L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio, The Bionetics Corporation. R. M. Wheeler, Biomedical. Operations and Research. Office. John F. Kennedy. Space Center, NASA.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Production C. L. Mackowiak,
Enrichment
Using Nutrient
on Radish
Film Technique
L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio and R. M. Wheeler
(NASA-TM-lO?I98) DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT PRODUCTION USING TECHNIQUE
(NFT)
EFFECT OF CARBON ON RADISH NUTRIENT FILM (NASA)
17
N94-2?411
p
Unc|as
_-_/51
Technical
(NFT)
Memorandum
109198
March
1994
0000297
Effect of Carbon Dioxide Production C. L. Mackowiak,
Using Nutrient
L. M. Ruffe, N. C. Yorio,
R. M. Wheeler, Biomedical Operations John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA
Technical
Enrichment
Memorandum
109198
Film Technique
The Bionetics
and Research
on Radish
Corporation
Office
March
1994
(NFT)
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
SECTION
TABLE
PAGE
OF
coNTENTS
..............................................................................
i
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................ LIST
OF TABLES
AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PRODUCT
DISCLAIMER
INTRODUCTION
FIGURES
................................................................
iii
..........................................................................
iv
...........................................................................
v
....................................................................................
1
MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................... Environmental conditions ...................................................................... Culture ...........................................................................................
1 2 2
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................... Biomass ........................................................................................... Water uptake and pH control ..................................................................
3 3 4
CONCLUSIONS
5
......................................................................................
TABLES
...............................................................................................
6
FIGURES
..............................................................................................
7
REFERENCES
........................................................................................
9
ABSTRACT Radishplants(Raphanussativus Globe)
were
kPa (400, Cherry
grown
moderately
showed affected,
led to greater kPa produced Globe.
in four different
1000, 5000,
Belle
10000
and Early
root dry matter greater
storage
cultivars.
Root:shoot
efficiency
(g biomass/kg
pH was lowest by the plants
Cultivar response
Scarlet (DM)
Globe
than
root, shoot,
Giant
White
tended
responses
H20)
increased
at the 1.00 kPa treatment.
to CO2 enrichment, was strongly
at the 1.00 kPa treatment
with increasing
with increasing
±±
0.50,
varied, White
Enrichment
White
Globe,
to the growth
and
1.00
where
cv. was
at 0.10 kPa whereas
0.10
Scarlet
of certain
CO2 concentration.
radish
Water
use
up to 0.5 kPa but
acid used to maintain a decreased
Scarlet
Globe
1.00 kPa for cv. Early
CO2 enrichment,
as well, suggesting
CO2 level.
0.10,
cv. Giant
affected.
and root DM than
The total nitric
0.04,
and Early
to CO2 treatments
1.00 kPa for cv. Giant
to increase
Globe,
environments,
that 1.00 kPa CO2 may be detrimental
ratios
at the highest
Belie,
CO2 enriched
ppm).
no significant
The data suggest
then declined
L. cvs. Cherry
nutrient
demand
solution
of nutrients
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLE
PAGE
1
Inorganiccompositionof thenutrientsolutions.............................................
6
2
Yield parametersof radishasinfluencedby CO2 ...........................................
6
FIGURE 1
Effect of CO2on radishplantdry mass .....................................................
7
2
Effect of CO2
8
on water
and nitric
acid requirements
iii
.......................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would for screening
like to thank several
Elise Blaese
radish
cultivars,
and the Student from which
this study.
J.v
Life Science
Training
three of the best yielding
Program were
(SLSTP)
selected
for
PRODUCT
This report, in whole employees mislead.
DISCLAIMER
or part, may not be used to state or imply
of a commercial
product,
process
or service,
the endorsement
or used in any other
by NASA manner
that might
INTRODUCTION
Interest Systems
has been generated
(CELSS)
salad crops Freedom
for long-duration
have been given
includes
Station.
limited.
lettuce
surfaces
normal in Space
Shuttle
communication; enrichment levels.
studies
effects
of much
It has been growth
1993).
CO2 levels
The objectives CO2 enrichment, (WUE)
under
MATERIALS
2.4 m walk-in
growth
chamber
particular
treatment,
a density
and
as great
Most
that are twice that 0.06
ambient
- 0.07 kPa CO2
occur in space
habitats,
have not been
0.10 kPa (1000
in some plants, only minor
e.g. cucumber effects
ppm)
may
(Peet,
in two soybean
~ 10% less than that at 0.10 kPa (Wheeler
CO2 effects
CO2
et al., 1982; Idso et al., 1988).
much beyond
and cultivar
as 0.60 kPa
1993, personal
communication).
