Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2012, 3(1): 200-203
Effect of Different Fungicides on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) Gaurav Mishra, Narendra Kumar, Ab Shakoor Khanday and Pramod Kumar Dubey Department of Soil Science, Govind Balla Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand, India e-mail:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT In order to study the impact of seed treatment with different fungicides and bioagents, on nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.), an experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2009 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, (Latitude 29° N, longitude 79o 30' E and altitude of 243.84 m above msl). Seed was treated with Thiram (T1), Thiram + Carbendazin (T2), Carboxin (T3), Vitavax (T4), Trichoderma viride (T5), Pseudomonas (T6), Thiomethaxam (T7) and Control (T8). The maximum number of nodules was recorded by seed treatment with thiram @ 3g kg-1 at 30 DAS while at 60 and 90 DAS Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 gave the maximum number of nodules plant-1. The vitavax @ 2g kg-1 gave significantly less number of nodules plant-1. The fungicides and bioagents did not have negative effect on root nodulation. The highest and significantly more nodule dry weight of 78.5 and 79.4 percent over control treatment at 60 and 90 DAS, respectively was recorded with carboxin @ 2g kg-1. The highest plant dry weight of 37.96, 40.87 and 34.20 percent at 30, 60 and 90 DAS, respectively, over control treatment was obtained with thiomethaxam @ 3 g kg-1. Grain and straw yields were significantly higher than control by all the treatments. The highest straw yield (3241 kg ha-1) was recorded with Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 while highest grain yield (1446 kg ha-1) was recorded with carboxin @ 2 g/kg followed by Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 (1439 kg ha-1). Carboxin @2 g kg-1 indicated significant increase in grain yield of 16.18 percent. The highest 100-seed weight of 23 percent over control treatment was obtained by Pseudomonas @ 3 g kg-1. Key words: Soybean, Carboxin, Nodulation, Pseudomonas, Thiram, Thiomethaxam Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important oil seed crop of the 21st century, with high protein (40-45%) and oil content (20-22%). So, it is called as “golden bean” in the west and “gold from soil” in the Chinese literature. It is a native of Asia and it is considered both pulse as well as oilseed crop. Soybean occupied a unique position in agriculture by virtue of ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen with the help of root nodule bacteria B. japonicum. It utilizes atmospheric nitrogen by its symbiotic relationship with B. japonicum to meet a major part of its nitrogen requirement under normal conditions. Current practices used for legume production include inoculation of seed with rhizobia to ensure effective nodulation and subsequent nitrogen fixation and treatment of the seed with fungicides to reduce seed rot and seedling damping-off resulting from infection by soilborne pathogens. Although reports are conflicting, several studies have conclusively shown that some of these chemicals are incompatible with Rhizobium (Welty et al. 1988, Ramos and Ribeiro 1993). Generally, most efficient fungicides have been the most damaging to Rhizobium. Less than 10% of Rhizobium phaseoli cells survived on seeds treated with Captan, after fungicide-rhizobia contact compared to more than 90% survival in a non-fungicidetreated control (Graham et al. 1980). The toxic effects of thiram on rhizobial survival have been reported (Graham et
al. 1980, Hashem et al. 1997), but also contrarily no adverse effect on the survival of B. japonicum was found (Curley and Burton 1975). Seed treatment with thiram reduced nodulation 40 days after planting in inoculated chickpea (Bhattacharyya and Sengupta 1984), but had no effect on nodulation and yield in other studies with chickpea (Thomas and Vyas 1984, Welty et al. 1988). Rennie et al. (1985) also reported reduced nodulation when either thiram or metalaxyl treated pea and faba bean seeds were inoculated. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that different species and strains of the same species of Rhizobium differed in their sensitivity toward various fungicides (Mallik and Tesfai 1983). This study aimed at evaluating the effect of different fungicides on nodulation and yield of soybean under field conditions in the mollisols of Uttarakhand.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The field trial was conducted at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand during kharif 2009. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications, in 4 × 5 m2 plots. Soybean seed (JS 335 variety) was sown with a spacing of 45 cm between rows, at 5cm depth and 14 to 15
