Effect of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) on some ...

J. Bombay Vet. Coll (2009) 17 (1) : 19-28

Effect of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) on some Reproductive Traits in Ross Btoiler Breeder Male Chickens Saman Muhseen Abdulkarirn h Sardar 1: Al-Sardary Science Education College, Agriculture College Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Downloaded From IP - 185.91.16.66 on dated 25-Jan-2017

www.IndianJournals.com

Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

ABSTRACT

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa seed and its oil added to the ration on some reproductive characteristics in broiler breeder males. In experiment I, a total of 40 male bmiler breeders (45 weeks age) were divided intofive equal groups each of 8 cocks. The first group served as control; groups 2 and 3 werefed on 0.5 or 1.0% oil, while groups 3 and 4 were fed on 0.5 or 1.0% N. sativa seed. The supplements were added daily to 135gm basal diet for 9 weeks. The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of N. sativa seed and its oil on some semen characteristics. Results showed that the addition of either seed or oil of N. sativa to the diet of the male broiler breeders resulted in the best characteristics of semen that studied in the traits. The treatedgroups showed an increase in ejaculation volume, sperm mass motility,progressive motility, viability percentage, count, and total sperm output. On the other hand, they exhibited a decrease in time of ejaculation and sperm abnormalities. In experiment II, a total of 200 hens and 20 cocks (55 weeks age) were randomly assigned intofive equal experimentalgroups, each group having 4 replicates (10 hens and 1 cock). The hens of allfive groups and cocks offirst group (control) were fed on the basal ration daily for four weeks, whereas cocks of group 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed basal ration supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0% oil or 0.5 or 1.0% seed of N. sativa, respectively. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the effect of N. sativa on the percentages of fertility and hatchability. Statistical analysis of the results showed significant ($0.05) improvement on fertility N. sativa in the feed. and hatchability percentages using

Keywords:fertility, Nigella sativa, semen characteristics

and Asia for the treatment of asthma (El-Tahir et al., 1993b) and as an anti-tumor agent (El-Daly, 1998). The seed has been reported to have many biological properties including anti-parasitic (Mahmoud et al., 2002), anti-diabetic (AlHader et al., 1993), diuretic and hypotensive (Zahoui et al., 2000), anti-bacterial (Hanafy and Hatem, 1991) and anti-viral (Salem and Hossain, 2000).

INTRODUCTION To avoid the residual orland cumulative effect of antibiotics or synthetic drugs in final poultry products, which have an adverse effect on human health, researches have recently directed to use herbs, seeds, and edible plants as natural feed additives. Herbs have some medical properties and pharmacological activities that could help in improving productivity, physiological and immunological performance or plasma biochemical parameters of poultry (Abaza, 2001). Black seed (Nigella sativa L.), which is an herbaceous plant, grows in Asian and Mediterranean countries, has been used traditionally for centuries in the Middle East, Northern Africa, Far East

In poultry industry, fertility of broiler breeders is of major concern to ensure maximum economic returns from the number of chicks produced per hen housed (Bramwell et al., 1995). Fertility (F) problems are often associated with broiler breeder males (Hocking, 1990). It is known that the F declines markedly pronounced cocks 19

Saman el al.

after about 45-50 weeks of age; such decline causes a great loss in hatching eggs (De Reviers, 1986).This rapid decline in F is concomitant with a reduction in the number of spermatozoa in a given ejaculate (Lake, 1989; Sexton et al., 1989). In addition, there was a reduction in libido and in successful copulation of aging males (Wilson et al., 1979). According to the author's best knowledge, there have been a limited number of studies associated with the effect of diets supplemented with N. sativa on semen quality and F in poultry. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigatethe effect of N. sativa seed and its oil supplemented to the basal ration on semen quality, and subsequently on the percentages of F and hatchability (H) in Ross broiler breeder males.

that given every day.

Experiment I1 A total of 200 hens and 20 cocks (cocks were randomly chosen from experiment 1) of Ross broiler breeders of approximately similar body weight were used in this experiment. The birds were randomly assigned into five equal groups of 40 hens and 4 cocks for each group. Each of which group was divided into 4 replicates contailling 10 hens and 1 cock. They housed in 20 equal pens (1.40 X 2.65 meters). The first group sewed as a control (C); while groups (TI), (T2), (T3), and (T4) were fed on 0.5 or 1.0% supplemented oil or 0.5 or 1.0% seed of N. sativa added to their 135grn basal diet that given every day.

