Apr 17, 1998 - Dispensing of the tracer should take no more than 10 minutes. .... into an automatic pipetter (Repipet, Labindustries, Berkeley, CA) with the.
Effect of Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Glycogen Resynthesis and Muscle Damage Induced By Eccentric Resistance Exercise
Janet Regina Wojcik
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
In
Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise
Janet Walberg Rankin, Ph.D., Chair F. C. Gwazdauskas, Ph.D. Robert S. Schulman, Ph.D. Forrest Thye, Ph.D. Jay H. Williams, Ph.D.
April 17, 1998 Blacksburg, Virginia
Keywords: creatine kinase, 3-methylhistidine, insulin, testosterone, cortisol Copyright 1998, Janet Regina Wojcik
Effect of Carbohydrate-Protein Beverage on Glycogen Resynthesis and Muscle Damage Induced By Eccentric Resistance Exercise
Janet R. Wojcik
(Abstract)
This study examined effects of carbohydrate (C), carbohydrate-protein (CP), or placebo (P) beverages following eccentric resistance exercise on muscle damage by serum creatine kinase (CK), muscle protein breakdown by urinary 3-methylhistidine (3MH), muscle soreness, isokinetic muscle strength, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and serum hormones. Untrained males (N=26) underwent a 9-day controlled meat-free diet and 24 hr urine collections. To reduce glycogen, subjects cycled for 40 min at 70% of VO2peak followed by 5 cycling sprints on day 4 evening. On day 5, fasted subjects performed 100 eccentric leg flexions at 120% of 1-RM and drank C (n=8, 1.25 g C/kg), CP (n=9, 0.875 g C/kg, 0.375 g protein/kg), or P (n=9) beverages immediate post-exercise (IPE) and 2 hr later. Muscle biopsies were taken IPE on day 5, and days 6 and 8 mornings. Blood was obtained days 4-10 fasted plus IPE, 3 hr, and 6 hr post-exercise on day 5. At 3 hr on day 5, insulin was higher for CP (24.6 15.5 IU/ml) and C (17.2 10.9 IU/ml) than P (5.3 0.4 IU/ml, p F_______
0.0818
Subjects(Group) 23 (79.0949) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
9.14
0.0001
Group x Time
6
4.03
0.0021
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (59.2546) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
220
Table 6. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Serum Growth Hormone on Day 5
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.01
Pr > F_______
0.1904
Subjects(Group) 23 (6.8276) ____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
10.94
0.0003
Group x Time
6
1.79
0.0829
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (6.4449) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
221
Table 7. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Serum Glucose on Day 5
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.42
Pr > F_______
0.3299
Subjects(Group) 23 (0.9544) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
6.57
0.0003
Group x Time
6
2.95
0.0064
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (0.1788) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
222
Table 8. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Morning Serum Cortisol Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.58
Pr > F______ _
0.2842
Subjects(Group) 23 (10402.9504) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
10.16
0.0001
Group x Time
12
0.55
0.4246
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (1356.0864) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
223
Table 9. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Serum Cortisol on Day 5 Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.26
Pr > F______ _
0.1508
Subjects(Group) 23 (4774.4158) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
47.11
0.0001
Group x Time
6
0.83
0.2746
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (1746.6000) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
224
Table 10. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Morning Serum Testosterone Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.82
Pr > F______ _
0.0951
Subjects(Group) 23 (5.6351) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
2.33
0.0185
Group x Time
12
1.23
0.1341
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (0.3102) ______________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
225
Table 11. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Serum Testosterone on Day 5 Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.36
Pr > F______ _
0.3496
Subjects(Group) 23 (1.9947) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
46.20
0.0001
Group x Time
6
5.72
0.0001
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (0.3932) ______________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
226
Table 12. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Morning Serum Creatine Kinase (CK) Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.35
Pr > F______ _
0.3556
Subjects(Group) 23 (10587888.605) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
2.79
0.0513
Group x Time
12
0.47
0.3277
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (2096748.8474) ____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
227
Table 13. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Logarithmic Transformation of Morning Serum Creatine Kinase (CK) Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.15
Pr > F______ _
0.4293
Subjects(Group) 23 (1.3741) ____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
6.69
0.0029
Group x Time
12
1.11
0.1793
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (0.1498) ____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
228
Table 14. Repeated Measures Analysis of Covariance for Morning Serum Creatine Kinase with Creatine Kinase (CK) on Day 5 Morning as Covariate
Source
df
Covariate
1
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.15 0.23
Pr > F______ _ 0.351 0.399
Subjects(Group) 22 (15434509.703) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
4
2.27
0.07
Covariate x Time
4
0.29
0.3177
Group x Time
4
0.30
0.3899
Subjects(Group) x Time 88 (2137671.6524) ____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
229
