 1.32, -0.05 and -1.37. The confidence interval value was -3.573. Hence the following comparison was found significant: North and South, north and East, North and West, North and Central, South and East, South and West, South and Central, East and West, East and Central and West and Central CONCLUSION It is concluded from the results that there was significant difference in Anxiety level among the West, East, North, South and Central Zone Weightlifters, Power lifters and Bodybuilders. Anxiety is the state of depression or hesitation accompanied by a feeling of distress. Prior to the sports competition, anxious situation in the form of fear of injury, these anxious situations depend upon the nature of the activity. The finding of the study corroborated with the views expressed by previous researchers like Gupta and Sharma (2016), Madan Mohan (2009), Muthuramalingam (2009), Mace and Carro (1995), Hassarani (1991), Morgan and Costil (1987) and Jones (1983). REFERENCES • Bell (1983) Championship Thinking, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc, P.50. • Clarke, David H. and H. Harrison Clarke (1984) Research Process in Physical Education, New Jersey; Prentice Hall. • Fox and Mathews, (1981), “The Psychological basis of Physical Education and Athletics” (Ed), 3. Philadelphia, W.B.Saunder’s Co. • Hockey (1985) R. V. “Physical Fitness: The Pathway to Healthful Living” St. Louis, Times Mirror/ Mosby College Publishing. • Kamlesh M. L. (1983) Psychology of Physical Education and Sports, New Delhi, Metropolitan Publishers. • Martens Rainer, (1997) Coaches Guide to Sports Psychology, Champaign, Illnios; Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. • Soreson, (1975) Psychology in Education, 3rd Ed. New York, McGraw Hill Books Company. • Thirumalaisamy R. (1985) Thesis and Dissertation Writing. Karaikudi, KPSV Publications.


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YOGA IMPROVING HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS Heam Singh MPED Student , Deptt. Of Physical Education, CCS University Meerut. Akanksha Singh, MPED Student , Deptt. Of Physical Education, CCS University Meerut. Karan MPED Student , Deptt. Of Physical Education, CCS University Meerut. ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was improving health related physical fitness (Cardiorespiratory, Muscular strength and endurance Flexibility Body composition) is the biggest problem of our modern society. As well as all their problems can be solved by yoga. Types of yoga (Hatha Yoga,Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Power Yoga, Hot Yoga, Restorative Yoga ) which increase health and fitness of individual and society in the modern age. With the life can be lived in better way. Due to its importance it is recommended to upilize in life. Keywords: Health related fitness, Hatha Yoga,Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Power Yoga, Hot Yoga, Restorative Yoga INTRODUCTION Health-related physical fitness is all about improving quality of life leaning towards Cardiorespiratory fitness Muscular strength and endurance Flexibility Body composition; all work well together. This means increased energy levels, a stronger respiratory system, and an optimized percentage of body fat against lean body mass. The key to achieving physical fitness for health reasons means focusing on each health related physical fitness component mentioned above when exercising. Some exercise can potentially address all five components however a mix of exercises is suggested in order to best address each component. The average person needs regular physical activity simply because the human body was designed to move. To keep it healthy, you need to move. Health related physical fitness means that you choose a variety of activities to benefit your body and your mind. Yoga is the oldest system of personal development encompassing body, mind, and spirit. The word yoga, from the word “yuj” (Sanskrit, “to yoke” or “to unite”), refers to spiritual practices that are essential to the understanding and practice of Hinduism. Yoga and yogic practices date back more than 5,000 years — the Indus Valley seals depict a number of figures in postures identical to various asanas. The term covers a wide array of practices, embodied in eight “limbs,” which range from ethical and moral guidelines to meditation on the Ultimate Reality. Yoga is a combination of both physical and spiritual exercises, entails mastery over the body, mind and emotional self, and transcendence of desire. The ultimate goal is moksha, the attainment of liberation from worldly suffering and the cycle of birth and rebirth. Today yoga being a subject of varied interests, has gained worlds wide popularity. Yoga is traditionally believed to have beneficial effects on physical and emotional health. The overall performance is known to be improved by practicing yoga techniques and their effects on physical functions. Yoga practices can also be used as psycho-physiological stimuli to increase the secretion of melatonin which, in turn, might be responsible for perceived well-being. Yoga may be as effective as or better than exercise at improving a variety of health-related outcome measures and as a result this study was undertaken to find out the yoga training on health related physical fitness variables. Health related physical fitness Health-Related Fitness involves exercise activities that you do in order to try to improve your physical health and stay healthy, particularly in the categories of cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.


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Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart (cardio) and circulatory system (vascular) to supply oxygen to muscles for an extended period of time. Cardiovascular is also called cardiorespiratory (lungs) fitness. Muscular strength and endurance is the muscle’s ability to produce effort or perform work. • Muscular endurance refers to the ability of the muscle to work over an extended period of time without fatigue. • Muscular strength refers to the maximum amount of force a muscle can exert against an opposing force. Flexibility is the ability to move a body part through a full range of motion at a joint (ROM). Body composition is the ratio of body fat to lean body mass (including water, bone, muscle, and connective tissue). Having too much fat tissue is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. Yoga Fitness Yoga fitness is the result of constant practice of Yoga in all its forms. These are physical and mental and include Yoga poses, breathing exercises and meditation. Yoga is the oldest form of physical and mental development that includes the body, mind, and spirit. Modern Types of Yoga 1. Hatha Yoga 2. Vinyasa 3. Ashtanga 4. Power Yoga 5. Hot Yoga 6. Restorative Yoga Hatha Yoga Yoga as we know it in the Western world is based on the practice of Hatha yoga, which uses different postures to prepare your body for meditation and reach an enhanced state of enlightenment. Hatha yoga classes are typically suitable for all levels and focus on proper a lignment. Hatha classes may also incorporate the use of props, such as straps or blocks, to help you safely access postures. Vinyasa A vinyasa class is one that uses a sequence of postures, or asanas, to build heat in your body and help eliminate toxins. Vinyasa yoga, also often referred to as Vinyasa Flow, is typically fast-paced. Previous yoga experience is recommended but not necessarily required. Ashtanga Ashtanga yoga refers to a type of Vinyasa class that promotes internal cleansing through a vigorous physical practice and synchronized breathwork. According to the Ashtanga Yoga Research Institute, Ashtanga yoga is effective in building strength, improving circulation and removing toxins from your internal organs. Power Yoga Power yoga was originally developed to make the practice of Ashtanga yoga more accessible to Westerners.