. i

Black seed source Downloaded From IP - 185.91.16.66 on dated 25-Jan-2017

This study was carried out from January to June, 2007 in a broiler breeder farm of Hawler poultry project in Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The chemical anaiysis of N. sativa seed and its oil was conducted at Central Laboratory for Food and Feed Analysis (CLFF), Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale


MATERIALS AND METHODS

Housing and Environment Forty Ross broiler breeder males, 45 wk of age, were used in experiment I. In experiment 11, twenty Ross broiler breeder males and two hundred hens of the same strain, 55 wk of age, were used. Males were fed 135grn basal ration once a day, while hens consumed 165gm basal ration daily. The compositions of basal ration were given in table 1. All birds received water ad-libitum using long automatic waterers (Nipples) during the period of the study. Animals were exposed to a fixed photoperiod of 16 hr light daily with an intensity of 30 lux. The birds were caged in a house with conventional environmental controls.

Experimental Design Experiment I Forty male Ross broiler breeders of similar body weights were randomly divided into five equal groups (8 birds each). They were housed in 5 equal pens (1.20 X 1.70 meters). The first group were fed the basal diet only and sewed as a control (C); while groups (TI), (T2), (T3), and (T4) were fed on 0.5 or 1.O% supplemented oil or 0.5 or 1.O% seed of N. sativa added to their 135gm basal diet

N. sativa seed and its oil of local origin were purchased from Hawler local market, Iraqi Kurdistan region.

Chemical composition of the Nigella sativa A proximate analysis of the black seed was estimated according to the methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (A.O.A.C., 1988). Seed samples were subjected to subsequent analysis of moisture, ash, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber and nitrogen. Table (2) shows the proximate analysis ofN. sativa seeds used in the experimental diets.

Fatty acids (FA) analysis of Nigella sativa Fatty acids analysis of the seed and its oil was conducted using gas-liquid chromatograph (GLC) (Table 3 and 4).

Semen collection At the age of 41 weeks, cocks were trained every other day on semen collection using dorsoabdominal massage technique (Hafez, 1990), while actual collection for analysis was started on week 45. Feathers around the cloaca were clipped 2 days before semen collection to prevent contamination of the ejaculate. Ejaculates were collected from individual male in a test tube once a week.

Semen evaluation Immediately after collecting the semen, the sample was placed in a water bath at 38OC (Aly and El-Sahn, 2006). Ejaculation time (ET) in seconds, for each cock was recorded using a stop-watch. Ejaculation volume (EV) was

*

,

I

Effect of Black Seed (Nigellasaliva L.) on some Reproductive Traits in Ross Broiler Breeder Male Chickens

measured using 10-ml centrifuge tubes with 0. lml graduations. Sperm mass motility (SMM) was estimated just after semen collection by microscopical examination, while sperm progressive motility (SPM) was expressed as a percentage of actual progressive motion. Sperm concentration (SCo) was tested by hemacytometer. Spermatozoa per ejaculate(SPE) were calculated as semen volume (SV) x SCo. Sperm viability (SV) and abnormal sperm percentage (ASP) were assessed in fresh (undiluted) sperm suspensions by using the Hancock stain (NigrosinEosin stain). The mentioned parameters were recorded for each individual cock.

1. Ejaculation time: The results in Table (5) Showed that N. sativa seed and its oil significantly @= 0.05) reduced the time required for semen ejaculation. The shortest ET (12.232E2.240 sec) was recorded in group T2 as compared to control group C (18.186*1.216 sec). There were no significant differences between T1, T2, and T4. Whereas, the lowest decrease in ET among treated groups was recorded in T3 group (15.362E2.164 sec). The result of this study indicates that addition of either 0.5 or 1.0 % N. sativa seed or its oil to the diet of male broiler breeders significantly @= 0.05) decreases the time required for semen ejaculation.

