Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on Radish Production Using ...

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L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio, The Bionetics Corporation. R. M. Wheeler, Biomedical. Operations and Research. Office. John F. Kennedy. Space Center, NASA.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Production C. L. Mackowiak,

Enrichment

Using Nutrient

on Radish

Film Technique

L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio and R. M. Wheeler

(NASA-TM-lO?I98) DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT PRODUCTION USING TECHNIQUE

(NFT)

EFFECT OF CARBON ON RADISH NUTRIENT FILM (NASA)

17

N94-2?411

p

Unc|as

_-_/51

Technical

(NFT)

Memorandum

109198

March

1994

0000297

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Production C. L. Mackowiak,

Using Nutrient

L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio,

R. M. Wheeler, Biomedical Operations John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA

Technical

Enrichment

Memorandum

109198

Film Technique

The Bionetics

and Research

on Radish

Corporation

Office

March

1994

(NFT)

TABLE

OF CONTENTS

SECTION

TABLE

PAGE

OF

coNTENTS

..............................................................................

i

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ LIST

OF TABLES

AND

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PRODUCT

DISCLAIMER

INTRODUCTION

FIGURES

................................................................

iii

..........................................................................

iv

...........................................................................

v

....................................................................................

1

MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... Environmental conditions ...................................................................... Culture ...........................................................................................

1 2 2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... Biomass ........................................................................................... Water uptake and pH control ..................................................................

3 3 4

CONCLUSIONS

5

......................................................................................

TABLES

...............................................................................................

6

FIGURES

..............................................................................................

7

REFERENCES

........................................................................................

9

ABSTRACT Radishplants(Raphanussativus Globe)

were

kPa (400, Cherry

grown

moderately

showed affected,

led to greater kPa produced Globe.

in four different

1000, 5000,

Belle

10000

and Early

root dry matter greater

storage

cultivars.

Root:shoot

efficiency

(g biomass/kg

pH was lowest by the plants

Cultivar response

Scarlet (DM)

Globe

than

root, shoot,

Giant

White

tended

responses

H20)

increased

at the 1.00 kPa treatment.

to CO2 enrichment, was strongly

at the 1.00 kPa treatment

with increasing

with increasing

±±

0.50,

varied, White

Enrichment

White

Globe,

to the growth

and

1.00

where

cv. was

at 0.10 kPa whereas

0.10

Scarlet

of certain

CO2 concentration.

radish

Water

use

up to 0.5 kPa but

acid used to maintain a decreased

Scarlet

Globe

1.00 kPa for cv. Early

CO2 enrichment,

as well, suggesting

CO2 level.

0.10,

cv. Giant

affected.

and root DM than

The total nitric

0.04,

and Early

to CO2 treatments

1.00 kPa for cv. Giant

to increase

Globe,

environments,

that 1.00 kPa CO2 may be detrimental

ratios

at the highest

Belie,

CO2 enriched

ppm).

no significant

The data suggest

then declined

L. cvs. Cherry

nutrient

demand

solution

of nutrients

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE

PAGE

1

Inorganiccompositionof thenutrientsolutions.............................................

6

2

Yield parametersof radishasinfluencedby CO2 ...........................................

6

FIGURE 1

Effect of CO2on radishplantdry mass .....................................................

7

2

Effect of CO2

8

on water

and nitric

acid requirements

iii

.......................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would for screening

like to thank several

Elise Blaese

radish

cultivars,

and the Student from which

this study.

J.v

Life Science

Training

three of the best yielding

Program were

(SLSTP)

selected

for

PRODUCT

This report, in whole employees mislead.

DISCLAIMER

or part, may not be used to state or imply

of a commercial

product,

process

or service,

the endorsement

or used in any other

by NASA manner

that might

INTRODUCTION

Interest Systems

has been generated

(CELSS)

salad crops Freedom

for long-duration

have been given

includes

Station.

limited.

lettuce

surfaces

normal in Space

Shuttle

communication; enrichment levels.

studies

effects

of much

It has been growth

1993).

CO2 levels

The objectives CO2 enrichment, (WUE)

under

MATERIALS

2.4 m walk-in

growth

chamber

particular

treatment,

a density

and

as great

Most

that are twice that 0.06

ambient

- 0.07 kPa CO2

occur in space

habitats,

have not been

0.10 kPa (1000

in some plants, only minor

e.g. cucumber effects

ppm)

may

(Peet,

in two soybean

~ 10% less than that at 0.10 kPa (Wheeler

CO2 effects

CO2

et al., 1982; Idso et al., 1988).

much beyond

and cultivar

as 0.60 kPa

1993, personal

communication).

