Effect of Fertility Levels and Varieties on Tuber Yield ...

SCIENTISTS JOINED AS LIFE MEMBER OF SOCIETY OF KRISHI VIGYAN 202.

Anuradha Ranjan Kumari, I/C Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Malahana, Post Office, Bankata Mishra, Deoria-274 506 (Uttar Pradesh)

203.

Chandra Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tawang-790 104 (Arunachal Pradesh)

204.

Kanwaljit Singh Sandhu, Post Graduate Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar-143 002 (Punjab)

205.

Kaushal Arvindbhai Prajapati, Subject Matter Specialist (Animal Science),Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kheda 387 411 ( Gujarat)

206.

Laxmipriya Pradhan, Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Keonjhar, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751 001 (Odisha)

207.

Manoj Kumar Singh, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, East Kameng 790 102 (Arunachal Pradesh)

208.

Nilesh Biwalkar, Assistant Professor (Soil and Water Engineering), Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 001(Punjab)

209.

Pankaj Prakash Patil, Scientist ( Plant Protection), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhule-424 001 (Maharashtra)

210.

Rakesh Thakur, Extension Specialist (Veterinary/Animal Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mandi at Sundernagar-175 019 (Himachal Pradesh)

211.

Sandeep Kumar, Subject Matter Specialist (Plant Protection) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaunpur, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 (Uttar Pradesh)

212.

Soibam Peter Singh, Senior Research Fellow, ICAR- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hayuliang 792 104 (Arunachal Pradesh)

213.

Somendra Nath, Subject Matter Specialist (Agronomy) Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Jaunpur, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 (Uttar Pradesh)

214.

Tara Shankar Mishra, Subject Matter Specialist (Horticulture),Krishi Vigyan Kendra, West Kameng-790 114 (Arunachal Pradesh)

215.

Tarun Kumar Das, Subject Matter Specialist (Agricultural Extension) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR, Tura, West Garo Hills, Meghalaya-794 104 ( Meghalaya)

216.

Vikramsinh Ingale, Ph.D Scholar, Dept. of Agricultural Process Engineering, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri- 413 722 (Maharashtra)

217.

Vipul Manohar Vasave, Scientist ( Animal Science and Dairy Science), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhule-424 001 (Maharashtra)

102

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 1-4

DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00001.5

Assessment of Sulphur Oxidising Bacterial Inoculums on Groundnut Yield in Pudukkottai District of Tamil Nadu Noorjehan A K A Hanif1 and V Krishnamoorthi2 ICAR Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Vamban colony, Pudukkottai -622 303 (Tamil Nadu) ABSTRACT

An on farm research entitled “Assessment of Sulphur Oxidising Bacterial (SOB) inoculums on groundnut yield” was conducted during 2014-2015 to improve the sulphur availability to groundnut which in turn directly contribute to higher pod yield. The technologies compared in this study were farmer friendly and cost effective. The field experiment was laid out in five replications at five locations with three treatments in Aranthangi block of Pudukkottai district. The treatments were T1: Farmers’ Practice i.e. No application of sulphur nutrition, T2: Gypsum application at flowering stage @ 400Kg/ ha and T3 : Seed treatment with Sulphur Oxidising bacterial inoculums @ 1kg/ha and Rhizobium @ 1kg/ha and soil application of SOB @ 5kg/ ha on 45 DAS + Gypsum 400kg/ha. The results revealed that the treatment T3 recorded significantly higher yield (2109.6 kg/ha) compared with T2 (2012.6 kg/ha) and T1 (1962.4 kg/ha) with more number of pods per plant (39.4), shelling percentage (71.8 %), higher benefit to cost ratio (BCR) and improved soil sulphur content after the harvest of the groundnut crop. Hence it was inferred that under micro level situation, use of sulphur oxidising bacterial inoculums certainly improve soil sulphur nutrition that result in sustainable higher yield. Key Words: Groundnut, Soil sulphur, SOB, Rhizobium, Gypsum, Pod yield.

INTRODUCTION

The major groundnut growing districts of Tamil Nadu are Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Vellore, Namakkal, Salem, Erode, Pudukottai and Kancheepuram districts which constitute 64.9 per cent of the area under groundnut in the state. In district Pudukkottai about 23.4 percent of the gross area sown is rain fed. Black soil, Red loamy, Sandy coastal Alluvium and Red sandy soil are major soil type in the district. The total annual rainfall occurred was 633.1 mm during 2013-14 against the normal rainfall of 887.4 mm for the district. The annual precipitation is very low with 254.3 mm, out of which 8.1 mm is received in winter, 135.7 mm in hot weather, 286.5 mm in southwest monsoon and 202.8 mm in northeast monsoon. Groundnut is mostly grown as kharif crop and sulphur is considered as the fourth essential

nutrient next to nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potash(K). However, its wide spread deficiency in soils and consequent losses on crop productivity have been reported during last three decades due to the continuous use of sulphur free fertilizers and intensive cultivation with high yielding varieties (Sakal et al 2000). So, the crop have become increasingly dependent on the soil to supply the sulphur that they need for the synthesis of proteins and a number of essential vitamins and co- factors (Kertesz and Mirleau, 2004). The soil microbial biomass is the key driving force behind all sulphur transformations. The biomass acts as both a source and sink for inorganic sulphate. They make available sulphate from element or any reduced forms of sulphur, through oxidation process in the soil. Use of sulphur oxidizers enhance the natural oxidation and speed up the production of sulphates. Bio inoculants are most often made by incorporation