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Mishra et al. seeds per meter. The crop was uniformly fertilized with basal dose of nitrogen (Urea), phosphorus (SSP) and potassium (MOP) @ 20, 60, 40 kg ha-1, respectively at the time of sowing. Plant population was maintained to 40 plants/m2 area. Soybean seed was treated with fungicides concentrations, ranging from 2g/kg to 3g/kg of seed. Treatments details are T1: Seed treatment with Thiram @ 3g/kg; T2: Thiram + Carbendazin 2:1 @ 3g/kg; T3: Carboxin @ 2g/kg; T4: Vitavax @ 2g/kg; T5: Trichoderma viride @ 5g/kg; T6: Pseudomonas @ 3g/kg; T7: Thiomethaxam @ 3g/kg; T8: Control. The soil of the experimental field was slity clay loam in texture, having pH of 7.64. The chemical analysis of the 15cm depth soil showed that it as medium in organic carbon (0.76%) and low in available nitrogen (254kg ha-1), available potassium (23.26 kg ha-1) and phosphorus content (145 kg ha-1).Observations for different growth parameters such as nodule number, nodule dry weight, plant dry weight were made at 30, 60 and 90 days. grain yield, straw yield and 100 grain weight was determined at harvesting.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Nodule number per plant The number of nodules in soybean plant increased up to 60 days after sowing (DAS) and then declined at 90 DAS in all the treatments (Table 1). The data revealed that applied treatments influenced the nodule number significantly at 30 and 60 DAS while at 90 DAS, the influence on the nodule number was not significant as compared with control. At 30 DAS, the nodule number ranged from maximum 10.6 in the treatments with thiram @ 3g kg-1 and minimum 4.6 with vitavax @ 2g kg-1. The treatments with thiram + carbendazim 2:1 @ 3g kg-1, Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 and thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 showed significantly more nodule number per plant than control while other treatments with carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and Trichoderma viride @ 5g kg-1 were statistically at par with control. Seed inoculation with thiram @ 3g kg-1 gave 55.8% significantly more nodules in comparison to control treatment. The treatment with vitavax @ 2g kg-1 gave significantly less number of nodules plant-1 than control. At 60DAS, maximum nodule number per plant (19.7 nodules plant -1) was obtained from Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 while minimum 14.2 nodules per plant from thiomethaxam @ 3g kg -1 . Thiram @ 3g kg -1 and Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 formed significantly more number of nodules per plant than control. The remaining treatments (carboxin @ 2g kg-1, vitavax @ 2g kg-1 and thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 ) were comparable with control. Seed treatment with thiram @ 3g kg -1 gave 27.2 percent significantly more nodules in comparison to control. At 90 DAS, the nodule number plant-1 ranged from 13.3 in vitavax @ 2g kg -1 to 18.4 in inoculation with Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 . Inoculation with Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 gave 29.5 percent more nodules in comparison to control treatment. The treatments showed nonsignificant effect on nodule number plant -1 at 90 DAS. Carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and vitavax @ 2g kg -1 gave 3.6 and 6.7 percent less nodules in comparison to control. Such