Table 15. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Serum Creatine Kinase on Day 5
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.90
Pr > F______ _
0.0862
Subjects(Group) 23 (51725.0303) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
18.86
0.0001
Group x Time
6
2.31
0.04
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (596.0630) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
230
Table 16. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Morning Muscle Soreness Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.11
Pr > F______ _
0.1737
Subjects(Group) 23 (5.2084) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
25.73
0.0001
Group x Time
12
0.31
0.4769
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (1.1326) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
231
Table 17. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Muscle Soreness on Day 5
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.33
Pr > F______ _
0.1417
Subjects(Group) 23 (5.1806) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
18.79
0.0001
Group x Time
6
0.66
0.3283
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (1.4926) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
232
Table 18. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Isokinetic Peak Torque
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.91
Pr > F______ _
0.855
Subjects(Group) 23 (10357.6623) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
31.70
0.0001
Group x Time
6
1.40
0.1275
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (631.7347) ______________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
233
Table 19. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Isokinetic Max Repetition Work
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.36
Pr > F______ _
0.1385
Subjects(Group) 23 (9578.2628) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
23.94
0.0001
Group x Time
6
1.69
0.0726
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (607.3059) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
234
Table 20. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Isokinetic Total Work for Five Repetitions
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.49
Pr > F______ _
0.1227
Subjects(Group) 23 (217518.6473) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
30.03
0.0001
Group x Time
6
1.42
0.1195
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (11446.0418) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
235
Table 21. Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Covariance for Morning Body Weight Days 1-10 with Body Weight on Day 1 as Covariate
Source
df
Covariate
1
Group
2
F Between Subjects 14099.83 0.97
Pr > F______ _ 0.0001 0.1982
Subjects(Group) 2 (2.0011) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
8
0.35
0.4611
Covariate x Time
8
0.69
0.3382
Group x Time
16
0.62
0.4193
Subjects(Group) x Time 176 (0.1976) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
236
Table 22. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Measured on Experimental Days 5, 6, and 8
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.41
Pr > F______ _
0.3305
Subjects(Group) 23 (989.9012) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
3
97.00
0.0001
Group x Time
6
0.34
0.4103
Subjects(Group) x Time 69 (350.8081) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
237
Table 23. Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Daily Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion (mol/day) Measured on Days 3-9
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 0.81
Pr > F______ _
0.2262
Subjects(Group) 23 (10911.6011) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
0.99
0.1036
Group x Time
12
0.83
0.2881
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (2614.9938) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
238
Table 24. Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion Expressed Relative to Body Weight (mol/kg/day) Measured on Days 3-9
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.61
Pr > F______ _
0.1112
Subjects(Group) 23 (1.4726) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
1.30
0.1363
Group x Time
12
0.76
0.3312
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (0.4305) ______________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
239
Table 25. Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion Expressed Relative to Urinary Creatinine (mol 3MH/ mmol creatinine) Measured on Days 3-9
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.62
Pr > F______ _
0.1096
Subjects(Group) 23 (77.8436) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
1.74
0.069
Group x Time
12
0.56
0.411
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (41.5741) ______________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
240
Table 26. Results of Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion Expressed Relative to Urinary Creatinine (mol 3MH/ g creatinine) Measured on Days 3-9
Source
df
Group
2
F Between Subjects 1.48
Pr > F______ _
0.1239
Subjects(Group) 23 (5791.2490) _____________________________________________________________ Within Subjects Time
6
1.71
0.0742
Group x Time
12
0.59
0.399
Subjects(Group) x Time 138 (3134.1409) _____________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
241
Table 27. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion (mol/day) by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
3.43
Within
23
(2192.8234)
Pr > F______ 0.0248
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
242
Table 28. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Relative Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion (mol/kg/day) by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
2.96
Within
23
(0.4660)
Pr > F______ 0.036
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
243
Table 29. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion Relative to Lean Body Weight by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
3.13
Within
23
(0.65195791)
Pr > F______ 0.0314
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
244