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] 1. Asstt. Prof. (Agril. Ext) TNAU, ICAR, KVK, Vellore 2. Asst. Prof. (Hort.) TNAU, Agril College & Research Instructor, Madurai


1

Hanif and Krishnamoorthi

of the microbial inoculums into solid carrier, groundnut. The farmers were provided with CO6 which provides a convenient base for packing and groundnut seeds @70 kg, SOB @ 1.2 kg, gypsum facilitates application and use of the product. @ 160 kg and Rhizobium @200g to lay out T2 and Most Sulphur containing minerals are metal T3. The T1 laid out by farmers themselves during sulphides and the best known is perhaps pyrite. The kharif 2014 i.e. July II to IV week.

most common SO42- containing mineral is gypsum. Plants grown on S-deficient soils have suppressed development of reproductive organs that, in rapeseed, can even lead to pod abortion. Reproductive growth and the proportion of the reproductive tissues in total dry matter are significantly increased by the application of S during pod development. The presence of S maximizes the seed and oil yield of other plants (Ahmad et al 2007).

Method demonstration of seed treatment with SOB was performed at all the locations before sowing and ensured the correct usage and method. The various growth and yield parameters were recorded in five trials at each stage of seed treatment cum sowing, vegetative/pre flowering, flowering, pegging (second hand weeding and earthing up) and harvest stage. The groundnut crop was harvested during Oct-Nov. 2014. The data collected were tabulated for its growth and yield parameters. After the harvest of the crop, soil samples were collected from the fields. Both pre harvest and post harvest soil samples were got analysed for sulphur content from the Department of Soil Science, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore and the results were tabulated.

Biological N2-fixation, nodulation and yield of peanut crop are reduced with sulphur deficiency (Varin et al 2010). Therefore, an on farm research was carried out with application of Sulphur Oxidising Bacterial (SOB) inoculums on growth and yield of groundnut during 2014-2015. The main objective of the study was to improve the soil sulphur availability to groundnut growing belt of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pudukkottai district which in turn contributes to higher pod yield. Plant height and pod formation It was found that in the first treatment T1 MATERIALS AND METHODS wherein the farmers had not given any application The operational area of the study was five of sulphur nutrition, mean plant height recorded operational villages having higher area under was highest (75.4 cm) followed by T3 (66.2 cm) groundnut cultivation in Aranthangi block of and T2 ( 62.4 cm) (Table 1). The number of pods Pudukkottai district. A baseline survey was per plant recorded the highest in the treatment T3 conducted in the villages and five farmers’ fields (39.4) followed by T2 (33.4) and T1 (29.0). Hence, were selected located in five different hamlets of it can be said that lesser number of pods per plant Maramadakki revenue panchayat. The field might be due to unavailability of soil nutrition experiment was laid out at five locations with and /or inefficient utilisation of soil sulphur. The three treatments. The treatments were T1: Farmers’ treatment T2 which included application of gypsum Practice i.e. No application of sulphur nutrition, T2: at peak flowering stage resulted in medium number Gypsum application at flowering stage @ 400kg/ of pods with moderate plant height. In T2 sulphur ha and T3 : Seed treatment with Sulphur Oxidising nutrition was given just before pegging / pod bacterial inoculums @ 1kg/ha and Rhizobium @ development stage and resulted in higher numbers 1Kg/ha and soil application of SOB @ 5kg/ha on of pods per plant in comparison to T1. In T3 sulphur 45 DAS + Gypsum 400kg/ha. Soil samples were nutrition was given both as seed treatment and soil collected for analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, application i.e. seed treatment of groundnut seeds potash and sulphur content before sowing of the with SOB and soil application of SOB and gypsum. The combined effect of sulphur nutrition through 2