Calculation of fertility and hatchability

The low values of ET in all treated groups in this study could be due to the effects of hormones such as testosterone which were induced by N. sativa (Mansi, 2005). However, it is well documented that testosterone is considered as a major male sex hormone which is responsible for the maintenance of accessory sex glands, production, maturation, and F of spermatozoa, and has been used to maintain or increase libido in cocks (Hagen and Dziuk, 1985).




Eggs were collected daily and marked for each group. Visibly misshaped, broken, cracked, excessively small, or double-yolked eggs were excluded from the experiment. Eggs were stored at 15OC with relative humidity of 7O-75% in the hatcheries storage room. After 7 days of storage, the eggs were set in a Chick Master Type incubator. In addition, at the end of incubation period, unhatching eggs were eliminated and checked by light examination in dark room to determine the F. The suspected eggs were broken for the same purpose. Those found to be clear were classified as infertile. Eggs with developed dead embryo were classified as total embryonic mortality (EM). The F and H of incubated eggs were calculated according to Seker et al. (2004), as follows: (%) Fertility= (number of fertilized eggs/ total numbers of eggs placed into incubator) x 100

(%) Hatchability of incubated eggs= (number of

released chicks1total number of egg placed into incubator) xl00

Statistical analysis To study the effect of N. sativa seed and its oil on semen characteristics and subsequently on F and H percentages, data were subjected to analysis of variance by one way ANOVA using General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of the SAS institute (1999). Significant differences between means were determined by Duncan's multiple-range tests (Duncan, 1955).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Experiment (I): Effects of Nigella sativa on semen characteristics

2. Ejaculate volume: As shown in Table (S), there was a tendency for increase of EV @= 0.05). The highest semen volume (SV) (0.868M. 194ml) was produced by T1 group in comparison with 0.495*0.110ml of the control group. Statistical analysis of the results indicated significant difference between control group and T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups. On the other hand, the lowest increase of ejaculation was produced by T3 group. These results agree with those of Ali (2003). He found that addition of N. sativa seed meal at levels of 25, 50, and 75% to lambs diet increased the EV significantly. Because SV did not increase with age, and in fact, decreased in older males the change in SV is probably due to the effect of the dietary N. sativa treatment, and not to bird's age (Hunt et al., 1992). However, Zhang et al. (1999) reported that semen production of broiler breeder males decreased with age by about 30% at 52 week of age as compared to 25 week of age. This was reason for the decline of mean SV, concentration and SPE. Furthermore, the increment in EV observed during the present work may be related to the stimulating effects of N. sativa on the male reproductive glands (Mansi, 2005). In addition, some researchers found that basic amino acids increased sperm production and SV, stimulate testosterone production, and improved semen quality ( ~ e l l eand r ~olakoski,1975;Papp et al., 1983). This may be attributed to the presence of

Saman et al.

essential amino acids such as arginine and lysine in N. sativa (Babayan et al., 1978). 3. Sperm mass motility: SMM of the fresh semen obtained from groups fed N. sativa seed and its oil were significantly @= 0.05) better than that of untreated group (Table 5). Cocks fed on a diet containing 1% N. sativa oil (T2) produced semen with higher value of SMM (5.5M.863) in comparison with control group (3.4221t0.777). On the other hand, T1 group come second after T2 group which recorded 5.1971t1.004.

However, according to Dhami and Kodagali (1988) the increasing SMM was probably due to higher SCo and low sperm abnormalities caused by N. sativa groups in present study.




4. Sperm progressive motility percentage: Result revealed that SPM in all treated groups was improved @= 0.05) progressively (Table 5). Birds fed dietary N. sativa oil (T2) showed greater @= 0.05) SPM (75.752*5.243%) than those of control group (44.725* 3.31%); whereas, the lowest increase was observed in T3 group (67.003*5.241%).