effects of fungicides inoculation on root nodulation have also been reported by Revellin et al. (1992) and Bikrol et al. (2005) in soybean. From the results obtained in the present study it is revealed that nodule number and nodule dry weight in soybean plant increased up to 60 DAS and declined at 90 DAS in all the treatments. The decrease in nodule number at 90 DAS was due to nodule senescence and the reduction of nodule dry weight was caused due to decreasing nodule number. Moreover, all the treatment except carboxin @ 2g kg -1 and vitavax @ 2g kg-1 at 30 DAS indicated significant improvement in nodule number. This is because treatment with fungicide decreased the incidence of soil pathogens. Decrease in nodule number with vitavax @ 2g kg-1 was possibly due to antibacterial activity, of vitavax (Hashem et al. 1997). Increase in nodule number with Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 was also observed by Wasule et al. (2002). This was mainly due to the improved P availability and atmospheric-N fix by B. japonicum. Nodule dry weight Data on nodule dry weight at three different crop growth stages indicated that nodule dry weight increased up to 60 DAS and then declined at 90 DAS in all the treatments (Table 1). At 30 DAS, nodule dry weight ranged from 34.3 to 85.6 mg plant-1. Maximum nodule dry weight of 85.6 mg plant-1 was recorded with carboxin @ 2g kg-1and minimum 34.3 mg plant-1 with vitavax @ 2g kg-1. Carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and Trichoderma viride @ 5g kg-1 produced significantly 116.1 and 61.3 percent more nodule dry weight in comparison to control while vitavax @ 2g kg-1 gave 15.1 percent less nodule dry weight than control. At 60 DAS, the highest nodule dry weight of 274.3 mg plant-1 was obtained from carboxin @ 2g kg-1 followed by thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 (248.3 mg plant-1) while lowest nodule dry weight of 103 mg plant-1 was shown by vitavax @ 2g kg-1. Treatments with thiram @ 3g kg-1, thiram + carbendazim @ 3g kg-1 and carboxin @ 2 g kg-1 recorded significantly higher nodule dry weight than control. However, vitavax @ 2 g kg-1 and Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 gave significantly less nodule dry weight than control. At 90 DAS also, the maximum nodule dry weight of 241.6 mg per plant was obtained from carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and minimum 95.6 mg per plant from vitavax @ 2g kg-1. Thiram @ 3g kg-1, thiram + carbendazim @ 3g kg-1, carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 gave significantly more nodule dry weight than control. Significant increase in nodule dry weight at all the stages was observed in treatment with carboxin @ 2g kg-1 while minimum was recorded in vitavax @ 2g kg -1 . Similar results with vitavax @ 2g kg -1 have been reported by Hashem et al. (1997) who stated that vitavax is a potential nodulation inhibitor and consequently harmful to soybean plant development. Increase in nodule dry weight with carboxin was also observed by Revellin et al. (1993) who reported that carboxin has little or no effect on survival of B. japonicum and nodulation. Plant dry weight
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Effect of Different Fungicides on Nodulation and Yield of Soybean Table 1 Effect of fungicides and bioagents on nodule number, nodule dry weight and plant dry weight of soybean at different intervals Treatments Nodule number (plant-1) Nodule dry weight (mg plant-1) Plant dry weight (gm plant-1) 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS T1 10.6 18.7 16.3 39.3 220.6 197.6 1.74 6.08 12.86 T2 9.9 17.5 15.6 44.6 230.3 204.6 2.60 6.90 12.65 T3 5.9 14.6 13.7 85.6 274.3 241.6 2.81 7.46 13.02 T4 4.6 14.6 13.3 34.3 103.0 95.6 1.84 7.43 12.52 T5 8.4 16.3 15.7 63.9 140.0 118.6 2.84 6.45 14.40 T6 9.5 19.7 18.4 50.9 121.0 111.3 2.77 7.28 13.79 T7 9.5 14.2 14.9 42.0 248.3 223.6 2.98 8.41 17.38 T8 6.8 14.7 14.2 39.6 153.6 134.6 2.16 5.97 12.95 SEm± 0.71 0.98 1.04 4.52 9.25 9.28 0.12 0.54 1.35 CD 5% 2.16 2.97 NS 13.72 28.0 28.15 0.38 NS NS CV (%) 15.11 10.40 11.84 15.64 8.59 9.68 8.94 13.59 17.17 At 30 DAS, the plant dry weight was affected significantly by the given treatments. The highest plant dry weight of 2.98 g plant-1 was shown by thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 while lowest 1.74 gram per plant by thiram @ 3g kg-1. All the treatments, except thiram @ 3g kg-1 and vitavax @ 2g kg-1 were significantly better than control. Thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 gave 37.9 percent more plant dry weight while thiram @ 3g kg-1 and vitavax @ 2g kg-1 gave 24.1 and 17.3 percent less plant dry weight in comparison to control. All the treatments except thiram @ 3g kg-1 and vitavax @ 2g kg-1 were parallel to thiomethaxam @ 2g kg-1 (Table 1). At 60 DAS however, the plant dry weight did not differ significantly by applied treatments. The plant dry weight increased with the age of plant. The highest plant dry weight of 8.41g plant-1 was recorded with thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 while lowest 5.97 gram plant-1 in control. All the treatments gave higher plant dry weight than control. At 