(Sionit

reductions

levels

far above

et al.,

dependent.

three cultivars

on radish

of radish,

production

with four levels

and water

of

use efficiencies

AND METHODS

16-day

Belle

is

light conditions.

of four

Cherry

Corp.,

has shown

that might

were to 1) grow

and 2) determine moderate

production

at 0.50 kPa have revealed

may be species

A series

CO2

in yield

of this study

systems

et al., 1991), but CO2

on concentrations

CO2 enrichment

at 0.50 kPa being

CO2 effects

Bionetics

concentrations

CO2 levels,

that

"Salad

on the

and quality),

to report

1991, personal

on radish

resulting

with growth Thus

higher

(intensity

It is not unusual

have focused

over ambient

suggested

inhibition,

However,

plants

for production

in hydroponic

et al., 1983; Inada

(D. Weigreffe,

enrichment

yields

radiation

Station

The project

space craft tend to have CO2 concentrations

Cosmonaut,

involving

dioxide

in space.

Space

scale,

defined.

inhabited

and Mir quarters

in improved

However,

(Cracker

kPa) levels.

V. Polyakov,

Carbon

resulted

(0.035

to its culture

Life Support

On a smaller

fresh food aboard

of plant production

for temperature,

of human

ambient

Ecological

and lunar habitations.

to provide

pertaining

have not been thouroughly

Earth

cultivars,

missions

as a means

been investigated

The atmosphere

1986).

attention

information

response

have

responses

cause

space

Controlled

as one of the crops that will be considered

However,

Yield

photoperiod

studied.

in developing

and also to aid in the understanding

Machine" Space

by NASA

(CB),

of 24 plants

Giant

radish

(Raphanus

(EGC

Inc., Chagrin

and the CO2 treatments White

Globe

per square

meter.

sativus

(GWG), Analysis

L.) studies

Falls,

OH).

was conducted Each

were not repeated. and Early of variance

Scarlet

study

Within Globe

(ANOVA)

in a 1.8 m x

was set up as a

each treatment

(ESG)

were grown

was used to analyze

cvs. at

the cultivarsindividually. MeanseparationwasperformedusingScheffe'stest(SASversion 6.07, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC). Environmental The ppm).

Conditions:

four

The

resulting

within

5% (coefficients

activity

5% of setpoint

0.50,

and

over normal

with an infrared

around

1.00 kPa (400,

ambient

the growth

gas analyzer

with a dedicated

computer

Inc., North

was provided

Levels

Inc., Santa system.

Bergen,

with thirty 96-inch

N J). Photosynthetic

10000 periodic

of CO 2 in the

Barbara,

Levels

CA)

of CO2 were

Temperatures

for all tests averaged during

VHO Vita-Lite

photon

230 lamol m "2 s -1 _+3% CV using a 20 h light/4

were constant

5000,

kPa) to avoid

chamber.

(ANARAD

tests averaged

humidities

(0.035

1000,

or CV) of the set point.

in the chamber

(Duro-Test

0.10,

was chosen

of variation

Irradiance

0.04,

from human

were monitored

and controlled

lamps

were

0.04 kPa treatment

CO2 increases chamber

treatments

CO2

flux (PPF)

levels

for all

h dark photoperiod.

23.9 + 0.3 C light and 23.0 + 0.4 C dark.

the light/dark

fluorescent

cycle and averaged

Relative

69 +_ 1%.

Culture: Plants 1989).

grown

Two kinds

type used of rows Nytex

were

in eight trapezoidal-shaped,

of plant support

for soybean

and wheat

of juxtapositioned

TM

plastic

fabric

second

insert

design

had been

did not affect

(tray)

production

black

on white

for wicking

was similar

nutrient

but had holes

used in lettuce

inserts

culture

were tested.

studies plastic

containing studies

it was not factored

trays (Mackowiak

The first insert

(Mackowiak,

in which

solution

production

plant performance,

plastic

at the bottom the plastic (Prince

was the same

et al., 1989)

was positioned

et al.,

and consisted

a double

piece

of

of the tray to the seed. The

strips rather

and Knott,

into the results

than rows.

1989).

Since

This insert

style

and will not be discussed

further. The nutrient monitored

additions

of 0.39 M nitric

maintain

a constant

Twelve

days.

Nutrient

volume

acid.