The present results are consistent with the findings of earlier researchers in the lambs (Ali, 2003), rabbit (Riad et al., 2004), and rat (Bashandy, 2007), who reported improved SPM by N. sativa supplementation in the feed. In fact, the reason for this improvement in motility of sperm remains unclear. It could be suggested that it may be due to antioxidant activity ofN. sativa (Bashandy, 2007). Burits and Bucar (2000) reported that the essential oil, thyrnoquinone and other components such as carvacrol, anethole, and Cterpineol demonstrated respectable radical scavenging property. McLeod (1 943) reported that oxygen radicals (ORs) are toxic to the motility of human spermatozoa and has been shown that under normal physiological conditions ORs are produced by sperm (Aitken and Clarkson, 1987), through the leakage of electrons onto molecular oxygen from the mitochondria1 electron transfer chain (Alvarez and Storey, 1989).Normal cells have a number of protective enzyme scavengers that acts as antioxidants to detoxify the harmful reactive OR and prevent cell damage. One of these is superoxide dismutase (SOD), which has been reported to be in spermatozoa (Mennella and Jones, 1980). The SOD is antioxidants that protect cells from the deleterious effects of the 0 free (F) R superoxide. SOD catalyzes the conversion of superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen

peroxide. The latter is further converted to water and oxygen by catalase and peroxidases (Lapolt and Hong, 1995). On the other hand, the high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the lipid fraction of spermatozoa reflects the need to maintain high membrane fluidity and flexibility for spermatozoa1motility and fusion with the egg (Blesbois et al., 1997). Natural antioxidants such as N. sativa, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and glutathione together with antioxidant enzymes combine to give avian semen an integrated antioxidant system capable of protecting the cells from damage against FRs and toxic products of metabolism (Burits and Bucar, 2000; Surai et al., 1998a; Surai et al., 1998b; Breque et al., 2003). In addition, Cerolini et al. (2003) reported that diets rich in both omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA such as linolenic acid and linoleic acid have apositive effect on sperm movement during the reproductive period. It is well-known that N. sativa oil is a rich source of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs (Table 4).

5. Sperm viability percentage (SVP): The addition ofN. sativa seeds or its oil at each level in cock diets during the experimental period had significant differences among trgatments and also when compared with control group. The highest SVP was obtained from the cocks fed on diets including 1.O% N. sativa seeds (89.7531tl. 125%) compared with control group (86.873d.173%). These results are in agreementwith those obtained by Ali (2003). He reported improved SVP by N. sativa seed meal supplementation in lamb's diet. This clearly points out that N. sativa efficiently protects male g e m cells from FRs which induced damages by scavenging excessive FRs and thus improving SV (Bashandy, 2007). FRs, such as superoxide, hydroxyl ions and nitric oxide all contain an unpaired electron. These radicals can have an adverse effect on cells causing oxidative damage that leads to cell death. Antioxidants, such as vitamin E, prevent cell damage by binding to the FR and neutralizing its unpaired electron. For example, vitamin E binds to 00-or 0; they f o m an intermediate structure that is converted to atocopherylquinone (JAMA, 2002). Strzezek et al. (2004) demonstrated that PUFAs supplementation induced an increase in SOD activity which was associated with high Sv. 6. Sperm concentration and total sperm output (TSO): SCo per milliliter and TSO (SCo per ejaculate) were significantly @= 0.05) higher in the N. sativa

'

Effect of Black Seed (Nigella saliva L.) on some Reproductive Traits in Ross Broiler Breeder Male Chickens

supplemented-diet groups as compared to the control group. The SCo was significantly (p= 0.05) higher in T1 (l.948M. 178x109)as compared to C (l.529* 0.177x109) and the other three groups. This indicates that N. sativa oil in the diet improves spermatogenesis as compared to N. sativa seeds (Table 5).




The TSO was significantly (p= 0.05) more in T1 (l.785M.2x109) than C (O.815* 0.145x109)and the other three groups, though the SCo and TSO were statistically alike in C andT3 groups. Similar results were observed in lambs (Ali, 2003), rats (Bashandy, 2007), and mice (Ali and Ali, 2007), when N. sativa seed meal, fixed oil, and alcoholic oily extract were supplemented in their diet. This may be due to the PUFA contents of N. sativa which are essential for reproduction (Bashandy, 2007). Moreover, FAs can stimulate GnRH-dependent pathways that initiate changes in testicular function (Boukhliq et al., 1997). It was concluded that the dietary UFAs are valuable to sustain the reproductive capacity of male turkeys especially when they are getting older (Blesbios et al., 2004). On the other hand, secretion of GnRH stimulates the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH (Froman, 1994). The latter stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize and secrete androgens, which are essential for spermatogenesis (Fathi et al., 1998); also, FSH has been found to stimulate growth, differentiation, and spermatogenesisin the seminiferous tubules (Thurston and Kom, 2000). experimental treatment on the percentage of total abnormal spermatozoa are shown in Table (5). The result revealed that N. sativa treatment improved the morphological variation as compared to the C group. Cocks fed on diet containing 0.5% N. sativa oil produced lower total ASP (19.358*1.5 18 %) in comparison to cocks fed on untreated diet that pmduced with (3 1'165*2'579 %). Similar statistical difference trend was obtained by in lambs, Bashandy (2007) in andA1i and found (2007) in the ASP tends to be lower in different forms ofN. sativa supplemented groups than in non-supplemented one.