Assessment of Sulphur Oxidising Bacterial Inoculums on Groundnut

seed treatment and soil application improved the plants enhancing more number of pods. The shelling seed vigour, germination, crop establishment, more percentage was also found higher in the harvested number of pods and yield. groundnut pods of T3 followed by T2 and T1. It was observed that the gross cost variation Yield, Shelling percentage and Benefit cost ratio among the treatments T1 and T2, T3 was meagre The data (Table 1) clearly showed that the mean yield in treatment T1 recorded significantly while net returns recorded wide variations due lowest (1962.4 kg/ha) followed by T2 ( 2012.6 kg/ to increase in yield of groundnut pods in T2 and ha) and T3 (2109.6 kg/ha). In treatment T1, pod T3. The net returns per hectare for the treatments yield was lowest obviously for the reason that no T1, T2 and T3 were Rs.26,880/-, Rs.34,726/- and sulphur nutrition was provided to groundnut crop Rs.37,948/-, respectively with highest net returns neither as seed treatment nor soil application. In T2 in T3. Further, the benefit cost ratio (BCR) for the yield recorded was the second highest wherein one treatments T1, T2 and T3 were 1.84, 1.97 and 2.06, time soil application of gypsum was applied at peak respectively. Hence T3 was proved to be better than flowering stage and sulphur was made available other treatments in terms of yield and BCR. These findings were in line with Anandham and during pod initiation and development stage. The major reason for T3 to record highest mean yield Sridar (2001) who used sulfur oxidizing bacteria was due to combined effect of sulphur nutrition pellets (25×106 CFU/g) at three different doses, viz., by seed treatment with SOB and Rhizobium and 20 kg, 40 kg and 60 kg ha-1 along with Rhizobium soil application of SOB and gypsum. The Sulphur application as seed treatment and found that 60 kg Oxidizing Bacterial (SOB) inoculums increased pellets ha-1 with Rhizobium application produced the the vigour of seeds and soil sulphur availability to Table 1. Growth and yield parameters of Groundnut under different treatments. Parameter T1 T2 T3 SEd CD Plant height (cm) 75.4 62.4 66.2 1.2 2.4 Days taken for 50% flowering 37.0 35.0 35.0 0.9 1.8 Number of pods /plant 29.0 33.4 39.4 0.9 1.8 Yield (kg/ha) 1962.4 2012.6 2109.6 19.1 38.5 Shelling (%) 68.4 70.2 71.8 0.4 0.9 Gross returns (Rs) 32,000 35,800 35,800 Gross cost (Rs) 58,880 70,526 73,748 Net Return (Profit) (Rs. / ha) 26,880 34,726 37,948 Benefit Cost Ratio 1.84 1.97 2.06 Table 2. Status of soil sulphur content before and after the groundnut crop. Sr. Replication Soil sulphur before Soil sulphur after harvest Percent increase in No sowing (ppm) of crop (ppm) soil sulphur ( %) 1 R1 6.49 7.63 17.6 2 R2 6.40 7.19 12.3 3 R3 6.44 7.41 10.3 4 R4 6.39 7.16 12.1 5 R5 6.37 6.78 6.4 J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 1-4

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Hanif and Krishnamoorthi

highest nodule number (136.3), nodule dry weight (0.74 g), pod yield (2,006 kg ha-1) and oil content (52%). It can thus be said that sulphur oxidizing bacteria can be used as a bio-fertilizer for groundnut to meet the requirement of sulphur nutrition.

yield and shelling percentage. Hence, under micro level situation, use of sulphur oxidising bacterial inoculums will improve soil sulphur nutrition and in turn higher yield of groundnut.

REFERENCES

Soil sulphur content Ahmad G A, Jan M, Arif M and Khattak R (2007). Influence The soil sulphur content in the soil was also of nitrogen and sulphur fertilization on quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed condition. Journal of improved by the application of SOB inoculums Zhejiang University Science B 8: 731-737. (Table 2). The increase in soil sulphur before and after harvest of the groundnut crop in the five Anandham R and Sridar R (2001). Use of sulphur bacteria for increased yield and oil content of groundnut. In: replications varied between 6.4 to 17.6 per cent . Proceedings of the National Workshop on ‘Recent These variations may be due to differences in soil Developments in Biofertilizers for Rice Base Cropping nutrient content, soil type and cultivation practices System’, Coimbatore, India, 16-18 August 2001 and followed by farmers at the five locations. The overall published in book entitled Biofertilizers technology 2004, pp. 365-371, ISBN 81-7233-359-5, edited by Kannaiyan inference was that application of SOB inoculums S. Kumar K and Govindarajan K. improved the soil fertility and soil sulphur content Kertesz M A and Mirleau P (2004). The role of soil microbes in the soil.

CONCLUSION

in plant sulphur nutrition. Journal of Experimental Botany 44: 1939- 1945.

It was concluded that the treatment T3 performed Sakal R, Sinha R B, Singh A P, Bhogal N S and Ismail M D (2000). Influence of sulphur on yield and mineral well by giving higher yield (2109.6 kg/ha compared nutrition of crops in maize and wheat. J Ind Soc Soil Sci with T2( 2012.6 kg/ha) and T1(1962.4 kg/ha) with 48: 325–29. more number of pods per plant, higher BCR and Varin S, Cliquet J B, Personeni E, Avice J C, Lemauvielimproved soil sulphur content after the harvest of the Lavenant S (2010). How does sulphur availability modify N acquisition of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) J Exp groundnut crop. T3 was found significantly higher Bot 61(1): 225-234. in comparison with T1 and T2 for growth and yield Accepted on 18/03/2016 parameters viz., plant height, number of pods per Received on 22/12/2015 plant, days taken for 50 per cent flowering, mean

4



DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00002.7

Comparative Performance of Different Varieties of Rice in Muktsar District of Punjab Balkaran Singh Sandhu* and Nirmaljit Singh Dhaliwal Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar Sahib -152026 (Punjab) ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2013, 20 and 20 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar Sahib (Punjab), to find out the best suitable variety of rice for the area. PR 111, PR 114, PR 121, PR 122, PR 123 and PR 124 were the six different varieties tested under this experiment. Fifty Per cent flowering was earlier in variety PR 124 as compared to PR 111, PR 121 and PR 123 and was statistically at par with PR 114 and PR 122. However, among days taken to maturity, variety PR 111 matured earlier (139) and statistically differ from PR 121 (141), PR 124 (141.5) and PR 123 (143.7), PR 114 (145) and PR 122 (146.3). Variety PR 121 produced higher number of effective tiller (447.3/m2), which was statistically at par with PR 122 (441.7/m2) and PR 114 (435.3/m2) but significantly superior from PR 111 (414/m2), PR 123 (413.3/m2) and PR 124 (412.5/m2). Higher grain yield was recorded with variety PR 121 (79.3 q/ ha), which was statistically at par with PR 124 (78.5 q/ha), PR 122 (77.3 q/ha) and PR 123 (77 q/ha) but was significantly superior from PR 111(68.5 q/ha), PR 114(71.5 q/ha). The varieties PR 121 and PR 124 produced higher yield and also matured in less time. So these two varieties are best suitable for the area. Key Words: Short duration, Tillers, Rice, Variety, Yield,

