Effect of Compression Ratio on Performance and

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), Volume 5, Special Issue 1, April 2015) Second International Conference on Advanced Developments in Engineering and Technology (ICADET-15), INDIA.

Effect of Compression Ratio on Performance and Emissions of Diesel on a Single Cylinder Four Stroke VCR Engine Vijay Kumar Attri1, Vijay Kumar Sharma2, Saurabh Kumar Singh3, Manish Saraswat4 1,3

Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg. , LKCE, Ghaziabad Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg. , JP Institute of Engg & Tech., Meerut 4 Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Mechanical Engg. , ABES Engg College, Ghaziabad

2

Abstract – Experimental work was conducted to evaluate the effect of compression ratio on performance and emission by using conventional diesel fuel on the single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio (VCR) engine with the engine working at different five engine loads at compression ratio 18 (CR18), compression ratio 17 (CR17) & compression ratio 16 (CR16). The test were performed on Engine speed 1500 rpm and for emissions was measured by AVL emission analyser. The performance parameters evaluated including Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) with emission HC, CO & NOx. Experimental data showed at CR17 give their best performance in the diesel engine. Result showed slightly enhancement in brake thermal efficiency as well as brake specific fuel consumption and reduced in exhaust gas temperature while the emission content at CR18 shows marginal improvement in CO and reduced in HC, its increase as load increases. The main factor NOx decreases as compression ratio increases and increases as load increases. At higher compression ration i.e. CR18 NOx reduced upto 30% from the compression ration 16.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The setup consists of single cylinder, four stroke, VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) Diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. The compression ratio can be changed without stopping the engine and without altering the combustion chamber geometry by specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement. Setup is provided with necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank-angle measurements. These signals are interfaced to computer through engine indicator for Pθ−PV diagrams. Provision is also made for interfacing airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurement.

The set up has stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test, manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and engine indicator. Rotameters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement. The setup enables study of VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power, frictional power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption. Lab view based Engine Performance Analysis software package “Enginesoft_9.0” is provided for on line performance evaluation. II.

V ARIABLE COMPRESSION R ATIO (VCR) ENGINES

1. Because of cylinder-bore diameter, piston-stroke length and combustion-chamber volume are almost always constant, the compression ratio for a given engine is almost always constant, until engine wear takes its toll. 2. One exception is the experimental Variable Compression engine. This engine uses a technique that dynamically alters the volume of the combustion chamber (Vc), which, via above equation, changes the compression ratio (CR). 3. The Atkinson cycle engine was one of the first attempts at variable compression. 4. The VCR engine used for the experiment in this case uses a special type of mechanical technique to vary the compression ratio of the engine. Cylinder block is attached to an adjuster nut arrangement with help of which it can be tilted to specified angle to vary the clearance volume and hence the compression ratio changes accordingly.

Lord Krishna College of Engineering (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute) Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA.

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Compression ratio setting on a single cylinder VCR Diesel Engine Fuel properties of Diesel fuel

Properties

Diesel fuel

Chemical formula

C14.32H24.75

Molecular weight (g/mol)

197.21

Oxygen (%) (wt.)

0

Density (kg/m3)

837

Boiling point (0C)

210-235

ST(0C)

254

LHV (MJ/kg)

42.65

VLH (kJ/kg)

375

CN

45-50


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III.

ENGINE DETAILS

IC Engine set up under test is Kirloskar TV1 having power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm which is 1 Cylinder, Four stroke , Constant Speed, Water Cooled, Diesel Engine, with Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm), Stroke Length 110.00(mm), Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm), Compression Ratio 18.00, Swept volume 661.45 (cc). IV.

TEST PARAMETER

For this, at a given compression ratio 18 (CR18), the load is increased from 0-10 kg, 2kg at a time, and the engine is run for the required test duration for the measurement of values. Emission Tester Engine emissions of different compression ratio of diesel (cr18, cr17 & cr16) and at different load (0-10 kg) with a step of 2 kg were measured by AVL emission analyser. Specifications about the analyser are given below :

These are to be entered every time engine testing has to be done. First compression ratio and calorific value of fuel at one time and for new compression ratio entered manually, rest of this every parameter will achieved automatically for corresponding load to be entered automatically. Parameter Description : Brake specific fuel consumption Fuel consumption rate Brake thermal efficiency Brake mean effective pressure Exhaust gas Temperature Actual Speed Air intake velocity etc. 4.4.3 Testing Procedure The VCR engine has to be operated on the 1-butanol diesel blend at different compression ratios, with a load range of 0-10kg at each given value of compression ratio.


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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), Volume 5, Special Issue 1, April 2015) Second International Conference on Advanced Developments in Engineering and Technology (ICADET-15), INDIA. Test Setup


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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), Volume 5, Special Issue 1, April 2015) Second International Conference on Advanced Developments in Engineering and Technology (ICADET-15), INDIA. Single Cylinder Foru Stroke Diesel Engine Graphs

Brake specific fuel consumption comparison at different compression ratio for diesel

Brake Thermal Efficiency consumption comparison at different compression ratio for diesel


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Exhaust Gas Temperature comparison at different compression ratio for diesel

CO emission comparison at different compression ratio for diesel


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HC emission comparison at different compression ratio for diesel

NOx emission comparison at different compression ratio for diesel


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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459 (Online), Volume 5, Special Issue 1, April 2015) Second International Conference on Advanced Developments in Engineering and Technology (ICADET-15), INDIA. V.

INTERPRETATION O F GRAPH

It is observed from the above graphs that the Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at low load was higher at CR 18 and gradually decreases as compression ratio decrease but as load increases it become quite similar for CR18 & CR16. It can be observed from the figure that CR17 gives their best output. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at CR18 at low load condition was noticed poor and in comparison CR16 is shows higher output but as load increases Brake thermal efficiency increases and give their best result at CR17 which shows in graph and this improvement upto 10% higher than CR18 and CR16. EGT again at higher side at CR18 when load at low side. As load increases EGT increases and near the same result for CR18 and CR16, at CR17 EGT has approximately 12% less rest of two compression ratio. CO increase at high compression ratio i.e. CR18 as well as on CR16, experimental data shows their optimum value at CR17. CO shows their higher value at low load condition and its decreases as load increases. On other hand HC decreases as compression ratio increases and increases as load increases. CO reduced approximately 20% at CR18 from the CR16. The main factor NOx decreases as compression ratio increases and increases as load increases. At higher compression ration i.e. CR18 NOx reduced upto 30% from the compression ration 16. VI.

CONCLUSION

As from the above result and discussion we can conclude that diesel engine at compression ratio 17 (CR17) gives their best result in performance i.e. Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake Thermal efficiency and Exhaust gas temperature in comparison of compression ratio 18 & 16 but the adverse effect on emission the data shows least emission content found at compression ratio 18 (CR18) means higher compression ratio. At CR18 NOx reduced upto 30% from the CR16 at loading condition and reduced 20% CO, no doubt slightly increment in HC emission were found at CR18. The operating condition at CR18 is an environmentally friendly and can be used in any diesel engine.

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