90 DAS also, plant dry weight was not influenced significantly by given treatments. Plant dry weight ranged from 17.38 to 12.5 gram per plant. Treatments namely carboxin @ 2g kg-1, Trichoderma viridi @ 5g kg-1, Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 and thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 registered higher plant dry weight in comparison to control. Table 2 Effect of fungicides and bioagents on yields and test weight of soybean Treatments Grain yield Straw yield Test weight (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (gm) T1 1428.08 3010.56 1.39 T2 1435.54 3062.16 1.40 T3 1446.45 3230.50 1.42 T4 1385.60 2946.56 1.39 T5 1373.19 2877.56 1.41 T6 1439.46 3241.66 1.38 T7 1316.63 2790.20 1.38 T8 1244.92 2782.30 1.33 SEm± 35.86 97.44 0.17 CD 5% 108.77 295.54 NS CV (%) 4.48 5.63 2.19 The effect of fungicides was significant at 30 DAS only where all the treatments except thiram @ 3g kg-1 and vitavax @ 2g kg-1 significantly improved plant dry weight
than control. Seed treatment with thiomethaxam @ 3g kg-1 gave highest plant dry weight at all the stages of observations in comparison with control treatment. Increase in plant dry weight with fungicide (carbendazim + thiram) treatment was also reported by Martynuik et al. (2002) in soybean. This may be due to the fact that the infection by soil pathogens was significantly controlled in fungicide treated seeds in comparison with untreated control. The plant dry weight reduced with vitavax @ 2g kg-1 and thiram @ 3g kg-1 than control treatment. Hashem et al. (1997) reported that plant dry weight was significantly decreased in seeds treated with vitavax in peanut. Effect on grain and straw yields The given treatments significantly affected the grain yield as compared with control treatment (Table 2). The highest grain yield (1446.4 kg ha -1 ) was recorded in the treatment with carboxin @ 2g kg -1 while lowest grain yield of 1244.92 kg ha -1 in control treatment. Treatments having carboxin @ 2g kg -1 and Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 seed inoculation showed significant increases of 16.2 and 15.6 percent, respectively over control treatment. All the treatments except thiomethaxam @ 3g kg -1 gave significantly higher grain yield than control. The results showed that seed treatment with fungicides and bioagents increased grain yield of soybean in comparison with control treatment. These findings corroborate with the results of Soares et al. (2004) who reported that fungicide treatments showed higher yield than non-treated plants, varying from 14.5 to 27.3%. Inoculation of carboxin @ 2 g kg-1 numerically increased grain yield over control treatment. The similar results had been reported by Revellin et al. (1992), who found that Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean and thus can be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. It was possibly due to the reduced infection by soil pathogens (Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp.) which was significantly controlled in fungicide-treated seeds compared with untreated control and might be due to improvement in soil health.
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Mishra et al. The applied treatments showed significant effect on the straw yield in comparison to control (Table 2). The highest straw yield of 3241.6 kg ha-1 was obtained with inoculation of Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 which was 16.5 percent higher than control. All the treatment showed numerical increases in the straw yield over the control treatment. Treatments with carboxin @ 2g kg-1 and Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 are significantly better than control. The numerical increase in straw yield was found with fungicides and bioagents over control treatment. Greater seedling emergence was obtained with fungicide-treated and inoculated seeds compared with fungicideuntreated but inoculated control. In the present study maximum straw yield was recorded with Pseudomonas @ 3 g kg-1 . This may be due to the improvement in physical and biological properties of soil and increased nutrient supply to crop. These findings corroborate with Zaidi and Singh (2001) who observed that inoculation with B. japonicum strain SB-12 and different isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas as well as their possible combinations significantly increased yield of soybean over control. This might be due to the reduction in
infection by soil emergence.