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"Most people wouldn't take a class called Ashtanga Yoga, because they had no idea what it meant," says Beryl Bender Birch, author of "Power Yoga." “Power Yoga, on the other hand, was something Americans could relate to and know that they'd get a good workout." Like Ashtanga, Power yoga emphasizes strength and endurance through a vigorous series of asanas. Unlike Ashtanga, however, postures are performed in no particular order. In Power yoga, there is less emphasis on the subtleties of each posture. Hot Yoga Many yoga studios offer hot yoga classes, which are held in a heated room to promote increased flexibility. The heat also generates more sweat, which helps remove toxins from your body. Restorative Yoga Restorative yoga uses props such as blankets or blocks to create soothing, well-supported postures that are held for several minutes. Classes are concluded with a lengthy corpse pose--up to 20 minutes--to promote a deep state of relaxation. According to Yoga Journal, Restorative yoga can help give you relief from insomnia, asthma, migraines and chronic pain. Yoga effect for health related physical fitness Cardio respiratory Benefits Power yoga, Ashtanga and flow styles of yoga follow a format that encourages you to work hard enough to raise your heart to meet cardiovascular improvement standards. These styles move from one pose to the next quick quickly, keeping you moving like you would do in any fitness class. Because yoga classes are typically 60 to 90 minutes long just 2-3 classes a week will meet the physical activity guidelines for improving your fitness set by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Muscular Benefits (Strength and Endurance) • Yoga requires you to get into and hold positions that will naturally strengthen your muscles, using only your bodyweight for resistance. This is a very unique approach because as you do more yoga, your body weight should naturally decrease which logic would say should make the poses more easy to complete. • Every yoga pose will provide you with strength if you perform them with regularity, but try the plank, bakasana, and various headstands if you particularly want to focus on strength. • Yoga builds your muscular endurance in a systematic, gentle controlled manner. Regular practice of yoga asanas or poses improves the muscle endurance and strength. Yoga asanas or poses are exercises and like any other exercise form they help to tone and strengthen the body and improve muscle endurance and strength. The practice of yoga poses is started by stretching, expanding and softening the inner body in order to become strong rather than becoming tough or hard. Most of the poses are muscular endurance exercises. Flexibility The most obvious fitness benefit of yoga is flexibility. Yoga moves your body in all directions and in ways you wouldn't do in your normal day.


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Improving your flexibility will decrease your chance of injury in sports, and it will allow you to move freely in your day-to-day life. Any type of yoga class will focus on flexibility and allow you these benefits. Body Composition Yoga, like any exercise, will help you burn calories and improve your body composition. Vinyasa classes with plenty of movement offer the greatest potential for burning calories. The greater benefit of yoga is that is also helps you clear your mind and become more aware of the choices you make off the yoga mat. Recommendation and further suggestions o To best use yoga as a way to improve your fitness, you must consider which of these components you want to focus on and choose a yoga class to fit that goal. • Yoga for fitness increases in popularity as more people than ever enjoy yoga. Most health clubs and gyms offer some type of yoga class because it's generally accepted as a way to improve flexibility and to reduce stress. • There are many types of yoga classes to choose from, however, and you should choose one that meets your fitness goals. • According to yoga philosophy, a healthy spine creates balance and is a conduit to a sound mind. Yoga is designed to stimulate the nerves running along the spine. • Poses involving twists and upside-down positions are especially effective for this purpose. When you practice all categories of yoga poses-seated, standing, lying down on your stomach or back, and upside down-you cause each vertebra (bony segment of the spine) to be slightly separated from the ones above and below it. • Creating space between the vertebrae serves to 'plump' the disks between them, allowing energy to flow freely to the brain and giving the blood a clear passageway to circulate in a healthy manner. • Internal organs are growing and changing during this period and can become upset with diet changes or over stimulation of nerves. • Yoga helps to keep organs healthy despite everyday stresses. It also assists in balancing out the mood swings and eliminating the body aches resulting from the hormonal imbalances experienced during sexual maturing. • During this growth period, yoga is useful in easing the tension of tight muscles, tendons, and ligaments, and it can also help to strengthen bones. Certain poses alleviate menstrual cramps (hooray!), and others work internally on clearing energy blocks that may cause headaches, sinus problems, irritability or digestive problems. Yoga promotes unification of body and mind, and as you practice, it will increase your awareness and your ability to look within, think for yourself, and trust yourself. The result is that you will feel more peaceful and self-confident during a period of rapid change and be able to engage the world with a more positive outlook. In yoga philosophy, the body is considered a temple to be treated with respect, understanding, and acceptance; but dealing with the rapid physical changes of adolescence can be difficult at times. For instance, as girls undergo hormonal changes and begin to experience the internal cleansing process of the menstrual cycle, keeping the body clean and free of odor is very important. As boys


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undergo the hormonal changes leading to manhood, they often experience glandular secretions resulting in sweaty feet and underarms, which also require regular cleansing. Frequent cleansing is necessary to keep the pores open so that the skin is able to release toxins freely. Bathing before practicing yoga enhances the capacity of the pores to open and expel toxins and excess oil through sweat glands. Yoga deep breathing exercises promote the process of internal cleansing by improving circulation. An added benefit of yoga practice is the release of negative energy, which can block nadis (energy channels), glands, and pores. Conclusion:Yoga and health related physical fitness is an integral part of our lifestyle. It removes the impurities from the level of mind, health fitness and unites everything with the spirit. Modern Yoga exercises to improve physical fitness and strengthen the muscles of the body of all the various benefits of yoga are not limited to this only, but also to work to improve and develop the various components of the body. We Recommendations with Use Modern Yoga exercises because of its clear and positive impact on improving the health-related physical fitness variables. References 1.

A,Ross, S.J. Thomas. The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. 2010, 16:3-12.

2.

Bal, B.S.; Kaur, P.J. Effects of selected asanas in hatha yoga on agility and flexibility level. J Sport Health Res. 2009, 1(2):75-87.

3.

Bole M.V. and Karambelkar P.V. (1971-72), “Effect of Yoga Training on Vital Capacity and Breath Holding Time”. Yoga Mimansa XIV.

4.

Ballor, DL., (1996), “Exercise Training and Body Composition Changes”, As Cited in Roche, AF., Heymsfield, SB. and Lohman TG., Human Body Composition, Champaign Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.