Water

half-strength

concentrate

1). Elemental

solution

to maintain

concentrations

pH was controlled

was manually

Hoagland

added

mix, and was

the solution

electrical

were monitored

automatically

weekly

to 5.8 units with

to the reservoir

each day to

(80 L).

dry seeds were planted covers

of a modified

daily with a nutrient

at 0.12 _+0.02 S m -1 (Table

ICP spectroscopy.

germination

was composed

and replenished

conductivity using

solution

directly

were used to maintain

At 7 days after planting

(DAP),

onto inserts

high humidity

extra plants

for each trray. around

were removed,

White

the seedlings resulting

acrylic for the fn'st four

in six plants

per

tray. Both GWGandCB hadthreereplicates(3 trays)anddueto chamberspace,ESGhad two replicates. Plantswereharvestedat 16DAP,whenleaf andstorageroot freshmass(b'M),andleaf areawererecorded.Leaf,storageroot,andfiberousroot tissueweredried at70 C for 48 h prior to measuringdry mass(DM). RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Biomass: Results been

reported

differences been

showed

that CO2 effects

for soybean in growth

(Wheeler

parameters

seen with cv. Sativas

negative

effects

There

appeared

et al., 1993).

testing

at 3.0 kPa (Pfeufer

and ESG (Fig la), although

the differences

enrichment

to increase

mainly

associated

Mitchell,

shown

with more extensive

Cultivar

for radish,

CB showed

CO2 levels

(Table

just as had

no significant

2). Similar

findings

up to 1.0 kPa, but there

and Krug,

were not significant

branching

were

1984).

leaf area at 0.10 kPa CO2 enrichment

leaf area in many

have

(Table

other crops;

2).

for GWG

Moderate

however,

and less from individual

this was

leaf size (Lawlor

and

1991).

There

was some

effect of CO2 on root dry mass

0.10 kPa produced

significantly

biomass

by 143%

1992).

dependent

CO2 concentrations

to be a trend of greater

has been

were cultivar

under the tested

when

on growth

on yield

increased There

also appeared

and dry mass, treatment

where

(Table

Enrichment

CO2 was raised

to be a CO2 effect

root:shoot

ratios

for storage

no significant

and CB showed

declined

high storage

may suggest

to increase

We found

at the 1.00 kPa treatment namely,

root

GWG

standard

(Fig lb).

errors.

degree

variables. along

at 0.1 kPa CO2; however,

of variation

CO2 treatments.

of heterozygosity

1.00 kPa CO2

The most productive

In fact, the coefficient

et al.,

for radish,

at 0.50 kPa and ESG at 0.10 kPa CO2,

than it was for CB, across

was a higher

ratios

root

root fresh mass

for those

root:shoot

CO2 at

Soybean

kPa (Rogers

than the

differences

results

2).

to storage

greater

similar

where

treatments

also had for GWG

The greater

in ESG and GWG

and

variation

seed, which

by CO2 enrichments.

Partitioning there were definite GWG

et al., 1988).

38% greater

that there

was accentuated

(Idso

to 0.67

with cv. ESG relative

GWG

root yields,

ESG was about

from 0.035

was significantly

to 0.07 kPa CO2 has been reported root crops

than either

when

and ESG,

than at 1.00 kPa (Table

the 0.10 kPa treatment

2).

with other

relatively

more root dry mass

for both GWG

into the storage cultivar

root per se, was not affected

differences,

or ESG (Fig lc).

where

Although 3

by CO2 concentration;

CB had consistently GWG

had the lowest

greater harvest

harvest index,

however, index

values

it usually

hadthe largeststoragerootsandtotal biomass.Subsequently, growth

rate (g m -2 d -1) and conversion

values,

it may be a candidate

efficiency

for denser

plantings.

CO2 concentrations

(Table

growing

used in these studies.

conditions

2), leading

responses

to CO2 enrichment

so cultivar

selection

would

In a CELSS, energy.

Sionit

great

et al. (1982)

with CO2 enrichment photoperiod.

However,

between

yields

shown

h dark photoperiod

light and dark cycles

highest

Water

have

(Inada

leaf area by varying

of CO2 and

to learn that the variation

with other environmental

on efficient

yields,

use of mass,

of high PPF (1200 when

using

parameters,

combined

words,

h dark for radish

that varied

plants

may not be the most energy

and

_tmol m -2 s-1)

efficiency

with a thermoperiod

In other

volume,

a 14 h light/10

that the best light conversion

et al., 1991).

in high PPF environments

the range

crop

environment.

be placed

radish

under

not be surprising

that a combination

kPa) improved

others

was with a 20 h light/04

would

CB had lower to be less affected

yields

may also occur

have found

(0.07

It would

on the the culture

importance

Since

It also seems

to very predictable

in cultivar

depend

per plant.

it also had the greatest

5 C

that can produce

(photon)

efficient.

and pH Control: Since

all cultivars

evapotranspiration) uptake

above

Increasing

0.10

(Wheeler

0.04 kPa increased

These

results

were highly

correlated

(r 2 = 0.97).