shown by The improvement of sperm decrease of percentage may be due lo the antioxidant activity ofN. sativa (Bashandy, 2007). Sperm cells contain very of PUFAs, which are . high - proportions . directly related to semen in different species (Nissen and Kreysel, 1983). Thus supplementation of cock diets

with diets rich in PUFAs significantly increases the level of PUFA in semen and improved the sperm quality. Moreover, high concentration of PUFAs necessitates the presence of an efficient antioxidant system to protect against peroxidative damage and possible associated with sperm abnormalities (Bava et al, 2004). As the results indicate N. sativa contains high percentage of UFAs (Table 3 & 4) which possesses antioxidant activity (Burits and Bucar, 2000), it is incorporrited into the membrane sttucture and essential to maintain the structural integrity of the spermatozoa and consequently the fertilizing ability (Bava et al., 2004).

Experiment 00: Effect of Nigella sativa on fertility, hatchability and embryonic mortality percentages (EMP): Results in Table (6) indicated that all N. sativa feed supplemented diet to broiler breeder males increased significantly (p= 0.05) the F and H percentage of eggs than those fed on the control diet. However, the addition of 0.5% of either seed or oil of N. sativa resulted in significantly higher (p= 0.05) values of F and H thanother dietary treatments. The highestvalue of F and H percentage was obtained in the group fed on 0.5% N. sativa seeds (T3) which attained 79.366*3.204% and 69.844* 1.404%, respectively as compared with the control group 48.956*5.269% and 42.683*6.007 % for F and H, respectively. These indicate that the addition of N. sativa to the ration improved F and H percentage as reported by The improved F and H percentages of birds fed all feed additives may be due to the better influence on sperm quality which affects F potential of domestic fowl (Lake, 1989; Hassan et al., 2003), as well as Bava et al. (2004) demonstrated that dietary supplementation of linseed oil significantly increases the levels ofPUFA in cock semen. It has also been reported that the level ofPUFA in semen is positively correlated with F because a deficiency of linoleic acid can impir spermatogenesis. It is well known that oil fraction of N. sativa rich in PUFA is considered a rich source of linoleic acid (Table 3 and 4). Concerning the EMP, the data from Table (6) depicted that there were no statistically significant difference (p>O.OS) among p u p s . This indicates that this trait was not affectedby treatment. Generally, low value below standard of F and H in this experiment in all groups which limited by producer

Saman er al.


company of Ross breeders, may be due to some factors, and these factors in poultry are complex and involve behavioral, genetic, and environment aspects in both the male and female as concluded by Sturkie (1986). Mating (sex) ratio (males: females), may represent another factor since El-Fiky et al. (2006) reported that F, H, and EMPs in Japanese quail were significantly affected by sex ratio. Chdmoilska at al. (2006) observed in Japanese quail, that the highest fertility (from 87.5 to 100%) was obtained in groups with sex ratio (1: 4). Moreover, the number of mating or ejaculation pe! day influences the volume of semen produced and the concentration of spermatozoa; the greater frequency decreases semen volume and concentration of spermatozoa (Parker et al., 1940). As known fertility declines in aging roosters (Rosenstrauch et al., 1994); thenoolder males introduced into a society may not be able to express their full reproductive potential (Hafez, 1974).



On the other hand, the factors that have been associated with increases in EMP include prolonged egg storage, hot season of the year, bad nutrition, and inconvenient egg size for hatching (Fairchild et al., 2002). Correlation coefficients among different studied characteristics Correlation coefficients were used to detect associations between variables and to infer the existence of groups of closely related variables.