5.

Fonda’s J., (1984), Health and Fitness Diary, England: Penguin Books Ltd.,

6.

Gilmore C.P., (1981), Exercising for Fitness, Canada: Time-Life Books Inc.,

7.

Hale T, (2003), Exercise Physiology A Thematic Approach, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

8.

Heyward, Vivian H., (2002), Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, (4ED), Champaign Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.


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Comparison of Agility among Cricketers and Soft Balls

Dr. Praveen Kumar, Assistant professor Physical Education, Deptt. Of Physical Education, CCS University Meerut. Mr. Dinesh Kumar, Assistant professor Physical Education, Deptt. Of Physical Education, CCS University Meerut. Abstract:

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields trying to dismiss the batsmen. Softball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of 10 to 14 players. Softball is played on a smaller diamond than in baseball. The Purpose of the present study to find out the Agility among Male Soft Ball Players and Cricket Players of Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut. The sample for the present study is Male Twenty Cricketers and Male Twenty Soft Ball Players from various colleges of Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut. The subjects of the study between the age group of 20 Years to 28 Years. The data will be collected separately from Cricketers and Soft Ball Players. The Subjects will be tested in Shuttle-run for agility. This study shows that Cricketers are having the good agility compare to the Soft Ball players. It is concluded that Male Cricketers Players are having good Agility compare to Male Soft Ball Players. Key Words: explosive strength, cricketers, soft ball etc Introduction: Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the runs scored by the batting team. A run is scored by the striking batsman hitting the ball with his bat, running to the opposite end of the pitch and touching the crease there without being dismissed. The teams switch between batting and fielding at the end of an innings. In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 10 over’s of six bowling deliveries per side to 50-50 cricket played. The Laws of Cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council. Cricket is the first most popular sport in India. Softball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of 9 to 14 players. It is a direct descendant of baseball although there are some key differences: softballs are larger than baseballs, and the pitches are thrown underhand rather than overhand. Softball is played on a smaller diamond than in baseball; a softball field's average distances from home plate to the center, left and right field fences are 220 feet (67 meters) for females and 250 feet (75 meters) for males (the corresponding baseball field average distances are 410 and 325 feet [125 and 99 meters]). Despite the game's name, the standard softball is not soft; in fact, it is harder than a baseball.


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Statement of Problem: To find out the Agility among Cricketers and Soft Ball Players of Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut. SAMPLE: For the present study 12 Male Cricketers and 12 Male Soft Ball Players are taken for the study of Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut. Tool: To measure the agility the Shuttle-run Test is used. Delimitations: The study is delimited to 12 Male Cricketers and 12 Male Soft Ball Players of Ch. Charan Singh University Meerut and Shuttle Run of AAPHER Youth fitness Test are taken for study. Procedure of Data Collection: Shuttle Run: Agility: The ability to perform a series of explosive power movements in rapid succession in opposing directions. Purpose: To measure the agility, this is important in many sports. Equipment required: Wooden blocks, marker cones, measurement tape, stopwatch, non-slip surface. Procedure: This test requires the person to run back and forth between two parallel lines as fast as possible. Set up two lines of cones 30 feet apart or use line markings, and place two blocks of wood or a similar object behind one of the lines. Starting at the line opposite the blocks, on the signal "Ready? Go!" the participant runs to the other line, picks up a block and returns to place it behind the starting line, then returns to pick up the second block, then runs with it back across the line. Scoring: Two or more trails may be performed, and the quickest time is recorded. Results are recorded to the nearest tenth of a second. Results and Discussion: Table I Showing the Mean values and Independent Samples Test of agility between Cricketers and Soft Ball Players Mean

S.D

Cricket

25.54

1.72

Softball

27.02

0.69

t value

P Value

2.74

0.005977

*Significant at 0.05 level Table I found that Cricketers are having good agility compare to Soft Ball Players because the cricketers are involved more in body movement to take more runs and also involved in cricket fielding. Conclusions:


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It is concluded that Cricketers are having good agility compare to Soft Ball Players. Recommendations: It is recommended that Cricketers and Soft Ball Players must be given good training for agility ,explosive strength and speed for the development of performance in sports. Similar studies can be conducted on different sports and games. References: 1.

Kansal DK. Test and Measurement in Physical Education and Sports. DVS Publication, New Delhi. 1996.

2.

Singh Hardayal. Science of Sports Training, New Delhi: D.V.S. Publications, 1991.

3.

Hakkinen K. Changes in physical fitness profile in female volleyball players during the competitive season. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1993; 33:223- 232.

4.

Natraj HV, Kumar C. Selected motor ability variables and kabaddi performance. Journal of Sports and Sports Sciences. 2006; 29(1):6-11.

5.

Thakur JS, Sinha A. Relationship of physical fitness components to basketball performance. PERSIST. 2010; 1(1):59-63.


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Contribution of Balance Diet to reduce obesity of child Lakhmi Chand Asstt. Prof. Education Bharat Vidyapeeth College of Education Delhi Vill.- Kasandi, Gohana Sonepat (Haryana)

Dheeraj Sangwan Asstt. Prof. Ahir PG College,

Harish Kumar Directorate of NGCT,

Rewari (Haryana)

Abstract:In the present sceneries children are suffering from different disease like, heart disease, high or low blood pressure, breathing problem, Aasthma and taking unnecessary tensions. The reason is unbalanced diet and body will become fatty. Presently multinational companies who make the food supplements and medicine are very dangerous to child’s health. This is important here for the parents how to save our child from these medicine. Parents should concern about it. Keywords:-Obesity, Life Style, Meditation, Pranayam Children are not aware from the childhood how to take food, what is the right to take any type of fruit, juice, mild etc. from the childhood to youth they are become fatty they are not aware the seasonal vegetables, seasonal fruits and other food supplements. According to research children suffering from obesity are also suffering from many type of disease like heart the important part of the body. The symptoms are appearing at the age of adulteries. Most of the children are showing their interest in computer more than Television. They spent their maximum time on sitting to computer with interest and effectively, they are not done physical activity. This type of life style show that guiltiness is ours. We give them dangerous fat. If we pay attention to the children and motivate them to play with them. Most of their problems to be solved. We have fresh vegetables, fruits, dry fruits in the home every time and avoid cold drinks, pizza, berger, salty and all type of oily foods. After some time this will became the habit of the child to take healthy food. We should change the direction of thinking. Never give to children, ghee, makhan, oily and fatty things. We should motivate them to go for walking, jogging and play some games and spent their time in exercise. We should not check their food, but provide them healthy and balanced diet. If we provide them healthy and balanced diet to children’s and give some tips about health consciousness, then we prevent them from dangerous obesity. DIET CHART:• Morning:- Milk, Upma, Daliya, Fruit etc. • Noon:- Green Salad, Kheera, Chana, Rice etc. • Evening:- Soop (Tomato, Gajar) Fruit juice. • Night:- Green Vegetables, Daal, Chapati till 7 to 8 O’clock. How to prevent obesity:• Give children heavy diet in the morning diet must have protein i.e.: milk, fruit guice, chest, paneer and daliya. • Should avoid toffy, chocolate, cake, pastry, cold drinks etc. • Give children green salad, row vegetables and fruits after then they become habitual to take this type of food from the childhood. • Do not take food in the front of Television generally we take food more than desired to watch T.V.