pathogens and greater
seedling
Hundred seed weight The applied treatment did not show significant effect on the 100-seed weight of soybean over control treatment (Table 3). The 100-seed weight ranged from 9.00 to 11.10 g. Maximum 100-seed weight was recorded with Pseudomonas @ 3g kg-1 (11.10 g) and minimum in control treatment. All the treatments showed slight increase in 100-seed weight over control treatment. The results showed that seed treatment with fungicides and bioagents numerically increased 100-seed weight of soybean. These findings are in agreement with that of Soares et al. (2004) who reported that fungicide treatments gave highest 100-seed weight and seed yield, except for carbendazim. Inoculation of Pseudomonas @ 3 g kg-1 gave highest 100-seed weight of soybean over control treatment. Similarly, Kumarawat et al. (1997) observed a significant increase in test weight due to phosphorus solubilzing microorganism’s application. It might be due to the better growth conditions are provided by Pseudomonas as compared to other treatment.
LITERATURE CITED Bhattacharyya P and Sengupta K. 1984. Effect of seed-dressing fungicides on nodulation and grain yield of chickpea. International Chickpea Newsletter 11: 41-44. Bikrol A, Saxena N and Singh K. 2005. Response of Glycine max in relation to nitrogen fixation as influenced by fungicide seed treatment. African Journal of Biotechnology 4(7): 667-671. Curley R L and Burton J C. 1975. Compatibility of Rhizobium japonicum with chemical seed protectants. Agronomy Journal 67: 807-808. Graham P H, Ocampo G, Ruiz L D and Duque A. 1980. Survival of Rhizobium phaseoli in contact with chemical seed protectants. Agronomy Journal 72: 625-627. Hashem F M, Saleh S A, Van-Berkum P and Voll M. 1997. Survival of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) on fungicide-treated peanut seed in relationship to plant growth and yield. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 13: 335-340. Kumarawat B, Dighe J M, Sharma R A and Katti G V. 1997. Response of soybean to bio-fertilizers in black clay soils. Crop Research 14: 209-214. Mallik M A B and Tesfai K. 1986. Effect of fungicide application on soybean-rhizobia symbiosis and isolation of fungicideresistant strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology 36: 816-826. Martyniuk S, Oron J, Martyniuk M and Wozniakowska A. 2002. Effects of interactions between chemical seed dressings and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on soybean seeds. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 48(4): 305-310. Ramos M L G and Ribeiro W Q. 1993. Effect of fungicides on survival of Rhizobium on seeds and the nodulation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Plant Soil 152: 145-150. Rennie R J, Howard R J, Swanson T A and Flores G H A. 1985. The effect of seed-applied pesticides on growth and N2 fixation in pea, lentil, and faba bean. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65: 23-28. Revellin C, Leterme P and Catroux G. 1993. Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max). Biology Fertility Soils 16: 211-214. Soares R M, Rubin Sde A L, Wielewicki A P and Ozelame J G. 2004. Fungicides on the control of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and soybean yield. Ciencia Rural 34(4): 1245-1247. Thomas M and Vyas S C. 1984. Nodulation and yield of chickpea treated with fungicides at sowing. International Chickpea Newsletter 11: 37-38. Wasule D L, Wadyalkar S R Burgoni E B and Buldeo A N. 2002. Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on role of Rhizobium on nodulation of soybean. Annuals of Plant Physiology 16(1): 69-72. Welty L E, Prestbye L S, Hall J A, Mathre D E and Ditterline R L. 1988. Effect of fungicide seed treatment and rhizobia inoculation on chickpea production. Applied Agricultural Research 3: 17-20. Zaidi S F A and Singh H P. 2001. Effect of dual inoculation of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on nutrient uptake plant growth, nodulation and yield of soybean (Glycine max). Applied Biological Research 3(1/2): 1-8.
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