(Sionit
reductions
levels
far above
et al.,
dependent.
three cultivars
on radish
of radish,
production
with four levels
and water
of
use efficiencies
AND METHODS
16-day
Belle
is
light conditions.
of four
Cherry
Corp.,
has shown
that might
were to 1) grow
and 2) determine moderate
production
at 0.50 kPa have revealed
may be species
A series
CO2
in yield
of this study
systems
et al., 1991), but CO2
on concentrations
CO2 enrichment
at 0.50 kPa being
CO2 effects
Bionetics
concentrations
CO2 levels,
that
"Salad
on the
and quality),
to report
1991, personal
on radish
resulting
with growth Thus
higher
(intensity
It is not unusual
have focused
over ambient
suggested
inhibition,
However,
plants
for production
in hydroponic
et al., 1983; Inada
(D. Weigreffe,
enrichment
yields
radiation
Station
The project
space craft tend to have CO2 concentrations
Cosmonaut,
involving
dioxide
in space.
Space
scale,
defined.
inhabited
and Mir quarters
in improved
However,
(Cracker
kPa) levels.
V. Polyakov,
Carbon
resulted
(0.035
to its culture
Life Support
On a smaller
fresh food aboard
of plant production
for temperature,
of human
ambient
Ecological
and lunar habitations.
to provide
pertaining
have not been thouroughly
Earth
cultivars,
missions
as a means
been investigated
The atmosphere
1986).
attention
information
response
have
responses
cause
space
Controlled
as one of the crops that will be considered
However,
Yield
photoperiod
studied.
in developing
and also to aid in the understanding
Machine" Space
by NASA
(CB),
of 24 plants
Giant
radish
(Raphanus
(EGC
Inc., Chagrin
and the CO2 treatments White
Globe
per square
meter.
sativus
(GWG), Analysis
L.) studies
Falls,
OH).
was conducted Each
were not repeated. and Early of variance
Scarlet
study
Within Globe
(ANOVA)
in a 1.8 m x
was set up as a
each treatment
(ESG)
were grown
was used to analyze
cvs. at
the cultivarsindividually. MeanseparationwasperformedusingScheffe'stest(SASversion 6.07, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC). Environmental The ppm).
Conditions:
four
The
resulting
within
5% (coefficients
activity
5% of setpoint
0.50,
and
over normal
with an infrared
around
1.00 kPa (400,
ambient
the growth
gas analyzer
with a dedicated
computer
Inc., North
was provided
Levels
Inc., Santa system.
Bergen,
with thirty 96-inch
N J). Photosynthetic
10000 periodic
of CO 2 in the
Barbara,
Levels
CA)
of CO2 were
Temperatures
for all tests averaged during
VHO Vita-Lite
photon
230 lamol m "2 s -1 _+3% CV using a 20 h light/4
were constant
5000,
kPa) to avoid
chamber.
(ANARAD
tests averaged
humidities
(0.035
1000,
or CV) of the set point.
in the chamber
(Duro-Test
0.10,
was chosen
of variation
Irradiance
0.04,
from human
were monitored
and controlled
lamps
were
0.04 kPa treatment
CO2 increases chamber
treatments
CO2
flux (PPF)
levels
for all
h dark photoperiod.
23.9 + 0.3 C light and 23.0 + 0.4 C dark.
the light/dark
fluorescent
cycle and averaged
Relative
69 +_ 1%.
Culture: Plants 1989).
grown
Two kinds
type used of rows Nytex
were
in eight trapezoidal-shaped,
of plant support
for soybean
and wheat
of juxtapositioned
TM
plastic
fabric
second
insert
design
had been
did not affect
(tray)
production
black
on white
for wicking
was similar
nutrient
but had holes
used in lettuce
inserts
culture
were tested.
studies plastic
containing studies
it was not factored
trays (Mackowiak
The first insert
(Mackowiak,
in which
solution
production
plant performance,
plastic
at the bottom the plastic (Prince
was the same
et al., 1989)
was positioned
et al.,
and consisted
a double
piece
of
of the tray to the seed. The
strips rather
and Knott,
into the results
than rows.
1989).
Since
This insert
style
and will not be discussed
further. The nutrient monitored
additions
of 0.39 M nitric
maintain
a constant
Twelve
days.
Nutrient
volume
acid.