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If children are interested in sweet food, cut the fruits and mix some custard in fruit. Never give them toffy, ice cream and sweets. • Sweet fruits are better than the toffy, chocolate etc. • Daily playing in necessary for children. • If don’t have any part or open space available near home, send the children to top of the home and motivate them to play or exercises. If this is not possible then parents should a company them for walking. • Children firstly learn from their home and family members. Parents must change this diet chart and life style in accordance to the children. • After taking meal, walk is necessary. Don’t lay down to the bed. • Taking food less than hunger ness and with time table. • Chewing much the meal with close mouth. • Although children’s of the western country taking junk food. So we should not adopt this type of practice. In western countries the obesity in the children’s are more than the other countries due to junk food style. • Researchers says metabolism of every person is different. After many researchers, researchers found pollution is also the cause of obesity. We should prevent our children from the pollution also. Awareness should be mandatory. • The general consideration of the heart experts that heart disease and other problems related to heart found in fatty children’s are like adults. If we do not care the children in the childhood and youth level they will effect from heat disease and diebities also. • Obesity in the children is directly related to their eating habits. Exercise may not check these habits. So this is necessary to change eating habits of the children by mother. • According to a study fatly children are not losing their weight by exercise although they should adopt balance diet chart so that they reduce their weight. Exercise may assist to reduce weight but fatly children not taking benefit from exercise. • Fatty children’s are lazy due to their fat. So it is necessary to change in the life style and diet to reduce weight, be careful not habitual of junk foods. • Dieting or avoiding food is not necessary to reduce weight. Only balanced and healthy diet is enough to lose weight so dieting or hunderness is easy but they affects badly on the body. • Taking wheat and rice are not health foods taking green vegetables are effective in place of them because they have more fibre and law cafry. • Include full dal, Ankurit dal they are fat free taking lemon is beneficial with salads. • Boiled vegetables are very effective to reduce weight susprisingly. Control on weight:• Stop taking salty foods. • Use Lemon, Adrak & Onion in food. • Don’t use pickle and oily things. • Do not take closed packed foods. • Use, vegetables and fruits in food. • Avoid sweaty food. • Walking daily minimum 30 minutes. • Start day with warm water with Tulsi leaf. • Offer food is small plates. • Use fibric food. • Fatty children should away from fear, tension and unsafely. • Should away from negative attitude • Taking Anwla, Juice, Aloviera etc. are also effective. •


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By applying these methods children can reduce their weight. But children should strictly implement the diet chart and types of meal. Having positive attitude is essential. Never think obesity is heavy on me. I can’t reduce it. Be punctual and do your best. Reference: 1) Begin Rehcna – A text book of food and nutrition. 2) Sri Lakshmi – B (2003) deities, New ageinternating 3) Obesity article from Reader’s digest.


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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG WORKING WOMEN AND HOUSEWIFE Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Assistant prof. in Physical Education, DPG College, Gurugram Abstract The purpose of the study was to compare selected physical and physiological variables among working women and housewife. Total 60 numbers of women were purposely selected as subject for the study. 30 working women 30 housewife were selected having age ranged 25-35 years. Selected physical variables were BMI, Fat%, Arm length, Leg length and Calf girth and physiological variables were Vital capacity, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood pressure and Pulse rate. In order to compare the selected anthropometry and physiological variables among working women and housewife collected data was analyzed by ‘t’-test. Finding of the present study showed that there were no significance differences among working women and housewife on selected anthropometry and physiological variables, as the calculated value was smaller than table value at 0.05 labels. Keyword: Working Women, Housewife, Anthropometry and Physiological. INTRODUCTION Healthy life depend on various factors, especially physical fitness, physiological fitness, psychological fitness etc. BMI, speed, endurance, co-ordination, strength etc. referred for physical fitness. On the other hand vital capacity, peak flow, normal blood pressure, pulse rate etc. referred to physiological fitness. Psychological status is also very much important for human. Women were always compromise with their health, whether she working women or housewife. They both were done their duties in their respective field. Depending upon their duties there were some difference in their physical fitness. Therefore the study was undertaken to compare the selected anthropometry and physiological variables among working women and housewife. METHODOLOGY A total of 60 subjects from working women and housewife of Cooch Behar district (30 in each group), was purposely selected for the purpose of the study. The age of the subjects was ranged between 25-35 years. In the present study the following parameters was selected-age, height (cm.) and weight (kg.) as personal data, physical measuring criteria- BMI, Fat Percentage, Arm Length (cm.), Leg Length (cm.) and Calf Girth (cm.), Physiological measuring criteria- Pulse Rate, Blood Pressure (systolic and diastolic [mm hg] ) and Vital Capacity (lit.) . PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION Height: The height was measured by stadiometer. Subject was instructed to remove shoe and stand erectly on the stadiometer. The paddler of meter pulled down toward the head and the paddle touches the highest point of the subject’s head and that was measured. Weight: The weight of the subject is measured by standard weighing machine. Subject was instructed to remove shoe and stand on the weighing machine. The record was taken in nearest kilogram. BMI: The BMI of the subject were collected from his own body weight and height of the subject with the help of following formula- Weight (kg.)/Height square(m.). Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate: Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) was measure by digital Blood Pressure machine where a hollow cuff (Blood pressure cuff) was wrapped around the left brachial artery. Then switched on the BP machine and record the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) and pulse rate in beat/min.