Table 30. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion/Urinary Creatinine Excretion (mol 3MH/mmol creatinine) by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
0.02
Within
23
(67.9727)
Pr > F______
0.49
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
245
Table 31. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion/Urinary Creatinine Excretion (mol 3MH/g creatinine) by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
0.02
Within
23
(111.0946)
Pr > F______
0.49
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
246
Table 32. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Urinary 3-Methylhistidine (3MH) Excretion Relative to Lean Body Weight by Group on Day 5
Source
df
F
Between
2
3.13
Within
23
(0.6519)
Pr > F______ 0.0314
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
247
Table 33. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Daily Carbohydrate Intake (%Energy) by Group
Source
df
F
Between
2
4.59
Within
23
(0.2295)
Pr > F______ 0.0210
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
248
Table 34. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Daily Fat Intake (%Energy) by Beverage
Source
df
F
Between
2
3.64
Within
23
(0.2255)
Pr > F______ 0.0425
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
249
Table 35. One-Way Analysis of Variance for Daily Energy Intake (Kilocalories) by Group
Source
df
F
Between
2
0.31
Within
23
Pr > F______ 0.7352
(1031186.3)
Total 25 ___________________________________________________________ Note. Values enclosed in parentheses represent mean square errors.
250
Appendix O Raw Data
251
Table 36. Raw Data For Serum Insulin on Day 5 (IU/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 11.1 6.0 6.2 5.2 6.4 10.2 6.4 7.2
IPE 8.1 5.5 5.0 6.7 5.0 11.4 7.6 6.3
3H PE 18.1 14.8 10.7 11.1 23.6 21.8 45.1 51.6
6H PE 22.3 5.0 5.2 8.6 19.0 12.3 12.2 13.6
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
8.5 5.6 5.0 5.6 5.6 8.8 5.6 5.0 9.8
8.5 8.1 6.3 8.1 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.0 13.6
11.0 7.7 44.7 13.8 19.5 12.0 12.9 14.6 18.7
58.3 6.5 30 6.8 13.0 18.6 11.0 6.2 8.8
P
3 10.3 8.1 5.7 21.4 4 5.0 6.6 5.0 5.0 11 6.9 5.7 5.0 22.6 13 6.0 7.3 6.1 25.8 15 5.0 5.0 5.0 11.3 20 9.0 6.8 5.0 6.6 22 7.4 6.3 5.4 16.5 23 10.7 12.5 5.0 11.6 24 10.8 8.8 5.8 12.3 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
252
Table 37. Raw Data For Serum Growth Hormone on Day 5 (ng/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4
IPE 1.5 1.4 1.4 2.3 4.6 2.6 1.4 5.0
3H PE 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
6H PE 1.4 1.4 4.2 1.4 1.4 7.8 1.4 1.4
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 9.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
2.8 2.0 1.4 15.9 6.8 1.4 13.2 1.5 5.0
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
P
3 1.4 3.2 2.3 1.4 4 1.4 9.7 1.4 1.4 11 1.4 14.5 1.4 1.4 13 1.7 9.4 1.4 1.4 15 1.8 13.6 3.1 1.4 20 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.4 22 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 23 1.4 1.4 2.5 1.4 24 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
253
Table 38. Raw Data For Serum Glucose on Day 5 (mmol/L) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 4.96 5.56 4.30 4.11 4.15 4.87 4.58 4.78
IPE 5.26 5.56 4.25 4.15 3.85 5.86 4.53 4.78
3H PE 4.19 5.43 4.25 4.03 3.42 5.50 4.92 6.16
6H PE 5.20 5.25 4.70 3.79 4.21 5.38 4.81 5.44
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
5.02 4.58 5.10 4.99 4.30 4.49 4.56 5.18 4.29
4.87 5.34 5.43 5.18 4.87 4.60 4.73 4.66 4.47
3.95 4.41 5.82 3.95 4.59 3.93 4.35 3.65 6.16
5.85 5.13 6.87 4.21 5.22 6.22 5.20 5.28 5.44
P
3 4.59 4.59 5.02 5.38 4 4.84 4.05 4.23 4.11 11 4.73 5.63 4.55 4.97 13 4.85 4.96 5.14 5.98 15 3.84 4.36 4.24 4.30 20 3.81 3.55 4.59 3.78 22 4.21 5.02 4.21 3.92 23 4.54 4.61 4.61 5.20 24 4.48 4.74 5.24 5.43 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
254
Table 39. Raw Data For Serum Cortisol on Day 5 (ng/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 126.3 211.4 244.8 221.2 150.2 338.3 221.6 130.7
IPE 202.9 168.6 254.8 240.1 152.6 258.3 212.8 159.6
3H PE 78.6 115.6 51.8 139.8 54.7 190.9 133.4 56.0
6H PE 60.6 98.6 56.6 72.0 60.1 76.1 74.6 128
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
230.6 236.4 169.9 144.7 119.0 131.8 126.2 165.3 173.3
179.5 243.6 102.6 239.6 115.4 124.3 178.7 131.9 188.2
174.5 138.4 88.7 65.9 106.8 79.0 41.6 84.7 65.5
105.9 92.3 84.3 48.3 82.7 164.2 77.9 92.7 36.9
P
3 177.8 221.0 137.9 60.6 4 138.9 166.1 94.8 65.7 11 143.8 89.1 71.6 58.2 13 143.5 192.5 59.7 66.7 15 242.6 323.8 101.0 188.9 20 214.6 233.9 99.1 91.3 22 174.8 245.5 151.4 100.0 23 257.8 292.9 89.9 87.4 24 277.0 142.0 109.8 220.0 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
255
Table 40. Raw Data For Serum Testosterone on Day 5 (ng/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 3.56 7.06 6.46 5.51 6.67 6.77 4.97 6.63
IPE 3.92 7.44 5.67 6.14 6.87 6.75 5.14 5.86
3H PE 2.84 3.96 5.18 5.06 4.83 4.39 4.52 5.06
6H PE 2.25 3.63 5.91 3.51 4.63 4.75 3.75 3.28
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
3.57 5.10 5.98 6.15 5.27 5.46 6.66 6.30 6.55
3.87 5.66 7.20 5.81 5.24 4.91 6.86 6.27 6.56
3.82 4.43 5.42 3.30 4.06 4.43 5.31 3.34 3.93
2.97 4.95 3.64 3.52 2.84 3.50 4.33 4.76 4.06
P
3 3.79 5.10 4.74 3.68 4 5.54 5.27 5.18 5.91 11 5.47 4.68 5.49 3.25 13 5.53 6.46 5.44 2.97 15 4.66 5.17 4.52 3.75 20 3.90 3.84 3.69 2.55 22 4.45 4.72 4.61 3.58 23 5.33 5.61 5.58 4.33 24 5.05 3.75 5.70 3.98 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
256
Table 41. Raw Data For Serum Creatine Kinase on Day 5 (U/L) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 73.8 51.3 59.5 86.1 248.1 41.0 53.3 69.7
IPE 53.3 53.3 75.9 90.2 278.8 36.9 57.4 73.8
3H PE 73.8 61.5 77.9 90.2 246.0 39.0 77.9 65.6
6H PE 90.2 108.7 94.3 92.3 252.2 59.5 77.9 80.0
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
444.9 57.4 49.2 346.5 387.5 59.5 55.4 36.9 51.3
477.7 49.2 67.7 346.5 354.7 59.5 47.2 36.9 45.1
473.6 88.2 47.2 373.1 377.2 63.6 102.5 59.5 206.9
543.2 159.9 67.7 442.8 406.0 73.8 123.0 61.5 248.1
P