INTRODUCTION

Rice (Oryza sativa) belongs to family gramineae and is a well-known cereal, because it is staple food for more than half of world population (Jamal et al 2009). It is grown in almost all continents of the world due to its wide adaptability to diverse agroclimatic conditions but mainly grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of world. To feed that increasing population, 35 per cent more rice production will be required than present rice production (Kaur and Dhaliwal, 2014; The major rice production countries are China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Brazil, Philippine, Japan, Myanmar, U.S.A and Pakistan. Rice is the main food crop of India and contributing about 45 per cent of the total production and hence sustain sufficiency food in the country (Sharma et al 2011). It is the major kharif crop of India and ranks second after wheat in terms of area, production and productivity in Punjab state. In Punjab, rice currently occupies an area of 28.51 lakh hectare with production of 112.67 lakh tonnes

with an average yield of 5.93 t ha-1 (Anonymous, 2015). District Sri Muktsar Sahib is also a major rice growing district of Punjab. Agricultural production is decreasing these days due to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major abiotic stresses are high salinity, drought, submergence and cold (Thakur et al 2010; Mantri et al 2012). Among all abiotic stresses, salinity is the major factor of restricting productivity of rice worldwide (Munns and Tester, 2008). Lot of water logged area is present in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab and salt stress is increasing due to certain factors like climate change, excess canal water for irrigation without proper drainage. To avoid this problem development of rice varieties, which are high yielding and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses must be included. Punjab Agricultural University recommended a number of high yielding rice varieties for cultivation in whole of Punjab state. These varieties gave different yield at different places. The soil and irrigation water of Sri Muktsar Sahib is totally different from whole

*Corresponding Author’s Email : [email protected]


5

Sandhu and Dhaliwal

the Punjab state. The district contains high salinity and water logged area. Hence, the objective of present study was to evaluate the performance of short duration and high yielding varieties of rice in Sri Muktsar Sahib district of Punjab.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sri Muktsar Sahib (Punjab), to find out the best suitable variety for the area. The experimental site is situated at 30°26′788″ North latitude and 74°30′523″ East longitude during kharif 2013, 30°26′778″ North latitude and 74°30′508 during kharif 2014 and at 30°26′722″ North latitude and 74°30′501″ East longitude″ during kharif 2015. The area is characterized by semi-arid type of climate with hot and dry early summers from April-June followed by hot and humid period during JulySeptember and cold winters during DecemberJanuary. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures show considerable fluctuations during different parts of the year. Summer temperature exceeds 38°C and may go up as high as 45°C with dry summer spells. The annual rainfall of the area is 430.7 mm, most of which is received during July to September (Anonymous 2011). The soil properties of the experimental fileds are given in Table 3. Wheat was grown as the previous rabi crop in these experimental plot during all the three years. PR 111, PR 114, PR 121, PR 122, PR 123 and PR 124 were the six different varieties tested under this experiment. PR 124 tested for two years but all other five varieties were tested for all the three years of the study. All the varieties were transplanted in the second fortnight of June and were harvested in the month of October according to the maturity of the variety during all the study period of three years. All the other agronomic practices were as recommended by PAU, Ludhiana. Nitrogen was applied in three equal splits, one third as basal, one third at 21 days after transplanting and remaining one third at 42 days after transplanting. Irrigations were applied according to the requirement of the 6

crop. The data on number of effective tillers per square meter, plant height, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were collected through field observations. Collected data were further analyzed by using randomize block design.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Due to increasing the depth of water table of Punjab state, duration of rice cultivar is very important factor. In the pooled average of the three years the variety PR 124 produced earlier 50 per cent flowering (97.5), which was statistically at par with PR 111 (98), PR 121 (99) and PR 123 (99.7) but significantly earlier from PR 114 (103) and PR 122 (103.3). However, among days taken to maturity, the variety PR 111 matured earlier (139) as compared to other varieties (Table 2), which statistically differed from PR 121 (141), PR 124 (141.5) and PR 123 (143.7). Higher days taken for maturity were observed in PR 114 (145) and PR 122 (146.3). The plant height of different varieties differed non significantly (Table 2). During kharif 2013, the number of effective tillers/m2 was higher in PR 121 (435/m2) followed by PR 122 (421/m2), and lower effective tillers were obtained in PR 114(412/m2) PR 111(410/m2) and PR 123 (402/m2), whereas, in kharif 2014, PR 114 (460/m2) and PR 122 (460/m2) produced higher effective tillers followed by PR 121 (452/m2) and PR 123 (422/m2). Lower effective tillers were obtained with PR 124 (412/m2) and PR 111 (412/ m2) variety (Table 2). However, during kharif 2015, higher number of effective tillers were obtained with PR 121 (455/m2) followed by PR 122 (444/m2) PR 114 (434/m2) and PR 123 (426/m2). Lower effective tillers were obtained with PR 124 (413/m2) and PR 111 (422/m2) variety. In the pooled data the higher number of effective tillers per square meter were obtained in the variety PR 121 (447.3/m2), which was statistically at par with PR122 (441.7/m2) and PR 114 (435.3/m2) but significantly superior from PR 111(414/m2), PR 123(413.3/m2) and PR 124(412.5/m2). All the different varieties failed to