Water
half-strength
concentrate
1). Elemental
solution
to maintain
concentrations
pH was controlled
was manually
Hoagland
added
mix, and was
the solution
electrical
were monitored
automatically
weekly
to 5.8 units with
to the reservoir
each day to
(80 L).
dry seeds were planted covers
of a modified
daily with a nutrient
at 0.12 _+0.02 S m -1 (Table
ICP spectroscopy.
germination
was composed
and replenished
conductivity using
solution
directly
were used to maintain
At 7 days after planting
(DAP),
onto inserts
high humidity
extra plants
for each trray. around
were removed,
White
the seedlings resulting
acrylic for the fn'st four
in six plants
per
tray. Both GWGandCB hadthreereplicates(3 trays)anddueto chamberspace,ESGhad two replicates. Plantswereharvestedat 16DAP,whenleaf andstorageroot freshmass(b'M),andleaf areawererecorded.Leaf,storageroot,andfiberousroot tissueweredried at70 C for 48 h prior to measuringdry mass(DM). RESULTSAND DISCUSSION Biomass: Results been
reported
differences been
showed
that CO2 effects
for soybean in growth
(Wheeler
parameters
seen with cv. Sativas
negative
effects
There
appeared
et al., 1993).
testing
at 3.0 kPa (Pfeufer
and ESG (Fig la), although
the differences
enrichment
to increase
mainly
associated
Mitchell,
shown
with more extensive
Cultivar
for radish,
CB showed
CO2 levels
(Table
just as had
no significant
2). Similar
findings
up to 1.0 kPa, but there
and Krug,
were not significant
branching
were
1984).
leaf area at 0.10 kPa CO2 enrichment
leaf area in many
have
(Table
other crops;
2).
for GWG
Moderate
however,
and less from individual
this was
leaf size (Lawlor
and
1991).
There
was some
effect of CO2 on root dry mass
0.10 kPa produced
significantly
biomass
by 143%
1992).
dependent
CO2 concentrations
to be a trend of greater
has been
were cultivar
under the tested
when
on growth
on yield
increased There
also appeared
and dry mass, treatment
where
(Table
Enrichment
CO2 was raised
to be a CO2 effect
root:shoot
ratios
for storage
no significant
and CB showed
declined
high storage
may suggest
to increase
We found
at the 1.00 kPa treatment namely,
root
GWG
standard
(Fig lb).
errors.
degree
variables. along
at 0.1 kPa CO2; however,
of variation
CO2 treatments.
of heterozygosity
1.00 kPa CO2
The most productive
In fact, the coefficient
et al.,
for radish,
at 0.50 kPa and ESG at 0.10 kPa CO2,
than it was for CB, across
was a higher
ratios
root
root fresh mass
for those
root:shoot
CO2 at
Soybean
kPa (Rogers
than the
differences
results
2).
to storage
greater
similar
where
treatments
also had for GWG
The greater
in ESG and GWG
and
variation
seed, which
by CO2 enrichments.
Partitioning there were definite GWG
et al., 1988).
38% greater
that there
was accentuated
(Idso
to 0.67
with cv. ESG relative
GWG
root yields,
ESG was about
from 0.035
was significantly
to 0.07 kPa CO2 has been reported root crops
than either
when
and ESG,
than at 1.00 kPa (Table
the 0.10 kPa treatment
2).
with other
relatively
more root dry mass
for both GWG
into the storage cultivar
root per se, was not affected
differences,
or ESG (Fig lc).
where
Although 3
by CO2 concentration;
CB had consistently GWG
had the lowest
greater harvest
harvest index,
however, index
values
it usually
hadthe largeststoragerootsandtotal biomass.Subsequently, growth
rate (g m -2 d -1) and conversion
values,
it may be a candidate
efficiency
for denser
plantings.
CO2 concentrations
(Table
growing
used in these studies.
conditions
2), leading
responses
to CO2 enrichment
so cultivar
selection
would
In a CELSS, energy.
Sionit
great
et al. (1982)
with CO2 enrichment photoperiod.
However,
between
yields
shown
h dark photoperiod
light and dark cycles
highest
Water
have
(Inada
leaf area by varying
of CO2 and
to learn that the variation
with other environmental
on efficient
yields,
use of mass,
of high PPF (1200 when
using
parameters,
combined
words,
h dark for radish
that varied
plants
may not be the most energy
and
_tmol m -2 s-1)
efficiency
with a thermoperiod
In other
volume,
a 14 h light/10
that the best light conversion
et al., 1991).
in high PPF environments
the range
crop
environment.
be placed
radish
under
not be surprising
that a combination
kPa) improved
others
was with a 20 h light/04
would
CB had lower to be less affected
yields
may also occur
have found
(0.07
It would
on the the culture
importance
Since
It also seems
to very predictable
in cultivar
depend
per plant.
it also had the greatest
5 C
that can produce
(photon)
efficient.
and pH Control: Since
all cultivars
evapotranspiration) uptake
above
Increasing
0.10
(Wheeler
0.04 kPa increased
These
results
were highly
correlated
(r 2 = 0.97).