3 43.1 47.2 61.5 84.1 4 100.5 110.7 125.1 225.6 11 153.8 164.0 149.7 190.7 13 104.6 94.3 98.4 108.7 15 209.1 217.3 211.2 282.9 20 49.2 57.4 67.7 110.7 22 80.0 86.1 92.3 82.0 23 30.8 49.2 45.1 41.0 24 57.4 51.3 67.7 55.7 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise.C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
257
Table 42. Raw Data for Muscle Soreness on Day 5 (1-10 Scale) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
AM 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1
IPE 2 4 6 4 3 8 1 4
3H PE 2 3 6 3 5 2 2 4
6H PE 3 4 6 3 5 2 2 4
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
8 5 6 4 4 3 6 4 4
3 4 7 1 1 3 5 1 3
3 4 4 1 4 4 7 1 4
P
3 1 5 3 3 4 1 1 2 3 11 2 6 4 4 13 1 1 1 1 15 2 5 4 3 20 1 1 3 3 22 1 4 4 3 23 1 5 3 1 24 1 1 2 4 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: AM, morning fasted value; IPE, immediate post exercise; 3H PE, 3 hr post-exercise; 6H PE, 6 hr post-exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
258
Table 43. Raw Data For Isokinetic Peak Torque for 5 Repetitions at 60o/s (N*m) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
PRE 345.5 187.4 180.5 190.0 203.5 227.8 124.5 204.8
24H 323.1 151.3 139.0 170.6 166.7 155.8 88.8 170.0
48H 131.4 168.7 148.3 151.3 143.9 131.1 73.9 152.6
72H 179.3 143.6 157.4 141.7 157.2 161.4 94.9 163.5
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
172.0 243.1 155.0 250.9 217.1 178.6 254.3 129.2 265.1
166.1 201.6 71.1 239.9 206.2 80.7 218.3 85.4 226.5
143.9 210.6 90.0 241.1 205.3 88.4 213.2 67.5 217.9
157.2 232.8 118.8 266.6 204.1 123.7 182.9 114.0 243.9
P
3 246.8 79.5 56.7 59.3 4 271.1 199.2 202.3 213.3 11 283.8 250.2 257.9 263.5 13 265.4 149.0 116.3 157.7 15 269.2 239.2 246.7 264.8 20 238.4 136.3 155.8 169.6 22 214.2 181.4 176.3 179.4 23 291.8 242.9 247.2 281.9 24 286.7 236.4 233.1 258.0 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: PRE, pre-experimental; 24H, 24 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 48H, 48 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 72H, 72 hr after eccentric resistance exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
259
Table 44. Raw Data For Skeletal Muscle Glycogen (mmol/kg ww) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
24H 36.0 23.4 45.6 26.2 24.2 52.2 37.5 45.3
48H 77.9 65.7 95.5 68.5 56.4 76.3 51.2 123.9
72H 64.1 111.2 89.8 107.8 111.3 120.3 136.1 169.9
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
34.4 15.8 38.8 46.8 32.5 29.9 31.2 36.2 29.0
46.2 38.7 92.7 100.2 78.1 69.7 79.8 104.6 79.4
72.0 84.7 108.2 94.9 141.1 58.0 108.4 123.5 108.4
P
3 14.6 30.5 40.4 4 38.0 72.7 84.6 11 26.5 50.6 117.5 13 41.0 81.7 119.9 15 16.8 61.7 157.8 20 17.3 66.6 69.8 22 55.9 87.1 134.9 23 28.1 69.7 68.9 24 39.3 109.7 135.2 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: PRE, pre-experimental; 24H, 24 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 48H, 48 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 72H, 72 hr after eccentric resistance exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
260
Table 45. Raw Data For Total Energy (kcal) and %Energy Carbohydrate (CHO), Protein (Pro), and Fat. Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
Kcal 3100 2939 2970 2836 3115 3564 3016 2847
%CHO 56 56 56 56 56 55 56 55
%Pro 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
%Fat 30 30 30 30 30 31 30 31
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
2844 2762 2752 3543 3059 2939 2964 2835 3004
55 56 55 56 55 56 55 56 56
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
31 30 31 30 31 30 31 30 30
P
3 2804 57 14 29 4 2804 56 14 30 11 2911 56 14 30 13 3629 56 14 30 15 4044 56 14 30 20 2822 56 14 30 22 2850 56 14 30 23 2857 57 14 29 24 2996 57 14 29 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
261
Table 46. Raw Data For Work Performed with the Maximal Repetition for 5 Repetitions at 60o/s (N*m) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
PRE 278.8 153.4 191.0 192.7 207.5 181.4 124.6 199.1
24H 202.6 136.4 148.2 167.5 168.4 138.0 84.8 158.0
48H 119.7 149.8 158.4 155.4 179.3 119.3 73.9 140.2
72H 164.2 117.8 145.5 143.4 200.4 144.4 95.6 146.4
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
114.7 242.7 142.4 270.3 206.8 168.1 260.5 129.2 273.8
141.3 199.3 73.2 262.9 203.5 83.4 221.2 87.5 249.4
121.8 214.0 94.0 269.3 203.4 99.9 206.8 77.2 233.6
135.3 212.3 117.8 283.9 209.9 132.8 176.1 117.4 265.2
P
3 235.9 78.1 57.4 53.0 4 235.4 191.3 115.7 198.5 11 250.0 203.0 219.0 234.6 13 255.2 146.6 122.9 243.7 15 252.4 225.6 229.0 238.1 20 225.4 145.4 158.7 175.6 22 199.9 175.9 167.1 168.8 23 272.4 220.4 210.3 252.5 24 231.3 201.9 201.1 215.1 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: PRE, pre-experimental; 24H, 24 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 48H, 48 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 72H, 72 hr after eccentric resistance exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
262
Table 47. Raw Data For Total Isokinetic Work for 5 Repetitions at 60o/s (N*m) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
PRE 1307.6 716.8 869.6 877.5 979.4 847.5 519.3 975.4
24H 949.5 620.2 687.5 807.1 813.4 628.7 370.3 748.2
48H 515.0 364.4 718.7 727.5 876.5 540.1 331.7 675.2
72H 759.8 561.7 693.3 647.2 954.2 686.6 428.9 705.5
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
657.0 1125.6 670.9 1191.0 976.5 779.4 1236.4 612.4 1326.2
648.3 887.0 341.0 1212.0 959.6 394.5 1067.4 401.6 1151.8
541.5 946.9 438.5 1223.1 942.7 446.5 985.7 361.6 1102.2
640.6 992.0 522.9 1262.7 929.7 610.7 816.7 552.0 1256.6
P
3 1077.3 361.3 251.8 235.5 4 1115.4 900.1 931.8 941.2 11 1219.0 965.6 1035.7 1084.8 13 1218.5 678.8 554.6 729.5 15 1200.5 1078.6 1103.9 1123.0 20 957.9 652.0 734.3 814.0 22 945.9 856.9 782.0 805.2 23 1277.8 1030.0 963.3 1153.4 24 1119.6 906.2 917.2 1024.3 _______________________________________________________________________ Note: PRE, pre-experimental; 24H, 24 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 48H, 48 hr after eccentric resistance exercise; 72H, 72 hr after eccentric resistance exercise. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
263
Table 48. Raw Data For Subject Characteristics.