As shown in Table (7), there were significant positive correlations among EV, SMM, SPM, SCO, and TSO; on the other hand, these traits showed negative correlation with ET and ASP. These ~esultsharmonized with the results of Bah et al. (2001). SVP positively correlated with FP, HP, SMM, SPM, and EMP. Results obtained by Che3moilskaet al. (2006), supports this fact when he found that the number of live morphologically normal spermatozoa in an insemination dose significantly affects the F and in conseque?ce the number of hatched chicks. ASP negatively correlatedwith SMM, SPM, and SVP. This result was in agreement with the findings of Bah et al. (2001) and Al-Kassab (2002). Strong positive correlation exists between F and HPs ( ~ 0 . 9 7 5p= , 0.01), and these two traits correlated positively with SMM, SPM, and SVP. On the other hand, they negatively correlated with ET and ASP; However, FP correlated positively with SCo.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to acknowledge Professor Dr. Atheer K. Kassab for reviewing the English language of the paper.

REFERENCES A.O.A.C. (1988). Official method of analysis. Association of official analysis chemists. Washington, D.C. Abaza, I.M.K. (2001) The use of some medicinal plants as feed additives in broiler diets. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Univ. Alex. Aitken, R.J. and Clarkson J.S. (1987) J. Reprod. Fertil., 81:459-469. Al-Hader, A.; Aqel, M. and Hasan, Z. (1993) Int. J. Pharmacognosy, 3:96- 100. Ali, A.B. andAli, T.H. (2007) Beneficial effects ofNigella sativa on the testis tissues of mice exposed to UV irradiation. www.astf.net Ali, M.M.E. (2003) Nutritional and physiological studies in ruminant's productive and reproductive performance of lambs fed diets containing different proportions ofNigella sativa meal. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Mansoura Univ. (Abstract) Alvarez, J.G and Storey, B.T. (1989) Gamete Res., 23:7790. Aly, O.M. and El-Sahn, A. (2006) Poult. Sci., 26: 123-136. Babayan, V.K.; Koottungal, D. and Halaby, GA. (1978) J. Food Sci., 43:1314-1315. Bah, GS.; Chaudhari, S.U.R. and Al-Amin, J.D. (2001) Revue Elev. Med. Vet. Pays trop., 54: 153-158. Bashandy, A.E.S. (2007) Int. J. Pharmacol., 3: 27-33. Bava, L.; Toschi, I.; Roveda, P.; Vezzo, 1.G; Mangiagalli, M.G. and Castrovilli, C. (2004) Rivista di Avicoltura, 73:38-40. Blesbois, E.; Douward, V.;Germain, M.; Boniface, P. and Pellet, F. (2004) Theriogenology, 61:537-549. Blesbois, E.; Lessire, M.; Grasseau, I.; Hallouis, J.M. and Hermier, D. (1997) Reprod., 56: 1216-1220. Boukhliq, R.; Martin, GB.; White, C.L.; Blachbeny, M.A. and Murray, P.J. (1997) Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 9:5 15524. Bramwell, R.K.; Marks, H.L. and Howarth, B. (1995) Poultry Sci., 74: 1875-1883. Breque, C.; Surai, P.F. and Brillard, J.P. (2003) Mol. Reprod. Dev., 66:3 14-323. Burits, M. and Bucar, F. (2000) Phytotherapy Res., 14:323328. (Abstract) Cerolini, S.; Pizzi, F.; Gliozzi, T.; Maldjian, A.; Zaniboni,