105 101

103

100

-

PR 114 PR 121

PR 122

PR 123

PR 124

96

99

99

100 96

97

99

100

108

104 100

99

3.03

97.5

99.7

103.3

103.0 99.0

98.0

-

144

147

145 143

140

142

143

146

145 140

139

141

144

146

145 140

138

1.4

141.5

143.7

146.3

145.0 141.0

139.0

-

101.8

103.2

98.8 102.2

103.6

2013

100.3

105.3

106

103.7 99.3

101

2014


142

140

146

147 -

PR 114

PR 121

PR 122

PR 123

PR 124

CD (p=0.05)

133

PR 111

2013

113

128

115

137

114

125

2014

154

146

150

140

158

153

2015

NS

133

140

137

139

138

137

Average

-

24.7

26.1

25.5

24.6

24.2

2013

24.6

23.8

24.4

24.6

24.8

23.4

2014

25.2

25.1

23.8

24.6

24.5

24.1

2015

NS

24.9

24.5

24.8

24.9

24.6

23.9

Average

112

104

111.7

105.3 101.3

99.7

2015

Plant height (cm)

Table 2 Effect of different varieties on grain yield and yield contributing characters. Variety No of grains /panicle 1000 grain wt (g)

CD (p=0.05)

98

PR 111

Variety

Days taken to 50 % flowerDays taken to maturity ing 2013 2014 2015 Average 2013 2014 2015 Average

Table 1 Effect of different varieties on duration, plant height and effective tillers.

-

78.0

75.5

76.0

70.6

65.0

2013

NS

106.2

103.7

107.0

102.6 100.9

Average 101.4

412

422

460

460 452

412

413

426

444

434 455

422

78.8

75.8

83.3

85.5

72.0

76.5

2014

78.3

77.3

73.3

76.0

72.0

64.0

2015

Grain yield (q/ha)

-

402

421

412 435

410

2013 2014 2015

6.2

78.5

77.0

77.3

79.3

71.5

Average 68.5

18.6

412.5

413.3

441.7

435.3 447.3

Average 414.0

Effective tillers/m2

Comparative Performance of Different Varieties of Rice

7

Sandhu and Dhaliwal

Table 3 Soil characteristics of different experimental sites.

pH (1:2)

Kharif 2013 8.1

Kharif 2014 7.95

Kharif 2015 8.2

EC (dS m-1)

0.932

0.938

0.912

OC (%)

0.20

0.24

0.22

P (kg/ha)

15.2

17

14.0

K (kg/ha)

626.0

710

640

Sandy loam

Sandy loam

Sandy loam

Parameter

Soil texture

REFERENCES

Anonymous (2011).Report of Central Ground water board, Ministry of water resource. Government of India, North Western Region, Chandigarh Anonymous (2015).Package of practices for cultivation of Kharif crops. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Jamal, Khalil I H, Bari A, Khan S and Zada I (2009). Genetic variation for yield and yield components in rice. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 4(6):6064 Kaur A and Dhaliwal L K (2014). Growth parameters and yield attributing characters of PR-118 (V1) and PR-116 (V2) varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as influenced by different planting methods. Journal of Applied & Natural Science 6 (2): 755 – 762.

produce any significant effect on the number of Mantri N, Patade V, Penna S, Ford R and Pang E (2012). Abiotic stress responses in plants: present and future. In: grains per ear and 1000 grain weight (Table 3). Ahmad P, Prasad MNV (eds.) Abiotic stress responses

in plants: metabolism, productivity and sustainability. During kharif 2013, the grain yield was higher Springer, New York, pp. 1-19. in variety PR 123 (78 q/ha) followed by PR 121(76 q/ha), PR 122 (75.5 q/ha), whereas in kharif 2014, Munns R and Tester M (2008).Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59: 651- 681. PR 121 (85.5 q/ha) gave higher grain yield followed by PR 122 (83.3 q/ha), PR 124 (78.8 q/ha) and PR Sharma A, Dhaliwal L K, Sandhu S K and Singh S (2011). Effect of plant spacing and transplanting time on 111 (76.5 q/ha) but lower grain yield was obtained phenology, tiller production and yield of rice (Oryza with PR 114 (72.0 q/ha). Similar results were sativa L.)International Journal of Agricultural Science obtained in kharif 2015, where higher grain yield 7: 249-253. was obtained with PR 124 followed by PR 121 and Thakur P, Kumar S, Malik J A, Berger J D and Nayyar H PR 122 and lower grain yield was obtained with PR (2010) Cold stress effects on reproductive development 111 variety (Table 3). In the pooled data the higher in grain crops: An overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 429-443. grain yield was recorded with variety PR 121 (79.3 q/ha), which was statistically at par with PR 124 Received on 03/02/2016 Accepted on 28/04/2016 (78.5 q/ha), PR 122 (77.3 q/ha) and PR 123 (77 q/ ha) but significantly superior than grain yield from PR 111(68.5 q/ha) and PR 114(71.5 q/ha).