Group
Subject Age (yr)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
Body Fat (%)
VO2peak (ml/kg/min)
1-RM (kg)
CP
1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
28 19 21 23 67 23 19 24
186.5 176.0 180.0 190.0 170.0 184.0 168.5 171.0
114.8 65.8 75.3 61.0 66.3 72.7 67.1 77.6
21.2 5.1 8.9 4.2 11.6 6.6 7.0 20.9
36.7 46.9 45.1 34.9 45.6 47.8 40.7 34.8
109.1 54.5 56.8 45.4 50.0 61.4 38.6 61.4
0 10 120 0 420 300 240 60
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
21 22 25 29 32 23 26 27 22
164.0 182.5 170.5 177.5 178.5 178.5 168.5 167.0 184.0
66.8 74.1 74.8 76.1 73.7 69.4 79.4 55.5 84.6
16.9 7.0 15.7 5.1 10.0 5.7 20.7 5.1 14.3
32.8 43.1 42.8 48.1 43.2 41.5 40.8 46.3 35.2
59.1 66.2 45.4 77.3 63.6 52.3 70.4 52.3 85.0
0 240 260 345 210 375 45 120
P
Physical Activity (min/week)
3 20 177.5 93.1 28.2 32.8 63.6 0 4 20 183.0 77.4 8.0 34.2 70.5 0 11 24 182.5 79.8 13.1 42.8 63.4 300 13 23 185.5 83.4 11.6 47.8 72.3 180 15 29 168.5 73.4 14.5 48.0 68.2 0 20 25 173.0 82.8 18.2 35.3 70.4 0 22 25 170.5 65.3 6.6 44.5 59.1 45 23 20 181.0 85.7 11.6 42.1 72.3 300 24 21 166.0 68.0 6.1 34.8 61.4 0 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
264
Table 49. Raw Data For Morning Serum Cortisol on Experimental Days 4-9 (ng/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D4 203.6 237.1 203.8 239.2 168.6 219.9 197.4 188.2
D5 126.3 211.4 244.4 221.2 150.3 338.3 221.6 130.7
D6 199.1 171.2 100.2 286.8 115.4 66.4 155.7 127.7
D7 201.0 166.3 161.6 259.9 86.5 104.6 127.8 136.4
D8 139.8 158.6 200.4 180.0 148.5 119.4 118.8 71.9
D9 137.4 241.4 193.7 261.6 147.7 104.0 168.8 176.7
D 10 202.0 244.4 164.3 273.8 168.4 85.1 206.8 199.2
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
174.2 218.4 214.2 159.1 198.1 111.3 92.2 138.7 184.1
230.6 236.4 169.9 144.7 119.0 131.8 126.2 165.3 173.3
221.6 241.2 80.3 147.8 108.5 141.8 80.4 107.7 125.9
188.3 227.7 92.6 169.2 191.5 97.9 99.4 141.7 104.6
120.8 218.8 106.7 143.6 157.3 157.0 81.1 120.6 118.5
236.7 244.1 132.6 178.7 210.8 103.5 87.1 233.9 112.2
214.0 235.4 204.8 141.2 159.3 128.6 124.2 174.3 169.0
P
3 253.7 177.8 150.3 150.9 124.5 226.8 212.1 4 179.2 138.9 83.4 123.9 113.5 183.1 137.4 11 121.7 143.8 70.6 107.5 69.0 95.4 94.3 13 77.5 143.5 165.9 157.2 132.9 133.3 152.3 15 231.2 242.6 214.0 201.8 179.7 193.2 211.8 20 235.5 214.6 145.2 134.8 110.7 217.2 237.9 22 115.0 174.8 114.0 153.2 141.0 140.7 201.5 23 234.9 257.8 191.4 220.4 192.5 216.7 257.3 24 239.9 277.0 102.8 145.9 103.6 239.5 279.9 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
265
Table 50. Raw Data For Morning Serum Testosterone on Experimental Days 4-9 (ng/ml) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D4 4.74 8.48 6.29 5.29 7.42 5.95 5.78 5.57
D5 3.56 7.06 6.46 5.51 6.67 6.77 4.97 6.63
D6 4.03 6.00 5.48 6.34 7.72 5.81 5.02 5.85
D7 5.40 6.66 4.88 5.68 7.06 7.17 5.25 4.03
D8 3.46 6.10 5.55 5.22 5.66 6.77 5.20 5.19
D9 4.80 6.49 5.49 5.12 5.53 5.44 5.10 4.40
D 10 4.45 5.76 50.5 5.16 6.91 5.35 5.01 5.08
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
4.29 5.77 6.20 6.67 5.03 5.95 7.20 8.13 6.01
3.57 5.10 5.98 6.15 5.27 5.46 6.66 6.30 6.55
3.62 5.36 6.25 7.01 5.49 5.17 6.64 6.48 6.10
3.86 4.70 7.67 7.77 5.62 4.15 6.27 6.77 6.84
3.75 5.19 7.01 6.49 4.99 4.65 6.85 6.77 6.72
4.69 5.42 6.57 5.91 4.70 6.01 6.72 7.57 6.73
4.30 5.40 6.18 6.17 4.63 6.35 7.20 7.31 6.16
P
3 4.66 3.79 4.22 3.83 3.79 4.43 4.47 4 6.88 5.54 5.65 5.12 6.26 6.23 5.68 11 6.09 5.47 6.40 6.13 6.90 6.05 6.20 13 5.38 5.53 4.44 4.91 5.28 4.02 4.67 15 5.66 4.66 5.28 6.09 5.41 6.00 6.00 20 3.48 3.90 3.58 3.76 3.38 4.20 2.98 22 4.38 4.45 4.41 4.93 4.68 5.28 5.07 23 5.53 5.33 5.53 5.20 5.33 4.86 4.83 24 7.33 5.05 6.26 5.87 5.87 5.25 5.14 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
266
Table 51. Raw Data For Morning Serum Creatine Kinase on Experimental Days 4-9 (U/L) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D4 59.5 47.2 147.6 80.0 100.3 41.0 26.7 41.0
D5 73.8 51.3 59.5 86.1 248.1 36.9 53.3 69.7
D6 1175 94.3 100.5 82.0 180.4 53.0 49.2 59.5
D7 6306 82 88.2 96.4 116.9 69.7 39.0 39.0
D8 12956 57.4 77.9 80.0 125.1 51.4 174.3 28.7
D9 12628 55.4 90.2 104.6 141.5 41.0 198.9 28.7
D 10 9119 43.1 88.2 114.8 98.4 14.4 159.9 116.9
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
88.2 30.8 32.8 114.8 264.5 43.1 34.9 32.8 135.3
444.9 57.4 49.2 346.5 387.5 59.5 55.4 36.9 51.3
393.6 176.3 51.3 354.7 293.2 61.5 94.3 49.2 219.4
227.6 96.4 57.4 159.9 145.6 69.7 110.7 45.1 449.0
237.6 61.5 34.9 135.5 88.2 65.6 1736.3 49.2 1198
209.1 41.0 39.0 137.4 55.4 39.0 1578.5 39.0 1169
116.9 47.2 34.9 88.2 55.4 47.2 1656.4 55.4 1148
P