1992). method

units:

AUE

Measurement

were similar

kPa CO2, which

did not correlate

leaf area (r 2 = 0.82). such as lettuce,

corresponded

Nitric

causes

an increase

use as a storage

may have been

luxury

to lower

in treatments

having

in solution

in this study,

or AUE).

total biomass but

of nitrate, smaller

1989).

which

leaf areas.

resulted to the

AUE

(Fig 2b).

it correlated

in leaf vacuoles

pool (Blom-Zandstra,

consumption

dry mass

acid use was normalized

(r 2 = 0.55),

to accumulate

use efficiency

for soybean

total plant

with the greatest

Water

at levels

between

of HCO3-

well with total biomass

AUEs

reported

of acid (i.e. acid use efficiency

has been found

for subsequent

that there leading

Nitrate

to those

decreased

acid used for pH control

NO3- uptake.

g total biomass/mmole

CO2 treatment.

1-120 (i.e. water

but WUE

the relationship

of the nitric

for determining

water use (total

for any single

WUE,

NO3- is taken up by the plant, the release

at 0.10

vacuoles,

CO2 above

system,

units: g total biomass/kg

in this study,

in an indirect

suggest

combined,

however,

pH (Schon,

WUE,

all the cultivars

et al., 1993);

When

greatest

delivery

to the following

kPa CO2 (Fig 2a).

and WUE

following

the same nutrient

represented

was normalized

or WUE).

shared

of leafy

was Unlike

well with vegetables,

Our results

was stored

in leaf

CONCLUSIONS

Effects

of CO2 on radish

where

CO2 enrichment

GWG

and ESG.

of the other GWG

produced

Globe

ranked

chamber where

dioxide

parameters

enrichment for CB.

between

efficiency

to results

was greatest

CO2 levels

found

CO2 concentration.

Based

kPa was detrimental

to GWG

adjusted,

along

parameters,

elevated

on yields,

and ESG.

with CO2, for optimal

index

and AUE,

irradiance,

radish

5

all CO2 treatments. of harvest

production.

hterature

studies

and was poorest

Early

using

Scarlet

soybean,

at the lowest

use of nitrate

at 0. l0 at the highest

that CO2 enrichment

and thermoperiod,

to 1.0

that other might

but

Total

was greatest

suggests

or on any

of GWG,

parameters.

CO2 enrichment

it appears

leaf area for

on yields

twice the value

to inefficient

dependent,

to increase

Acid Use Efficiency

The available

i.e., photoperiod,

and tended

CO2 levels

may be related

WUE,

were cultivar

0.04 kPa had no effect

for a majority

(i.e. 0.04 and 1.00 kPa).

at 1.00 kPa, which

environmental

above

in previous

at moderately

kPa CO2 and lowest

yields

root than CB, over

the other two cultivars

was similar

system

CB had a harvest

up to 70% more storage

WUE

and highest

in a hydroponic

to 0.10 - 0.50 kPa improved

Carbon

harvest

production

also be

Table

1. Inorganic

composition

of the nutrient

KI-I2PO

4

MgSO4

H3BO3 MllC12

ZnSO4 CuSO4 6Mo7024

2. Effect

Cultivar*

CB CB CB CB

of CO2

concentration

5.0

1.0

8.0 (BM) 90.00 24.00 18.50 3.20 2.60 0.05

on the yield parameters

of three

radish

cultivars.

SR**

SR

TOP

ROOT

(kPa)

(g FM/plant)

(g DM/plant)

(g DM/plant)

(g DM/plant)

(cm)

0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00

8.39 8.51 8.32 8.20

0.52 0.56 0.52 0.51

0.43 (0.04) 0.47 (o.o4) 0.43 (0.o4) 0.44 (o.o4)

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03

85 84 84 76

(o.53) (o.88) (0.50) (0.77) ns

0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00

..Significance ESG ESG ESG ESG Significance

0.5

CO2

Significance GWG GWG GWG GWG

per liter.

(mM) 9.0 17.5

(BM) 50.00 4.75 3.70 0.52 0.64 0.02

FeoEDTA

solutions

REPLENISHMENT CONCENTRATION

(mM) 2.5 2.5

Ca(NO3)2 KNO3

Table

and replenishment

NUTRIENT SOLUTION CONCENTRATION

SALT

(NI--I4)

solution

10.8 11.9 14.2 10.2

(1.37) (1.4o) (2.02) (1.64)

ns 0.61 0.72 0.80 0.57

ns 0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00

9.5 (0.65) 12.7 (1.72) 11.5 (1.11) 7.5 (0.96) p < 0.05

(0.o4) (o.o6) (o.o3) (o.o4)

(o.o7) (0.08) (O.lO) (0.09)

ns 1.66 2.04 1.94 1.49

ns 0.59 (0.o4) 0.87 (O.li) 0.77 (o.o7) 0.47 (o.o6) p < 0.05

(o.15) (o.12) (o.14) (o.11)

ns 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.18

(o.o2) (0.03) (0.03) (o.o2)

0.76 1.12 0.84 0.67 p