/



L. and Parodi, L. (2003) World's Poult. Sci., 596575. Che3moiiska, B.; Eukaszewicz, E.; Kowalczyk, A. and Jerysz, A. (2006) J. Poult. Sci., 43:49-53. DeReviers, M. (1986) Fertile male desvolialles 7Ih European poultry conference Paris, Worlds Poultry Sci., Association, 24-28, August, pp. 9 16-931. Dhami, A.J. and Kodagali, S.B. (1988) Indian Vet. J., 65:61-64. Duncan, D. B. (1955) Multiple range and multiple F-tests. Biometrics, 11:1-42. El-Daly, E.S. (1998) J. Pharmazie de Belgique, 53:87-95. El-Fiky, F.A.; Mabrouk, M.M.S.; Aboul-Hassan, M.A. and Abdel-Mounsef, N.A. (2006) Poult. Sci., 26:647-662. El-Tahir, K.E.H.; Ashour, M.M.S. and Al-Harbi, M.M. (1993) Gen. Pharmacol., 24: 1115-1122. Fairchild, B. D.; Christensen, V. L.; Grimes, J. L.; Wineland, M. J. and Bagley, L.G (2002) J. Appl. Poult. Res., 11:260-265. Fathi, M.M.; El-Wardany, I.E.; El-Hommosany, Y.M.; Ali, U:M.; Gad, A. and Zein El-Dein, A. (1998) Poult. Sci.,l8:199-216. Froman, D. P. (1994) Biology of semen production and ejaculation. 1" international symposium on the artificial insemination of poultry, Univ. Maryland, Coll. Park. Hafez, E.S.E. (1974) Reproduction in farm animals. 3" edition. Lea'and Febiger, Philadelphia. Hafez, E.S.E. (1990) Artificial insemination in reproduction in farm animals. Edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. Hagen, D.R. and Dziuk, P.J. (1985) Biol. Reprod., 32: 1080-1086. Hanafy, M.S. and Hatem, M.E. (1991) J. Ethnopharmacol., 34:275-278. Hassan, R. A.; El-Ganzoury, E..H.; Abd El-Ghany, F. A. and Shehata, M.A. (2003) Poult. Sci., 23:761-785. Hocking, P.M. (1990) Br. Poult. Sci., 31:743-757. Hunt, C.D.; Johnson, P.E.; Herbel, J. and Mullen, L.K. (1992)Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56:148-157. JAMA, (2002) Lipid peroxidation: a radical chain reaction. In: free radicals in biology and medicine. Halliwell B and Gutteridge JMC. New York, USA: Oxford University press, 287:3223-3229. Keller, D.W. and Polakoski, K.L. (1975) Biol. Reprod., 13:154-157. Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

;

Effect of Black Seed (NigeZZa sativa L.) on some Reproductive Traits in Ross Broiler Breeder Male Chickens

Lake, P.E. (1989) World's Poult. Sci., 4553.59. Lapolt, P.S. and Hong, L.S. (1995) Endocrinology, 136333-5539. Mahrnoud, M.R.; El-Ahbar, H.S. and Saleh, S. (2002) J. Enthophannacol., 79: 1- 11. Mansi, K.M.S. (2005) Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 8: 1152-1156. McLeod, J. (1943) Am. J. Physiol., l38:5 12-518. Mennella, M.R. and Jones, R. (1980) Biochem. J., 191:289-297. Nissen, H. P. and Kreysel, H. W. (1983) Andrologia, 15:264-269. Papp, G.; Grof, J and Menyhart, J. (1983) Int. Urol. Nephrol., 15:195-203. Parker, J.E.; McKenzie, F.F. and Kempster, H.L. (1940) Poultry Sci., 19: 191. Riad, R.M.; Ghoniem, A.A.M. and Seleem, T.S.T. (2004) Assiut Vet. Med. J., 50: 199-211. (Abstract) Rosenstrauch, A.; Degen, A.A. and Friedltinder, M. (1994) Biol. Reprod., 50: 129-136. Salem, M. L. and Hossain, M. S. (2000) Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 22:729-740. Seker, I.; Kul, S. and Bayraktar, M. (2004) Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3:259-265. Sexton, T.J.; Renden, J.A.; ~ a r ~ lD.N. e , and Kemppainen, R.J. (1989) Poultry Sci., 68: 1688-1694. Stnezek, J.; Fraser, L.; Kuklinska, M.; Dziekonska,A. and Lecewicz, M. (2004) Reproductive Biology, 4:271287. Sturkie, P.D. (1986)AvianPhysiology. 4medition. SpringerVerlag New York, Inc. Surai, P.F.; Blesbois, E.; Grasseau, I.; Chalah, T.; Brillard, J.P.; Wishart, G. J.; Cerolini, S. and Sparks, N.H. (1998a) Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 120527-533. Surai, P. F.; Cerolini, S.; Wishart, G J.; Speake, B. K.; Nobel, R. C. and Sparks, N. H. C. (1998b) Poult. Avian Biol. Rev., 9: 11-23. Thurston, R.J. and Kom, N. (2000) Poultry Sci., 79: 16501668. Wilson, H.R.; Piesco, N.P.; Miller, E.R. and Nesbeth, W.G (1979) World's Poult. Sci., 3595-1 18. Zahoui, A.; Cherrah, Y.; Lacaille-Dubois, M. A.; Settaf, A.; Amarouch, H. and Hassar, M. (2000) Therapie, 55379-382. Zhang, X.; Berry, W.D.; McDaniel, GR.; Roland, D.A.; Liu, P.; Calvert, C. and Wilhite, R. (1999) Poultry Sci., 78: 190-196.