3 24.6 43.1 172.2 2145 9086 7889 7249 4 28.7 100.5 225.6 145.6 365.0 1241 1226 11 100.5 153.8 186.6 143.5 121.0 133.1 131.2 13 55.4 104.6 92.3 65.6 219.4 483.8 545.3 15 84.0 209.1 367.0 299.2 881.5 1191 820.0 20 28.7 49.2 73.8 110.7 215.3 375.2 371.1 22 16.4 80.0 49.2 34.9 28.7 28.7 30.8 23 32.8 30.8 59.5 39.0 102.5 73.8 121.0 24 53.3 57.4 51.3 41.0 41.0 43.1 51.3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
267
Table 52. Raw Data For Morning Muscle Soreness Experimental Days 5-10 (1-10 Scale) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D5 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 1
D6 6 5 6 3 3 6 3 2
D7 8 4 6 3 4 4 2 2
D8 5 5 5 3 2 2 3 2
D9 2 4 4 2 2 1 2 1
D 10 1 5 2 1 1 1 2 1
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
3 3 4 1 3 4 7 3 2
4 6 3 1 4 2 4 3 4
2 8 2 1 3 2 4 1 3
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
P
3 1 5 7 7 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 1 1 11 2 2 3 1 1 1 13 1 3 4 3 1 1 15 2 2 4 4 3 2 20 1 3 3 2 1 1 22 1 3 3 1 1 1 23 1 5 4 2 2 1 24 1 4 3 2 1 1 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
268
Table 53. Raw Data For 24 Hr Urinary Creatinine on Experimental Days 3-9 (g) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D3 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.7
D4 1.9 1.5 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.1
D5 1.1 0.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.1 3.0
D6 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.5 0.6
D7 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.9
D8 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.3 3.0
D9 1.9 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 0.7 0.8
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
1.6 0.7 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.4 2.5 1.4
2.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.7 1.7 0.6 3.4
2.0 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.0
1.9 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 3.3
2.1 1.3 0.9 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.5
2.1 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.6
1.8 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.8
P
3 0.9 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.0 4 1.3 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.4 11 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.7 13 2.0 2.2 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.9 2.1 15 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.7 20 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.4 22 1.4 1.4 1.3 2.1 1.1 1.4 2.3 23 2.9 2.0 0.7 5.7 1.0 1.3 1.0 24 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.7 1.5 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
269
Table 54. Raw Data For 24 Hr Urinary 3-Methylhistidine Excretion on Experimental Days 4-9 (mol/day) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D3 377.1 202.9 117.4 111.2 204.9 182.4 196.8 177.3
D4 299.2 163.4 121.4 96.5 221.6 212.3 144.1 144.3
D5 231.8 170.7 165.5 158.8 244.2 237.0 189.3 146.7
D6 310.5 194.3 203.6 180.2 150.3 208.6 246.1 209.1
D7 310.9 207.2 144.0 142.9 185.6 200.1 220.4 198.2
D8 308.9 211.0 94.1 164.7 229.7 114.3 169.3 174.7
D9 339.6 151.7 137.4 167.9 215.3 210.2 90.3 206.4
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
151.2 135.1 203.5 238.4 194.3 200.3 198.2 185.0 627.6
171.2 212.8 181.7 178.1 215.9 209.3 247.6 183.5 196.5
385.1 230.1 189.6 247.0 274.7 156.6 268.0 206.8 301.7
212.3 203.2 211.9 184.6 242.8 250.3 267.0 180.2 214.2
177.7 191.1 165.7 198.0 266.9 212.5 190.2 166.7 200.3
234.6 220.4 166.5 173.7 257.5 205.8 232.5 188.3 220.8
183.9 165.4 176.5 196.3 229.5 151.9 205.4 198.5 313.9
P
3 151.7 83.3 212.6 243.5 91.9 247.5 149.8 4 120.6 158.0 243.8 224.6 184.3 161.3 131.8 11 164.7 201.5 249.5 181.7 201.5 224.3 206.6 13 208.8 248.9 218.5 239.3 201.1 218.4 241.6 15 246.9 232.0 228.1 219.1 197.1 463.5 218.8 20 147.8 198.0 222.9 216.3 181.1 186.7 170.2 22 192.2 211.2 197.4 263.0 214.6 225.3 228.4 23 277.6 219.6 264.2 129.7 213.0 161.0 272.4 24 260.8 240.2 249.3 230.9 229.1 204.4 227.9 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
270
Table 55. Raw Data For Morning Body Weight on Experimental Days 1-9 (kg) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
D1 115.5 65.3 74.0 62.0 66.3 72.6 65.9 79.0
D2 115.2 65.5 74.2 62.5 66.0 71.3 66.3 78.3
D3 114.4 64.7 74.1 62.4 66.2 71.9 66.3 78.0
D4 113.8 64.8 74.5 62.3 65.3 71.7 66.4 77.4
D5 114.5 64.7 74.1 61.6 65.5 71.5 66.4 77.5
D6 114.4 64.5 73.5 62.7 66.1 72.4 65.5 77.7
D7 114.5 64.2 73.5 62.2 66.7 72.5 66.0 77.7
D8 114.2 64.7 74.3 63.2 65.3 72.7 66.0 77.5
D9 113.2 65.2 74.3 63.2 65.3 72.0 66.7 77.8
D 10 114.0 64.9 74.2 62.8 65.3 72.0 66.6 77.4