CONCLUSION

The varieties PR 121 and PR 124 produced higher grain yield and also matured in less time. Hence, these two varieties are most suitable for Muktsar district of Punjab.

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J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 9-11

DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00003.9

Correlation Study of Weather and Growth Parameters in Banana C D Badgujar Banana Research Station, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Jalgaon – 425 001 (Maharashtra) ABSTRACT

Weather is an uncontrolled and important factor, the effect of which on banana is difficult to quantify under the field experiments. Phenological studies of the banana crop based on the meteorological data of last 30 years (1980 - 2009) was subjected for the correlation analysis and evaluated. The study indicated that the rainfall, relative humidity had positive correlation with the bunch weight but negative correlation with temperature. Significantly negative correlation of bunch weight was recorded with wind velocity, evaporation and sunshine hours. Key Words: Cavendish banana ,Rainfall, Temperature, Relative humidity, Wind velocity, Evaporation, Sunshine hours, Correlation.

INTRODUCTION

can either lead to increase metabolism and disease Globally, banana ranked fourth most important and pests incidence in field environment. crop after rice, wheat and corn. It is grown in more The relationship between weather parameters than 130 countries across the world in an area of and plant growth, durational and yield attributes in 8.25Mha. producing 97.38 MT of banana and field crops as well as plantation crops have been plantains. India is largest producer of banana in the reported by many research workers however, such world, contributing nearly about 25 per cent to the type of information is limited in banana and plantain. world production of banana with total production of For sustainability in banana production, response to 27.0 MT from an area of 0.77 million ha. Banana changing climatic conditions is an important factor is a crop of tropics and subtropics requiring hot and for consideration. Hence, this work was carried humid climate. The most suitable climate for banana out to find out the correlation in between weather growth is one with warm moist weather throughout parameters and plant growth and yield attributes the year without strong winds. Bhattacharyya and over a period of thirty years (1980-2009) at Banana Madhava Rao (1965) reported effect of climatic Research Station, Jalgaon. factors on growth of Robusta banana. Favorable factors for banana production are rainfall in excess of 100 mm per month and the temperature range of 10 to 40o C (Sommonds1966). Both internal and external factors influence growth and production of the banana. The internal factors are genetically related characters of the variety while the external factors include climate, soil, pest and diseases. (Borges et al 2000).Weather is an important production factor in agriculture. Unfortunately, this production factor can hardly be controlled. In fact, weather risks are source of uncertainty in agriculture. The effects of weather


Thirty years (1980-2009) data of annual averages of weather parameters (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, evaporation, and sunshine hours) was collected from the Oil Seeds Research Station, Jalgaon. The growth, duration and yield attributes data (plant height, plant girth, number of leaves, number of hands, number of fingers, days to flower, days to harvest, finger length, finger girth and bunch weight) of respective years was also collected from old records of Banana Research Station ,Jalgaon. The simple correlation

*Corresponding Author’s Email : [email protected]

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Badgujar et al

has been worked out and tested its significance as attributes correlated positively. The days for per methods suggested by Panse and Sukhatme flowering and harvesting recorded significantly (1985). positive correlation with maximum temperature. Bunch weight recorded very week and negative correlation with maximum temperature. All plant RESULTS AND DISCUSSION growth attributes were recorded non- significant Rainfall The correlation coefficients of the weather correlation with minimum temperature. Out of 10 parameters with the plant parameters are depicted attributes, pseudo stem height and girth, number of in Table 1. The average annual rainfall of this area fingers per bunch, finger length and girth and bunch is 735 mm and the average rain fall of 30 years was weight recorded negative correlation, however rest recorded as764.1 mm. It was found that all the plant were positively correlated. These results were in attributes were non- significantly correlated. Only agreement with the findings of Pillai et al (1996) two attributes viz. days for flowering and harvesting and Kothawade et al (1985). were negatively correlated whereas rest of attributes recorded positive correlation with rainfall. Rain fall recorded positive but week correlation with bunch weight. Similar results were reported by Pillai et al (1996).

Relative humidity The average humidity of 30 years at morning and evening was 88.11 and 40.6 per cent, respectively. All the plant attributes except number of leaves, days to flower and days to harvest recorded a negative correlation with morning Temperature The average maximum temperature of 30 relative humidity and for rest of the attributes it years was 34.7 0C. Out of 10 attributes studied, was positive. The days to flowering and harvesting five attributes exhibited negative correlation exhibited the significant negative correlation with with maximum temperature whereas rest of the morning humidity. Relative humidity at evening Table 1. Correlation coefficient of climatic parameters with banana. Banana Attributes Annual Temperature (0C) Relative rainfall Humidity (mm) (per cent) Max Min Morn. Even Plant height (cm) 0.10 (- ) 0.08 (- )0.17 0.16 0.45* Plant girth (cm) 0.32 0.06 (- )0.03 0.28 0.35 No. of leaves/ plant 0.01 0.10 0.24 (- )0.20 (-)0.20 No. of hands/bunch 0.27 (- )0.22 0.04 0.18 (-)0.01 No. of fingers/ 0.26 (- )0.29 (- )0.13 0.27 (-)0.20 bunch Days to flower (- )0.15 0.38* 0.28 0.47** 0.48** Days to harvest (-) 0.20 0.40* 0.18 0.53** 0.46* Finger length (cm) 0.08 0.07 (- )0.22 0.09 0.64** Finger girth (cm) 0.15 (- )0.06 (- )0.33 0.23 l.41* Bunch weight (Kg) 0.13 -0.01 (- )0.26 0.29 0.47** 10