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Vital Capacity: Vital capacity was measured with the help of Dry Spiro-meter. Spiro meter. It was ensured that the pointer of the scale was at the zero mark at the the beginning of the test. The subject took a deep breath before starting the test, the subject exhaled slowly and steadily while bending forward slightly until the maximum volume of air could be expelled without taking a second breath. Vital capacity was recorded recorded in ml. Fat Percentage: Skin kin fold caliper was use to measure skin fold thickness in millimeter. Four sight of skin fold thickness was measure in mm. (Bicep, Triceps, Sub scapula and supra iliac). Based on Durnin and Womersley (1974) prediction equation, ion, percentage of body fat determined. Arm Length, Leg Length and Calf Girth: The subject wears minimum cloth and asked to stand erect with arms sideways. Then Arm Length, Leg Length and Calf Girth measured by the help of anthropometric tape. Arm Length and nd Leg Length recorded in nearest cm. and calf girth in mm. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA Collected data tabulate and present in a graphical form.

Parameter Age(year)

Table – I. Mean and SD of personal data of the subjects Group Mean Working Women 33.53 Housewife Working Women Housewife Working Women Housewife

Height (m) Weight (kg)

32.86 1.52 1.54 56.43 54.30

SD 1.40 1.16 5.45 5.06 5. 23 7.49

Table – I shows the mean age of working women and housewife were 33.53 years and 32.86 years, and S.D. were ±1.40 and ±1.16 respectively. Mean height of working women and housewife were 1.52m and 1.54m, and S.D. was ±5.45 and ±5.60 respectively. And in case of weight the mean weight and SD of working women and housewife were 56.436 kg ±5.23 and 54.30 kg ±7.491respectively. It was observed from the mean age, height and weight that both the working women and housewife were homogeneous. Table – II. Mean, SD and t-value of B.M.I Subjects Mean SD t-value value 22.12 23.52

B.M.I.

Working Women Housewife

2.58 3.54

23 21 19 17 15

0.41

Working Women Housewife MEAN

Figure 1-BMI, 1 Bar Chart Presentation Figure 1 shows that the mean difference of BMI among working women and housewife.. It is observed from the figure that housewife has slightly high BMI comparing to working women. Table – III. Mean, SD and t-value t of Pulse Rate Subjects Mean SD t-value value

UGC Sponsored 2nd National Conference 74.16 70.93


26 2.89 2.67

0.29

Pulse Rate(Beats/min.)

75 73 71

Working Women

69

Housewife

67 65

MEAN Figure 2-PULSE RATE, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 2 shows that the mean difference of pulse rate among working women and housewife.. It is observed from the figure that pulse rate of working women is slightly high than housewife. Table – IV. Mean SD and tt-value of Fat Percentage Subjects Mean SD t-value value 19.69 21.98

Fat Percent

Working Women Housewife 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15

5.56 6.72

0.85


Figure 3-FAT FAT PERCENTAGE, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 3 shows that the mean difference of fat percentage among working women and housewife housewife. It is observed from figure that fat percentage of housewife is slightly high comparing to working women. Table – V. Mean, SD and t-value of Blood Pressure (Systolic) Subjects

Mean


128.63 123.60

tt-value

SD 6.28 6.03

0.51


27

Systolic Blood Presure(mm hg)

130 128 126

Working Women

124

Housewife

122 120

MEAN Figure 4-SYSTOLIC SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 4 shows that the mean difference of systolic blood pressure among working women and housewife. housewife It is observed that systolic blood pressure of tribal working women is slightly higher than housewife. Table – VI. Mean SD and t-value t of Blood Pressure (Diastolic) Subjects Mean SD t-value 82.70 82.16

Diastolic Blood Presure(mmhg)

Working Women Housewife 85 82 79 76 73 70

5.55 5.38

0.70


Figure 5-DIASTOLIC DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 5 shows that the mean difference of diastolic blood pressure working women and housewife housewife. It is observed that diastolic blood pressure of working women and housewife nearly same. Table – VII. Mean SD and t-value t of Vital Capacity Subjects

Mean


3.25 3.11

SD

t-value value 0.37 0.29

0.03


28

Vital Capacity(Lit.)

4 3 Working Women

2

Housewife 1 0

MEAN Figure 6-VITAL VITAL CAPACITY, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 6 shows that the mean difference of vital capacity among working women and housewife housewife. It was observed from the figure that vital capacity of working women was much better than housewife. Table – VIII. Mean SD and t-value t of Arm Length Subjects Mean SD t-value value 59.41 63.19


4.93 3.12

0.01

Arm Length(cm)

65 62 59

Working Women

56

Housewife

53 50

MEAN Figure 1-ARM ARM LENGTH, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 7 shows that the mean difference of arm length among working women and housewife housewife. It is observed from the figure that arm length of housewife is much longer comparing to working women women. Table – IX. Mean SD and t-value t of Leg Length Subjects Mean SD t-value value 66.3 68.83

Leg Length (cm)

Working Women Housewife 70 68 66 64 62 60

4.30 4.46


0.029


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Figure 8-LEG LEG LENGTH, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 8 shows that the mean difference of leg length among working women and housewife. It is observe from the figure that leg length of housewife is much longer than housewife. Table – X. Mean SD and t-value t of Calf Girth Subjects Mean SD t-value value 34.84 33.36

Calf Girth(cm.)