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
69.1 73.1 75.6 76.0 73.7 69.6 80.0 55.7 86.2
70.0 73.3 75.9 76.5 73.7 69.7 79.7 55.6 86.3
69.4 73.1 75.8 75.7 73.5 69.4 79.6 55.0 85.4
69.5 73.2 75.7 75.7 73.0 69.1 80.0 55.8 85.0
69.1 73.0 75.7 75.3 72.8 69.1 79.7 56.1 85.3
68.7 73.3 75.7 75.5 72.8 69.1 79.7 56.1 85.3
68.3 73.4 75.8 75.8 72.8 68.9 79.9 55.8 85.7
69.0 73.5 76.1 76.0 72.8 69.5 79.7 55.7 85.5
70.0 72.9 75.7 75.5 72.9 68.5 79.5 55.2 85.7
69.5 73.1 75.5 75.7 72.8 68.9 79.5 54.8 85.5
P
3 93.7 93.4 93.0 93.6 92.8 92.8 93.2 92.8 93.5 93.7 4 77.9 78.5 78.5 78.0 77.8 78.6 77.8 78.0 77.9 78.0 11 79.7 79.9 80.5 79.9 79.8 79.3 79.5 79.5 78.9 78.9 13 83.0 83.2 82.7 82.9 82.7 82.7 82.5 82.7 83.0 83.2 15 73.0 73.6 73.2 73.8 73.2 73.7 73.8 72.9 73.2 73.8 20 83.2 83.2 82.7 82.5 82.7 82.6 82.2 82.7 83.0 82.8 22 64.5 64.8 64.9 64.1 64.7 64.9 64.7 64.7 64.7 64.4 23 86.2 87.5 86.9 86.2 85.9 85.8 85.9 86.5 85.8 85.6 24 69.8 70.0 68.7 68.7 68.6 68.6 68.7 69.4 68.9 69.1 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Eccentric resistance exercise was performed on day 5. C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
271
Table 56. Raw Data For Heart Rate (beats/min) During VO2peak Testing Flywheel Resistance (kg) Group CP
C
Time to Peak
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
Rest 85 76 59 64 74 82 74 87
0.5 107 86 67 83 94 99 102 99
1.0 103 100 82 103 109 109 107 108
1.5 107 114 90 114 124 124 116 126
2.0 125 130 101 126 132 134 131 139
2.5 135 144 115 141 155 144 147 155
3.0 140 160 132 150 168 162 165 170
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
76 88 73 94 74 62 64 95 69
93 85 82 104 90 81 93 103 90
105 93 93 104 110 89 109 107 101
115 103 115 125 119 109 133 113 114
129 125 129 122 136 126 142 130 132
147 142 144 136 142 141 162 143 147
167 153 162 158 154 162 173 162 157
P
3.5 156 170 144
4.0 164 181 163
4.5 176 187 178
5.0 189
182 173 188 190
185 186 189
197
203
168 166 171 167 180 183 175 176
176 180 181 177 190 196 180
188 188 196 207
191
(min)____ 20:08 17:00 18:00 13:20 15:00 19:18 16:00 13:00 11:55 15:00 18:00 19:00 17:00 17:40 17:00 15:36 14:00
3 74 72 99 112 130 139 160 175 182 16:00 4 80 86 95 111 122 137 148 162 173 17:00 11 101 101 116 129 136 167 170 186 196 17:52 13 108 108 124 131 145 154 167 180 187 195 201 19:00 15 89 90 98 105 116 129 144 159 175 181 18:00 20 97 108 126 144 158 167 188 185 185 15:00 22 75 105 116 126 147 160 165 173 184 16:15 23 75 88 95 105 117 128 152 168 184 190 18:00 24 87 115 127 152 165 179 189 11:09 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
272
Table 57. Raw Data For Overall/Legs Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE, 6-20 scale) During VO2peak Testing Flywheel Resistance (kg) Group
C
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
Rest 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 7/6 6/6 6/6 6/6
0.5 7/7 7/6 7/6 6/6 7/7 6/6 6/6 6/6
1.0 7/7 7/6 7/6 6/6 7/8 6/7 6/6 6/6
1.5 9/9 9/7 8/6 6/8 8/10 6/7 6/6 7/7
2.0 9/9 9/8 10/9 7/10 10/13 7/8 7/7 11/12
2.5 10/10 11/10 11/10 8/16 13/14 8/8 8/7 12/14
3.0 11/11 13/12 11/11 10/20 15/17 9/10 8/8 15/15
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
7/11 6/6 6/7 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/7
7/11 6/6 8/8 6/6 7/7 7/8 6/6 6/6 8/7
12/13 6/8 8/8 6/6 9/9 7/8 6/6 7/6 10/10
14/14 9/10 10/10 6/6 10/10 12/13 6/6 6/6 12/13
16/17 12/13 12/13 6/7 11/11 13/14 7/7 6/8 15/14
18/19 15/17 14/15 6/6 12/13 14/16 9/9 8/9 15/15
19/20 17/18 16/17 6/8 13/14 15/17 10/11 8/12 16/17
P
3.5 13/13 16/16 13/13 16/19 11/11 11/11
18/19 18/19 8/10 15/16 17/19 13/14 13/15 19/19
4.0 13/14
4.5 16/16
18/19
20/20
12/13 14/14
15/16
20/20 11/15 17/18 20/20 18/19 15/18
20/20 16/18 17/18 20/20
5.0 18/18
Peak 18/19 18/20 20/20 10/20 16/19 16/17 14/14 15/18 19/20 18/19 20/20 16/18 17/18 20/20 20/20 15/19 19/19
3 6/6 7/7 7/7 10/11 12/13 13/15 15/17 17/19 19/20 19/20 4 6/6 6/6 7/7 9/8 9/10 10/12 13/14 16/18 17/19 17/19 11 6/7 7/7 8/8 10/11 12/13 12/13 13/14 15/16 17/19 17/19 13 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/7 6/9 8/10 8/10 11/12 15/16 17/19 17/19 15 6/6 6/6 8/8 9/10 10/11 11/11 13/14 15/16 18/18 20/20 20/20 20 6/6 6/6 7/7 7/8 8/10 11/13 15/17 20/20 20/20 22 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/8 8/10 12/13 16/16 19/19 19/19 23 6/6 9/9 11/11 12/12 13/13 15/15 17/17 20/20 20/20 20/20 20/20 24 7/7 7/6 9/9 12/13 15/16 19/19 20/20 20/20 20/20 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
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Table 58. Raw Data For Heart Rate (beats/min) During Endurance Cycling on Day 4 Exercise Time (min)
Rest Taken
Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
5 162 162 127 150 143 183 186 169
10 162 162 130 159 157 190 187 181
15 162 168 144 162 161 191 187 185
20 168 168 144 163 166 196 186 191
25 180 173 147 165 170 190 188 187
30 180 174 132 150 173 191 185 191
35 186 174 142 157 156 182 185 196
40 186 180 140 157 166 183 185 200
(Y/N)________ Y Y Y Y Y N N Y
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
146 145 153 150 153 158 170 156 171
159 154 159 161 158 168 172 175 156
160 151 157 166 160 162 169 175 156
165 160 166 169 165 167 173 182 170
167 155 169 175 162 165 181 180 156
172 151 169 172 164 175 183 185 165
167 159 165 167 168 171 187 189 168
163 165 164 167 164 171 189 188 162
Y Y N N N N N N Y
P
3 162 162 168 173 173 180 180 180 Y 4 153 164 173 173 165 167 170 170 Y 11 162 174 177 181 175 184 187 187 Y 13 179 179 186 187 190 189 190 189 N 15 162 164 164 165 163 163 165 164 N 20 167 164 168 170 176 174 179 179 N 22 164 167 169 173 175 179 176 175 N 23 167 176 182 181 181 182 184 180 Y 24 173 183 179 184 185 182 187 180 Y __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
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Table 59. Raw Data For Overall/Legs Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE, 6-20 scale) During Endurance Cycling on Day 4 Exercise Time (min) Group CP
Subject 1 2 5 7 8 12 16 28
5 12/12 12/11 9/12 10/12 9/11 12/12 10/9 11/11
10 14/14 12/12 12/12 11/14 10/13 13/14 12/12 13/13
15 16/16 12/13 12/16 12/14 11/14 15/16 13/13 15/15
20 16/17 13/13 13/17 13/14 13/15 16/17 13/13 16/16
25 16/17 15/13 14/17 15/18 15/18 15/16 14/14 15/15
30 17/18 15/14 16/18 10/10 115/19 16/17 15/16 16/17
35 17/18 16/14 12/18 12/13 11/13 15/15 16/16 17/17
40 18/19 16/15 12/18 12/16 13/16 15/15 17/16 19/19
C
6 10 14 17 18 19 21 25 27
11/13 10/13 13/14 8/8 13/13 12/12 7/7 9/10 12/12
11/13 12/13 14/15 8/9 13/13 12/12 11/11 10/11 13/13
13/15 13/15 16/16 8/10 14/15 10/13 12/13 12/13 14/15
15/16 15/15 16/17 11/12 14/14 12/14 12/14 14/14 15/15
16/17 15/15 17/18 11/12 13/14 12/15 12/15 16/16 15/15
17/18 13/13 18/19 12/13 13/14 12/15 13/16 17/17 16/16
17/18 13/13 18/19 12/13 14/13 12/16 13/16 17/17 17/17
18/19 13/14 19/19 12/14 14/15 13/15 13/18 17/17 18/18
P
3 9/10 11/13 12/14 12/14 13/16 14/16 13/17 14/18 4 11/11 12/13 13/14 15/15 15/15 15/16 17/18 19/19 11 12/13 13/15 14/15 14/15 14/15 14/15 14/15 15/15 13 11/11 13/13 13/14 16/17 15/15 15/15 15/16 16/16 15 13/14 14/15 17/18 18/18 19/19 19/19 19/20 19/20 20 8/8 10/11 12/12 13/14 16/17 18/18 18/18 18/19 22 8/8 11/11 11/13 11/14 11/14 11/15 11/15 11/15 23 13/13 13/13 13/13 15/15 15/15 15/15 17/17 17/17 24 13/13 15/15 15/15 15/15 17/17 16/16 17/17 17/17 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Note: C, Carbohydrate; CP, Carbohydrate-Protein; P, Placebo.
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Vita Janet Regina Wojcik
Janet Regina Wojcik, daughter of Regina M. and the late John W. Wojcik, was born June 3, 1963, in Buffalo, NY. She has always had an interest in health and medicine. In 1983, she received an Associate of Applied Science degree in Medical Assisting from Erie Community College in Buffalo, NY. For three years she worked as a medical assistant at The Children’s Hospital of Buffalo Division of Pediatric Cardiology. During this time, she also worked part-time as a meeting leader for Weight Watchers and became increasingly interested in exercise training and optimal nutrition for exercise. She left The Children’s Hospital in 1986 to pursue further education in the Exercise Science program at the State University of New York at Buffalo. She graduated Magna Cum Laude in 1990 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Sport and Exercise Studies. Janet has held a variety of fitness instructor positions in corporate fitness centers, resorts, personal training studios, and community centers. In 1991, she obtained certification as a Health/Fitness Instructor from the American College of Sports Medicine. In 1992, Janet received an opportunity to pursue graduate studies at the Canisius College of Buffalo, NY. She received a Master of Science in Physical Education in 1994. While at Canisius, she immensely enjoyed working as a teaching and research assistant in a scholarly environment and decided to pursue further education at the doctoral level. On a personal note, Janet has additional loving family members consisting of 3 brothers, Robert, Jim, and Len; 1 sister, Margaret; and 10 nieces and nephews. In her spare time she enjoys exercising--outdoor cycling in particular, listening to rock-n-roll and blues, and is a Ford Mustang enthusiast.
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