Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences
ISSN: 2084-3577
BIOLOGY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of biofertilizers on yield and yield components of cucumber Faranak Moshabaki Isfahani 1 , Hossein Besharati 2 1Department
of Agriculture, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran 2Institute
of Soil and Water Research, Karaj, Iran
ABSTRACT
Biofertilizer is defined as a substance which contains living organisms which, when applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or interior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers are well recognized as an important component of integrated plant nutrient management for sustainable agriculture and hold a great promise improve crop yield. The present study for the sake of evaluating the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produced by Pseudomonas sp. and phosphate bio fertilizers produced by Pseudomonas putida strain P1 3 and Pantoea agglomerans strain P5 and chemical fertilizers in the separate treatments on yield and yield components of cucumber by using a factorial experiment in completely randomized block design with three repetition were performed in the field. The symbol of P represents chemical fertilizer by amount of respectively (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 1 00%), B1 shows plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and B2 indicates bio fertilizer-2. The results showed that P1 B0 has the most yield, and control treatments has the least yield. P1 00B1 has the most length of plant and P1 00B0 has the least length of plant, P25B1 has the most amount of chlorophyll and P75B2 has the least chlorophyll. P75B2 has the most shoots dry weight and P1 00B0 has the least shoots dry weight. B1 P50 has the most shoots fresh weight and P25B2 has the least shoots fresh weight. B1 P50 has the most roots dry weight and P1 00B0 has the least roots dry weight. B1 P50 has the most roots fresh weight and P25B2 has the least roots fresh weight. So the results indicate that use of biological fertilizers have caused increase yield and components yield of cucumber.
Key words: biofertilizer, bacteria, cucumber, PGPR, yield. J Biol Earth Sci 201 2; 2(2): B83-B92 Corresponding author:
Faranak Moshabaki Isfahani Department of Agriculture, Fars Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Shiraz, Iran. Phone: 091 3-224-5363 E-mail:
[email protected] Original Submission: 1 4 July 201 2; Revised Submission: 07 September 201 2; Accepted: 1 4 September 201 2 Copyright © 201 2 Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
http://www.journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/jbes or http://jbes.strefa.pl e-mail:
[email protected] Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences, 201 2, Vol 2, Issue 2, B83-B92
B83
Isfahani and Besharati Effect of biofertilizers on yield
INTRODUCTION Organic farmers and gardeners have long recognized the importance of soil biology. Early on, they observed the role of rhizobia, mycorrhizae, biological control organisms, and the whole of the soil food web in maintaining soil quality for crop production. Evidence of naturally occurring rhizospheric phosphorus solubilizing microorganism (PSM) dates back to 1 903 [1 ]. Among the whole microbial population in soil, PSB constitute 1 to 50%, while phosphorus solubilizing funji (PSF) are only 0.1 % to 0.5% in P-solubilization potential [2]. The PSB are ubiquitous with variation in forms and population in different soils. Several bacteria species, in association with plant rhizosphere, are capable of increasing availability of phosphorus to plant either by mineralization of organic phosphate or by solubilization of inorganic phosphate. These bacteria are referred to as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and have been considered to have potential use as inoculants biofertilizer to improve the plant growth and yield [2, 3]. Phosphate solubizing bacteria (PSB) are being used as biofertilizer since 1 950s [4, 5]. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) are able to solubilize unavailable soil p and increase the yield of crops [6]. Population of PSB depends on different soil properties (physical and chemical properties, organic matter, and P content) and cultural activities [7]. Larger populations of PSB are found in agricultural and rangeland soils [8]. In north of Iran, the PSB count ranged from 0 to 1 07 cells g-1 soil, with 3.98% population of PSB among total bacteria [9]. Consequently, many researchers have isolated P-solubilizing bacteria from different soil and the inoculation of these bacteria to increase pavailability of plants have been intensively studied [2, 1 0, 11 ]. Phosphorus solubilization is carried out by a large number of saprophytic bacteria and fungi acting on sparingly soluble soil phosphates, mainly by chelation-mediated mechanisms [1 2]. P-solubilization ability of microorganism is considered to be one of the most important traits associated with plant nutrition [2]. At the present, bacilli, rhizobia and pseudomonas are the best studied P-solubilizer bacteria [1 3]. Several studies have shown that bacillus spp. Inoculation to seed and soil can solubilize fixed soil p and applied p, resulting in higher crop yield and growth contributions to the enhancement of growth
and productivity in different crops [1 4-1 6]. Microorganisms enhance the P availability to plants by mineralizing organic P in soil and by solubilizing precipitated phosphates [1 7-1 9]. High proportion of PSM is concentrated in the rhizosphere, and they are metabolically more active than from other sources [20].
MATERIALS AND METHODS This experiment was carried out during 201 02011 in a lowland field area of Dashti, Isfahan, Iran, located in 75˚53' longitude and 32˚30' latitude, with semi-arid climate. The pH of field experiment was 8 and soil texture was loamy (physical and chemical properties of soil in experiment field were presented in table 1 ). Experiment was conducted in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in 45 experimental plots in four levels of chemical fertilizer (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 1 00%) and biological fertilizers, Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria produced by Pseudomonas sp. and phosphate bio fertilizer produced by (Pseudomonas putida strain P1 3 and Pantoea agglomerans strain P5) in separate treatments. The bacterial strain used in this study obtained from soil and water study research, Karaj, Iran. Soil analyses were performed, accordingly fertilizer recommendation were super phosphate tribl 75 (kg/ha), urea 300 (kg/ha), potassium sulphate 1 00 (kg/ha). After the act of land preparation and seed inoculation with biological fertilizers snowing was done. Chemical fertilizers were used in considerate plots. All operations were done regularly during the growing season. Random samplings after eliminate the marginal effects of plots was done. Samples transfer to laboratory, yield was measured, samples were weighted (fresh weight) then they kept in Avon for 72 hour and they were weighted again (dry weight). Yield was determined, amount of chlorophyll in leaves measured. The symbol of P represents chemical fertilizer (25%, 50%, 75%, 1 00%), B1 shows Pseudomonas sp. (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), B2 indicates (Pseudo monas putida strain P1 3 and Pantoea agglomerans strain P5) biofertilizer-2. Statistical analyses Data analysis was done by using SPSS software. The ANOVA test was used to determine significant (P