Saman et al.

Table 1 :The Composition and Calculated Chemical Analysis of the as& Ration

-

%(] I]

I Ingredient Barley Flour

li Ii

Table 2 :Proximate Analysis of Nigella sativa seeds

I

p z q

Wheat bran - 1

palms oil

li ~imestone

-

1

1

~

1

11

8.364




Methionine

Monocalcium

Total

li

Calculated analysis3 Crude protein % Metabolizable Energy (Kcalkg) Lysine % Methionine + cystine % Calcium % Available phosphorus %

7 1

I/1 11 2 1 . 9 0 1 1 I

II

1

Crude protein

11

Crude fiber

I Lysine

4.30

Ash Ether extract (fat)

Soybean meal (44% CP) -

-1

Item

NFE (Carbohydrate)

7 1

Table 3 :Fatty acids composition of Nigella sativa seeds (% fatty acid=80%)

v l

F F

T

I I

distribution Palmitic acid

I , -

I 11 C18:O 1

-

-

1

I Palmitoleic acid [ ~

-

II Stearic acid

I I I I

iv11 F

I

v

l

v l

'Mineral premix contained the following in milligrams per kilogram of diet: manganese, 90; zinc, 70; iron, 60; copper, 10; iodine, 1.0; cobalt, 0.5; selenium, 0.3. ,Vitamin premix contained the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 12000 TU, vitamin Dl, 3000 IU; vitamin E, 30 IU; vitamin K, 3mg; vitamin B,, 1.5mg; vitamin B,, 6mg; vitamin B,, 3mg; vitamin B,,, 20ig; nicotinic acid, 35mg; pantothenic acid, 8mg; folic acid, 0.8mg; biotin, 100ig; choline chloride, 1600mg. ]Data expressed on a percentage of dry matter bases.

' Arachidic acid

11

3.3%

1 il

-

i l l 1

\

i.

EFFcct of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.) on some Reproductive Traits in Ross Broiler Breeder Male Chickens

Table 4 :Fatty acids composition of Nigella sativa oils (% fatty acid=94%)

MyriMc acid

1-1

1-1

Palmitic acid Palmitoleic acid


90 - 1



7

a, b. C....

v] 7

1

1

Oleic acid

p 6 % - l

I

Arachidicoleic acid

1

distribution

Stearic acid

)i~20:0Ji Arachidic acid I

Table 6 : Effects of Nigella sativa on fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality percentages (Mean I S.D.M)

Eicosadienoic acid

81

11 0.2% I

II 1

I

1-1 1-1 --

... Means with different superscript in a column differ significantly.

I. b . ~ .

Means with different superscript in a row differ significantly.

Saman et al.




Table 7 : Correlation Coefficients among Semen Traits, Fertility, Hatchability and Embryonic Mortality Percentages

** Significant p=

0.01 Significant p= 0.05

SMILE I t takes 26 muscles to smile, and 6 2 muscles to frown. Smile! It's a free therapy. The world is like a miiror, i f you face i t smiling, its smiles right back.

Don't count the days. Make the days count! Happiness doesn't depend on how much you have to enjoy, but how much you enjoy what you have.

A happy person is not

The most wasted of all days, is one without laughter

a person in certain set of circumstance but rather a person with certain set of attitudes.

I&p you face to the sunshine and you cannot see the shadow.

Most people are about as happy as they make up their minds to be.