Working Women Housewife 35 32 29 26

3.08 3.23

0.074


Figure 9--CALF GIRTH, Bar Chart Presentation Figure 9 shows that the mean difference of calf girth among working women and housewife.. Calf girth of working women is better comparing to housewife. RESULT AND DISCUSSION From the above data it can be observed that there exists difference among working women and housewife. housewife After analyze of above data for determining significance difference between mean of physical and physiological variables among working women and housewife were as follows- B.M.I. (0.41), fat percentage (0.85), arm length (0.01), leg length (0.029), calf girth (0.074), systolic blood pressure (0.51), diastolic blood pressure (0.70), pulse rate (0.29) and vital capacity (0.03). But calculate t-value t value much lower than table value. So there were no statistical significance differences found at 0.05 level of confidence. confidence. CONCLUSION From the above discussion following conclusion may be drawn: There is no difference in selected physical variables among working women and housewife. housewife There is no difference in selected physiological variables among working women and hhousewife. REFERENCE Comparison in selected physical and physiological variables between national level sprint and long distance swimmers.. By Ray, Rajat (2015). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3159 A comparative study in aggression between adolescent boys and girls of tribal and non-tribal non tribal students in Chittagong hill tracts.. By Rasel Ahmed (2015). Retrieved March 12, 2015,from http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.3329/jles.v2i2.7502 m/articles/10.3329/jles.v2i2.7502 Fitness Profiling in Soccer: Physical and Physiologic Characteristics of Elite Players. Players. By Sporis, G et al (2010). Retrieved March 21, 2015, from http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Abstract/2009/10000 jscr/Abstract/2009/10000/Fitness_Profiling_in_Soccer__Physical_and.5.aspx /Fitness_Profiling_in_Soccer__Physical_and.5.aspx Comparative effects of training loads dominated by strength and endurance on selected physical and physiological variables of Soccer players By Ray, Pratapendra (2015). Retrieved March 12, 2015, from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/3056 Comparison of skill performance among tribal and non-tribal non tribal soccer players in relation to their motor fitness and anthropometric dimensions By Pranakrishna Rout1, Ashok K Nayak (2010). Retrieved


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March 12, 2015, from http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/44/Suppl_1/i34.1.short Kutty, D. S. (2009). Research Methods in Physical Education. New Delhi: Sports Publication. DR.Jadhav, e. (2011). Research process in physical education and sport: an introduction. (first, Ed.) new delhi: khel sahitya kendra. Dr. Srivastava Amit Kr.. (2013). “A Comparative of selected physical and physiological variables of school level footballers and swimmers.” International journal of movement education and social science, Volume2, pp.48-50.


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“THE EFFECT OF SKIPPING AND FOOT TAPPING EXERCISE ON MAXIMAL AEROBIC CAPACITY OF YOUTH” Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh Abstract The study was design to investigate the effect of skipping and foot tapping on maximal aerobic capacity of youth. For the purpose of this study ninety navodaya vidhayalaya school boys 13 to 15 years were selected as participant. All participants distributed in to one experimental group i.e. group A and group B and one control group. Experimental group A and experimental group B were undergone eight week skipping and foot tapping exercise respectively. Rockport Fitness Walking Test were used to test VO2 max. To know the effect of skipping and foot tappingmaximal aerobic capacity analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) has been used. Results:The study shows that skipping group showed better adaptation in their maximal aerobic capacity, than that of experimental group B (foot tapping) and Control Group. Key word: Maximal aerobic capacity, youth, foot tapping, skipping Introduction – Modern day physical education is concerned with the development of the individual to hear his or her essential motor potentialities as possible.Growth monitoring is an integral component of preventive and primary care pediatrics to evaluate individual children and is a useful public health tool to assess child health status and economic development in the society. (Cole, 2006). Adolescence, especially during growth development, is a sensitive and one of life’s most critical periods with rapid changes in body size, shape, and composition, all of which are sexually dimorphic and difficult to assess using only simple anthropometrical parameters such as body height.(Tanner and Whitehouse, 1975). Maximal aerobic capacityis the maximum volume of oxygen that by the body can consume during intense, whole-body exercise, while breathing air at sea level. When we measure oxygen consumption, we are indirectly measuring an individual's maximal capacity to do work aerobically.VO2max is an important factor in the determining of the cardiorespiratory function or aerobic capacity; VO2max is the maximum oxygen that one can utilize during a maximum activity (Robergs RA2000). In the modern scientific and methodical era, every field of human effort, efficient, objective and scientific procedure is followed in accordance with principles based on experience, understanding and application of the knowledge of science. The field of games and sports is no exception to this. Therefore this study is designed to examine the effects of skipping and foot tapping on maximal aerobic capacity of youth. MethodologyThe sample for this study was consisted of 90 navodaya vidhyalaya situated at DELHI/NCR drawn on the basis of random sampling . These boys age ranged from 13 to 15 years. The age of the above selected boys was verified from their respective age records in the school. All the subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (A, B) and the one Control Groups (C) each consisting of thirty subjects. The experimental treatments were also assigned to the group at random. The A, B was treated as experimental groups and was administered progressive training programme of skippingand foot tapping respectively for eight weeks. maximal aerobic capacitywas assessed at the beginning and after the experimental period of eight weeks in terms of per-test and post – test scores on the criterion measures. After establishing the reliability of the test, the data for the purpose of this study was collected at the field of navodaya vidhyalaya, dadri by administering the Rockport Fitness Walking Test for maximal aerobic capacity.


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Findings- To determine which of the experimental treatment was most effective in bringing about a significant change in V02 max analysis of covariance was used and analyses of data pertaining to this study are presented in tables 1.

TABLE-1 Analysis Of variance Of The Mean Of Two Experimental Groups And Control Group In Maximal Aerobic Capacity Group

Sum of Square

df

Mean Square

Fratio

A 32.69 W 2166.7

2 87

16.35 24.91

0.656

Jump Rope (A)

Toe-tap (B)

Pre-test Mean

44.23

42.87

Control Group (C) 43.06

Post-test Mean

49.2

46.3

43.23

A 534.28 W 2020.72

2 87

267.14 23.23

11.50*

46.78

43.23

A 378.52 W 390.4

2 86

189.26 4.56

41.59*

48.47 Adjusted Post-test mean

* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence The analysis of covariance from table 2 for maximal aerobic capacity indicates that F-ratio applied to the pretest means. The resultant F-ratio is 0.656 that was insignificant at 0.05 levels. From the above it was cleared that the pre-test means do not differs significantly and the random assignment of the subjects in three groups were successful. The post-test means of the all three groups conceded F-ratio value of 11.50, which was significance at 0.05 levels. Conclusion-Theskippinggroup showed better adaptation in Vo2 max, than that of foot tapping and Control Group. The experimental group A (skipping) pre- test and post- test 44.23, 49.02 and , experimental group B pre-test and post –test 42.87 and 46.3 and control group pre-test and post –test were 43.06 and 43.23were depicted for VO2 max. . The effect of skippinginducted higher physiological changes probably its movement was more recreational and may be due to fact that Skipping obviously involve almost the entire parts of body to that of foot tapping. The skippinggroup also achieved better development because jumping on rope types of exercise were motivating to the subjects and they were very familiar with this type of activity also. On the other hand foot tappingwere generally more mechanical movement which causes lesser interest in the experimental group and may be not involving the entire body segment. There was no change found in Control group because the Control group was not edged in any type of systematic physical activity as the other two experimental groups were.