*, ** significant at 5% and 1% respectively J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 9-11

Wind Pan Velocity Evapora(km/hr) tion (mm)

Sunshine Hours

0.50** (-)0.51** (-)0.40* (-)0.42* 0.61** 0.53** (-)0.40* (-)0.45* 0.47** (-)0.57**

(-)0.34 (-)0.24 0.25 (-)0.21 (-)0.22

0.61** 0.58** 0.70** 0.67** 0.54** (-)0.41* 0.64** (-)0.60** 0.63** (-)0.56**

0.54** 0.48** (-)0.35 (-)0.46* -0.37*

Weather and Growth Parameters in Banana

have recorded significant positive impact on plant height, finger length, finger girth and bunch weight however, it was negative with the days to flowering and days to harvest. Similar results were recorded by Pillai et al (1996) and Kothawade et al (1985) and Turner (1971). Wind velocity The average wind velocity of 30 years was 14.10 km/h. All the attributes of banana showed significant correlation with wind velocity. Of these, number of leaves, days to flower and harvest recorded significant positive correlation whereas rest of attributes were correlated negatively. These results were in agreement with Pillai et al (1996), Kothawade et al (1985) and Sommonds (1966).

30 years. It was found that majority the attributes were non significantly correlated with the rainfall and temperature, however, relative humidity, wind velocity, evaporation and sunshine hours were found to affect all the attributes of banana production significantly. Out of 10 attributes, half of the attributes exhibit correlation with temperature, whereas rest of attributes show positive correlations. Relative humidity recorded significant positive impact on all attributes but durational factors were found to be shown negative correlation with relative humidity. All the attributes show significant positive correlation with wind velocity except plant girth and number of hands per bunch, evaporation was found to impact most of attributes negatively, except the durational attributes. Sunshine had negative impact on most of attributes of banana production except the durational factors.

Evaporation The average evaporation of thirty years was 10.6 mm. All the growth and yield parameters of banana REFERENCES have been significantly influenced by evaporation. Borges A L, Soura L da S and Alves E L (2000). Banana, In Z The number of leaves, days for flowering, and J M Cordeiro (ed). Banana. harvesting were recording positive correlation; however it was negative for the rest of the attributes. Bhattacharyya R K and Madhava Rao V N (1965). Influence of meteorological parameters on the cropping of banana Similar results were reported by Pillai et al (1996). grown under soil covers and soil moisture regimes. Banana News letter 8 :7-8 ( August)

Sunshine hours Sunshine hours were also recorded significant Kothawade D V, Mahajan P R , Sanghvi K U and Patil D R (1985).Effect of leaf area on the growth and yield of positive impact on days for flowering and harvesting basrai banana. South Indian Hort 33(2):122-123. however, it was significantly negative for finger Panse V G and Sukhatme P V (1985). Statistical methods for girth and bunch weight. Bunch weight and finger agricultural workers. ICAR, New Delhi (IV Edition) girth was negatively correlated with sunshine hours. Pillai P Balakrishna, Venugopalan K, Keshava Rao A V R

CONCLUSION

and Lincy Devis P (1996). Crop weather relationship of rainfed banana under different times of plantings. Bananas :Eds: Singh H P and K L Chadha ,pp 317.

Weather is most important production parameter in banana cultivation. In the present Sommonds N W (1966). Bananas ,2nd Ed. Longmans Green and Co., London. pp 512. study the relationship between weather parameters and growth, durational and yield attributes was Turner D W (1971). Effect of climate on rate of banana leaf production. Trop Agric (Trinidad) 48 (3):283-287 established by using the weather data for the last Received on 08/09/2015

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Accepted on 23/03/2016

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DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00004.0

Determination of Engineering Properties of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L or Emblica officinalis G) Fruits Ingale V M1 , H G More and V P Kad Department of Agricultural Process Engineering Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri – 413 722 ( Maharashtra) ABSTRACT

The engineering properties of Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L or Emblica officinalis G ) fruits are pre requisites in designing the equipments for handling, storage and processing of the aonla fruits. It is essential to determine the relevant characteristics of such fruits but this kind of properties appeared to be lacking in the literature. Hence this study was undertaken to determine some physical and mechanical properties such as size, shape, roundness, sphericity, volume, density, surface area and penetration force for the design of pricking machine for aonla fruits. The fruits of four Aonla cultivars namely Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna and Francis were used for this study. The fruits were cleaned with water to remove all dirt adhering to the fruits and the experiments were conducted at room temperature. All physical and mechanical parameters were studied for 10 fruits from each cultivar. The Fresh fruits were randomly selected for determination of physical properties. The shape of the Aonla fruits were found to be ranging from round to prolate. The size of the fruits was characterized using length, breadth and thickness i.e. major, intermediate & minor axis of Aonla fruits. The average volume of the fruits ranged from 31.565 to 42.809 cm3 and the average sphericity ranged from 0.954 to 0.995 whereas the range of the rolling resistance found to be 12.51 to 21.990. The range of fruit size was observed to be 3.10 to 4.47 cm. It was also observed that the volume was higher for the variety Francis with 42.809 cm3 followed by Kanchan, Krishna and Chakaiya with 37.565, 31.565 and 27.513 cm3, respectively. The maximum value of volume was found in Francis (84.245 cm3) and minimum in Chakaiya (31.115 cm3). The rolling resistances of the Aonla fruits of Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna and Francis varieties were found to be 19.167°, 18.890°, 16.384° & 14.653°, respectively. The maximum value of the rolling resistance was found in Chakaiya variety (21.990°) and minimum in Francis variety (12.310°). The penetration force required to penetrate into the fruits of Kanchan, Chakaiya, Krishna and Francis varieties of Aonla was found to 37.62, 26.29, 21.98 and 19.35 N, respectively. The maximum penetration force was found in Kanchan variety because of more compactness of the fruit and minimum in Francis variety. Key Words: Aonla, Physical properties, Mechanical properties, Cultivars.