1992). method
units:
AUE
Measurement
were similar
kPa CO2, which
did not correlate
leaf area (r 2 = 0.82). such as lettuce,
corresponded
Nitric
causes
an increase
use as a storage
may have been
luxury
to lower
in treatments
having
in solution
in this study,
or AUE).
total biomass but
of nitrate, smaller
1989).
which
leaf areas.
resulted to the
AUE
(Fig 2b).
it correlated
in leaf vacuoles
pool (Blom-Zandstra,
consumption
dry mass
acid use was normalized
(r 2 = 0.55),
to accumulate
use efficiency
for soybean
total plant
with the greatest
Water
at levels
between
of HCO3-
well with total biomass
AUEs
reported
of acid (i.e. acid use efficiency
has been found
for subsequent
that there leading
Nitrate
to those
decreased
acid used for pH control
NO3- uptake.
g total biomass/mmole
CO2 treatment.
1-120 (i.e. water
but WUE
the relationship
of the nitric
for determining
water use (total
for any single
WUE,
NO3- is taken up by the plant, the release
at 0.10
vacuoles,
CO2 above
system,
units: g total biomass/kg
in this study,
in an indirect
suggest
combined,
however,
pH (Schon,
WUE,
all the cultivars
et al., 1993);
When
greatest
delivery
to the following
kPa CO2 (Fig 2a).
and WUE
following
the same nutrient
represented
was normalized
or WUE).
shared
of leafy
was Unlike
well with vegetables,
Our results
was stored
in leaf
CONCLUSIONS
Effects
of CO2 on radish
where
CO2 enrichment
GWG
and ESG.
of the other GWG
produced
Globe
ranked
chamber where
dioxide
parameters
enrichment for CB.
between
efficiency
to results
was greatest
CO2 levels
found
CO2 concentration.
Based
kPa was detrimental
to GWG
adjusted,
along
parameters,
elevated
on yields,
and ESG.
with CO2, for optimal
index
and AUE,
irradiance,
radish
5
all CO2 treatments. of harvest
production.
hterature
studies
and was poorest
Early
using
Scarlet
soybean,
at the lowest
use of nitrate
at 0. l0 at the highest
that CO2 enrichment
and thermoperiod,
to 1.0
that other might
but
Total
was greatest
suggests
or on any
of GWG,
parameters.
CO2 enrichment
it appears
leaf area for
on yields
twice the value
to inefficient
dependent,
to increase
Acid Use Efficiency
The available
i.e., photoperiod,
and tended
CO2 levels
may be related
WUE,
were cultivar
0.04 kPa had no effect
for a majority
(i.e. 0.04 and 1.00 kPa).
at 1.00 kPa, which
environmental
above
in previous
at moderately
kPa CO2 and lowest
yields
root than CB, over
the other two cultivars
was similar
system
CB had a harvest
up to 70% more storage
WUE
and highest
in a hydroponic
to 0.10 - 0.50 kPa improved
Carbon
harvest
production
also be
Table
1. Inorganic
composition
of the nutrient
KI-I2PO
4
MgSO4
H3BO3 MllC12
ZnSO4 CuSO4 6Mo7024
2. Effect
Cultivar*
CB CB CB CB
of CO2
concentration
5.0
1.0
8.0 (BM) 90.00 24.00 18.50 3.20 2.60 0.05
on the yield parameters
of three
radish
cultivars.
SR**
SR
TOP
ROOT
(kPa)
(g FM/plant)
(g DM/plant)
(g DM/plant)
(g DM/plant)
(cm)
0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00
8.39 8.51 8.32 8.20
0.52 0.56 0.52 0.51
0.43 (0.04) 0.47 (o.o4) 0.43 (0.o4) 0.44 (o.o4)
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03
85 84 84 76
(o.53) (o.88) (0.50) (0.77) ns
0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00
..Significance ESG ESG ESG ESG Significance
0.5
CO2
Significance GWG GWG GWG GWG
per liter.
(mM) 9.0 17.5
(BM) 50.00 4.75 3.70 0.52 0.64 0.02
FeoEDTA
solutions
REPLENISHMENT CONCENTRATION
(mM) 2.5 2.5
Ca(NO3)2 KNO3
Table
and replenishment
NUTRIENT SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
SALT
(NI--I4)
solution
10.8 11.9 14.2 10.2
(1.37) (1.4o) (2.02) (1.64)
ns 0.61 0.72 0.80 0.57
ns 0.04 0.10 0.50 1.00
9.5 (0.65) 12.7 (1.72) 11.5 (1.11) 7.5 (0.96) p < 0.05
(0.o4) (o.o6) (o.o3) (o.o4)
(o.o7) (0.08) (O.lO) (0.09)
ns 1.66 2.04 1.94 1.49
ns 0.59 (0.o4) 0.87 (O.li) 0.77 (o.o7) 0.47 (o.o6) p < 0.05
(o.15) (o.12) (o.14) (o.11)
ns 0.22 0.28 0.25 0.18
(o.o2) (0.03) (0.03) (o.o2)
0.76 1.12 0.84 0.67 p