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Reference Abdul wahab Naser A , 2010. Factors Associated with overweight and Obesity among Kuwaiti Elementary Male School children aged 6-10 years; International Journal of Pediatrics. Arlene A,C. Richart,K. wayda and K valerie, 2006. The effects of physical activity program on childtrens activity level, Health related fitness, and self- esteem. Journal sport science,31(2) 236-245. Asmussen,E.,k. Heebol and K. Nielsen, 1995. Adimensitional anlysyis of physical performance and growth in boys. Journal of exercise physiology 7:593-603. Boeke ,2013. Correlations among Adiposity measures in School aged Children BMC Pediatrics, 13:99. Boreham, C.., Twisk, J., Savage, M.J., Cran, G.W., Strain, J.J, 1997. Physical activity, sports participation, and risk factors in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exercise,, 29: 788–793. Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC, 1991. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br. J. Nutr.,65 2: 105–14.

，

，

，

，

，

Howley E. T. Bassett D. R. & Welch H. G. (1995). Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: Review and commentary. Medicine Science and Sports Exercise, 27, 1292-1301.

，

Jette ML Mongeon,I , & Routhier Medicine, 19, 33-37.

，

，，，

，R. (1979). The energy cost of rope skipping. Journal of Sports ，

Rowland T. W. Goff D. Martel, L. & Ferrone, L. (2000). Influence of cardiac functional capacity on gender differences in maximal oxygen uptake in children. chest 117(3), 625-639. Robergs RA, Roberts SO. Boston: McGraw-Hill College; 2000. Fundamental principles of exercise physiology: for fitness, performance and health. Tsigabu Tsegay,2013 Effect of selected physical exercises on the improvement of health related fitness status of haramaya unversity model school students.


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Effect of 8 Weeks Plyometric Training on Selected Motor Abilities of Female Taekwondo Players Dr. Tarun Routhan1 & Dr. Amita Rana2 1 2

Assistant Professor, Miranda House, University of Delhi Associate Professor, Miranda House, University of Delhi

Abstract The purpose of thestudy was to determine the effect of 8 weeks plyometric training on the selected motor abilities namely speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players. For the purpose of the study 30female taekwondo players in the age range of 17-23 years which wereselected from different coaching centers of Delhi. The selected subjects underwent plyometric training thrice a week for 8 weeks with each session consisting of 30 minutes duration with additional warm up time. A week schedule was repeated in the proceeding week and the load was adjusted progressively by 10%. The 50m dash, standing broad jump and shuttle run test (10×4) were the criterion measure for speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players which were conducted before and after the training (Pre Test and Post Test). Paired Sample ‘t’ test was used as the statistical tool for the study. The findings of the study showed a significant improvement in the speed (4.69%), explosive strength (18.11%) and agility (4.29%) of the selected subjectsat p≤0.001. Key Words:Speed, Explosive Strength, Agility, Standing Broad Jump, Shuttle Run. Introduction Plyometrics are the training techniques used to improve the explosiveness and strength of athletes in all types of sports (Chu, 1998). This training technique consists of rapid stretching of muscle (eccentric action) immediately followed by shortening (concentric action) of the same muscle (Baechle and Earle, 2000). Researchers have shown that different plyometric training programmes contribute to the improvement in vertical jump performance, acceleration, leg strength, muscular power, increased joint awareness, and overall proprioception (Anderst et al., 1994; Brown et al., 1986 and Clutch et al., 1983). The usual plyometric drills involve stopping, starting, and changing directions in an explosive manner. These movements are components that can assist in developing fitness variables and improving muscular speed and power. Some plyometric training programmes also improve the agility, flexibility and controls body position while quickly changing direction during a series of movements. The term plyometric involves the muscles working both concentrically and eccentrically. Plyometric is based upon the belief that a rapid lengthening of muscles just prior to the contraction will result in much stronger contraction. The added contractile strength is believed to be due to a stretch of muscle spindles involving the myotatic reflex and resulting in an increased frequency of motor unit discharge. Plyometric training is one of the best methods to develop explosive power for sports. Basically plyometric provide a method to train for the optimum relationship between strength and speed which will ultimately manifest itself as explosive power. Today plyometric movements are performed in almost all sports.Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of 8 weeks plyometric training on the selected motor abilities namely speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players of Delhi. 1.

2.

Methodology


35

For the purpose of the study 30 female taekwondo players in the age range of 17-23 years were selected from different coaching centers of Delhi. The selected subjects underwent plyometric training thrice a week for 8 weeks with each session consisting of 30 minutes duration with additional warm up time. The training session was as follows: Depth jumps - 3 sets x 8-10 reps Hurdle Jumps - 3 sets x 8-10 reps Lateral Barrier Jumps - 3 sets x 8-10 reps Lateral High Hops - 3 sets x 8-10 reps A week’s schedule was repeated in the proceeding week and the load was adjusted progressively by 10%. The 50m dash, standing broad jump and shuttle run test (10× 4) were the criterion measure for speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players which were conducted before and after the training (Pre Test and Post Test). Paired sample ‘t’ test was used as the statistical tool for the study.

3.

Findings

Table– Ι: Effect of 8 Weeks Plyometric Training on Selected Motor Abilities of the Female Taekwondo Players S No Variables Pre Test Post Test Improvement ‘t’ (M± S.D.) (M± S.D) (%) 1

Speed

8.53± 0.58

8.13± 0.59

4.69%

37.58*

2

Explosive Strength

1.27± 0.08

1.50± 0.07

18.11%

56.47*

11.20± 0.68

10.72± 0.75

4.29%

8.70*

3 Agility *Significant at 0.001 level

Table- Ι clearly shows that before the plyometric training the mean speed, explosive strength and agility of the selected female taekwondo players were 8.53± 0.58 sec, 1.27± 0.08 m and 11.20± 0.68 sec respectively while after undergoing 8 weeks of plyometric training the mean speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players were found 8.13± 0.59 sec, 1.50± 0.07 m and 10.72± 0.75 sec respectively. The improvement in speed, explosive strength and agility were found to be 4.69%, 18.11% and 4.29% respectively. The paired sample ‘t’ test indicates a significant improvement in all the selected motor abilities i.e. speed, explosive strength and agility as the ‘t’ value obtained were 37.58, 56.47 and 8.70 respectively were found significant at p≤0.001. The mean values of the selected motor abilities of female taekwondo players of Delhi before and after the 8 weeks plyometric training has been graphically represented in the figure 1. Pre Test

Post Test Pre Test

Post Test 1.50 m

8.53 s 8.13 s 1.27 m

SPEED

FIG. 1: Effect of 8 Weeks Plyometric Training on Selected Motor Abilities of the Female

Pre Test

Post Test

11.20 s 10.72 s

AGILITY


36

taekwondo players 4.

Discussion of Findings

The study clearly showed that 8 weeks plyometric training has positive effects on the speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players of Delhi. The speed of the female taekwondo player’sin the 50 m dash had improved from 8.53± 0.58 sec(pre-test) to 8.13± 0.59 sec(post-test) indicating an improvement in speed by 4.69%. This improvement was found significant as the ‘t’ value obtained was 37.58 at p≤0.001. The explosive strength of the female taekwondo player’sin the standing broad jump had improved from 1.27± 0.08m (pre-test) to 1.50± 0.07m (post-test) indicating an improvement in explosive strength by 18.11%. This improvement was found significant as the ‘t’ value obtained was 56.47 at p≤0.001.The agility of the female taekwondo playersin the shuttle run test has improved from 11.20± 0.68sec (pre-test) to 10.72± 0.75sec (post-test) indicating an improvement in explosive strength by 4.29%. This improvement was found significant as the ‘t’ value obtained was 8.70 at p≤0.001.The results of this study indicated improvement in the motor abilities variables namely speed, explosive strength and agility are in agreement with the similar findings reported by Karimian, (1993); Arabi, (1994) Matavulj et al (2001); Toumiet al (2004); Wisloff et al (2004);.The plyometric exercises lead to the increased power and potency in the legs and speed in the runners. The activation of the motor blocks to induce an extreme and powerful contraction and the fast rocker movement in the involved muscles, and also increased movement speed is due to the plyometric exercises. Summoning more motor blocks and muscle strands related to them and reduced reaction time are also because of such exercises (Fox and Mathews, 2003). Speed is the ability to produce muscular forces very rapidly and is therefore very important in jumping performance. Plyometric exercises are specialized exercises that enable a muscle to reach maximal strength in the shortest space of time. This works by stretching a muscle and then relying on its elastic properties to produce greater forces than are normally possible in the reflex contraction (as the muscle returns to it’s resting length). In order to achieve this greater muscular force, the muscle must contract with in the shortest possible time following lengthening (www.playtheball.com). It can be speculated that improvements were a result of enhancedmotor unit recruitment patterns as suggested by Potteiger et al (1999).Another possible reason can be neural adaptation which can occur when athletes respond or react as a result of improved coordination between the CNS signal and proprioceptive feedback as mentioned by Craig (2004). 5. Conclusion Results of the study showed that 8 weeks Plyometric training has significant effect on the selected motor abilities namely speed, explosive strength and agility of the female taekwondo players. Thus there is need to undergo plyometric training in the preparatory phase of he athlete’s training cycle for better performance in the competitions.. 6. Reference Anderst, W.J., Eksten, F. and Koceja, D.M. (1994) Effects of plyometric and explosive resistance training on lower body power.Medicine and Science inSport and Exercise 26, S31 Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. (2000) Essentials of strength training andconditioning. 2nd edition. Champaign, IL: National Strength and Conditioning Association. Bosco, C., Ito, A., Komi, P.V., Luhtanen, P., Rahkila, P., Rusko, H., Vitasalo, J.T. 1982a. Neuromuscular function and mechanical efficiency of human leg extensor muscles during jumping exercises.Acta.Physiol.Scand. Apr; 114(4): 543-50. Buttifant, D., Graham, K. and Cross, K. (1999) Agility and speed of soccer players are two different performance parameter. Journal of Sports Science 17, 809. Chu, D.A. (1998) Jumping into plyometrics.Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Clutch, D., Wilton, B., McGown, M. and Byrce, G.R. (1983) The effect of depth jumps and weight training on leg strength and vertical jump. Research Quarterlyfor Exercise and Sport 54, 5- 10. Gehri, D.J., R. M., D. Kleiner and D. Kirkendall, 1998.A comparison of plyometric training techniques for improving vertical jump ability and energy production. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12(2): 85-89.


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EFFECT OF SIX WEEK YOGA TRAINING ON RESPERATORY ENDURANCE OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS *Parveen *Manish Hooda **SandeepSangwan, **Jagat Sing *Research Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education & Sports Science, Delhi University, Email- [email protected] Mobile-9729716999 **Research Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education MDU Rohtak

Abstract:There is evidence that the practice of yoga improves the physical and mental performance. The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of yoga training on endurance of Basketball players. Thirty Basketball players were given yoga training for 6 week and thirty players were selected as control group and no training were given to the control group. There was a significant (P17 but below 19 years) as on 1.1.2017). After a brief explanation about the study and signing an informed consent form, each participant was measured by one surveyor for body weight, height, and waist circumference and hip circumference. Body weight (in kg) and height (in meters upto 2 decimal places) were measured on a digital medical scale, and waist and hip circumference were measured three times at the level of the umbilicus. Subjects filled in the Periodic Examination Health Survey questionnaire, comprising information on: age, sex, smoking habits (by current smokers and non smokers), and routine sports related physical activity habits (number, duration, and type of physical activity training per week of the last minimum six months), and nutritional information (adherence to a certain diet, body weight changes over the previous year, and receiving of nutritional consulting). This information was reviewed for accuracy together with the examinee during a short joint session conducted immediately before or after the measurements were taken. The response rate was 86%; with 16 girls refused to participate in the study or dropped out midway. No significant differences were found in the smoking status, BMI and reported physical activity habits (yes/no) among respondents. Statistical analysis SPSS (versions 20) was used to calculate Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between BMI, waist hip ratio and age groups, for the study sample as a whole. One way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was conducted and analyzed. III. Results and discussion: Table-1: Correlation matrix of BMI, WHR and age groups Correlations BMI WHR Age groups BMI

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 99 99

1 .048 98

.199* .003

-.293**

WHR

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) .048 N 99 99

.199*

1 .007

-.269**

98

Age groups Pearson Correlation -.293** -.269** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .007 N 98 98 98 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Table-1 shows correlation between waist hip ratio, body mass index and age groups. Significant (p