INTRODUCTION

Aonla (Phyllanthus emblica L or Emblica officinalis G) also known as Indian goose berry, Nelli, Amalkanu or Amla. Aonla cultivation is common in India particularly in Uttar Pradesh comprising of Rae Bareilly, Pratapgarh, Varanasi, Sultanpur, Kanpur, Agra and Mathura districts (Chadha, 2001). Its cultivation is increasing in dry land areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. In Maharashtra, its cultivation

is increasing in Pune, Nagar, Aurangabad, Akola and Amravati districts. The area under Aonla in India is 49,620 ha with 3.03 t/ha productivity. Maharashtra produces 2,960 MT of Aonla per annum (Anonymous, 2003). Some important cultivars recommended for commercial cultivation in North India are Banarasi, Bansi Red, Chakaiya Pesi, Hathijhool and Pink tinged (Bajpai and Shukla, 1985). Banarasi is recognized for its large size fruits .

Corresponding Author Email : [email protected] 1 Ph.D. Scholar

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Aonla is considered as “Wonder fruit for health” because of its unique qualities. It has acquired wide popularity all over the world due to its medicinal properties. It is a rich source of vitamin C and its content of ascorbic acid is next to only that of Barbados cherry (Malpighia glabra L). Aonla fruits are attractive, round, deeply ribbed and pale green. It is divided into size segment through pale linear grooves. The surface of fruit is shiny and size varies from small marbel to large plum .It is quiet hard with thin and translucent skin. The fruit taste extremely acidic and bitter. Aonla has good nutritional value. It contains 600-1000 mg/100gm vitamin C. One tiny Aonla equal to vitamin C value of about two oranges. The fruit is rich source of pectin and thus highly useful in making jam and jellies. It contains 0.5 per cent protein, 13.7 per cent carbohydrates, 10-40 mg/100gm minerals, and 600mg of vitamin C (Gopalan et al 1980). Aonla is recognized as king of arid fruits. Fruits are sour and astringent in taste and are occasionally eaten raw. It is much esteemed for making pickles, preserves and jellies. Aonla fruit has been held in high esteem indigenous medicine. Aonla fruits are highly perishable in nature, most difficult to store or transport over long distances. Therefore, it needs immediate marketing and utilization. In order to have good return to avoid market glut it becomes essential to store the fruits for a considerable period. Recently, a number of processed products of Aonla, such as Aonla pulp, RTS, nectar, squash, candy pickle, sauce and dehydrated shreds are available with longer shelf life. The physical properties of Aonla fruit are pre requisites in designing the equipments for handling, storage and processing of the fruit. It is essential to determine the relevant characteristics, but such properties appear to be lacking in the literature. Hence this study was undertaken to determine some physical properties such as size, shape, roundness, sphericity, volume and density, surface area and cutting force for the Aonla fruit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Material Fruits of four Aonla cultivar namely Chakaiya, kanchan, Krishna and francis were used for this study. The fruits used for the study were obtained from Dry land Agriculture Research Institute, MPKV Rahuri. The fruits were harvested from the field in the first week of December 2012 and stored in cool place before conducting the experiment. The fruits were harvested when surface colour changed from green to yellowish green and seed colour creamy white to brown. The good healthy matured fruits were selected for the study. The fruits were cleaned with water to remove all dirt adhering to the fruits. The experiment was conducted at room temperature. All physical and mechanical parameters were studied for 10 fruits from each cultivar. Measurement of physical properties aonla The Fresh fruits was randomly selected for determination of physical properties. Statistical analysis was used to determine maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation of the aonla fruit dimensions. In order to determine size and shape of the fruits, 10 fruits of each variety randomly selected from the lot. The fruit mass was measured by using an electronic balance of 0.001 g sensitivity. Size of fruit The three linear dimensions namely length( L) in mm, width ( W )in mm, thickness ( T) in mm, of each fruits was measured with a vernier caliper with 0.01 mm least count. The geometric mean diameter or size, Dp of the fruit will be calculated by using formula = (abc)1/3 where Dp = geometric mean diameter ; a = major diameter ;b = minor diameter ;c = intermediate diameter. In the identification of the shape of the fruit, the tracing of longitudinal and lateral cross sections of the fruit was compared with the shapes listed on standard chart. Using standard charts, the shape of the product can be defined either by a number on

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Engineering Properties of Aonla

the chart or by descriptive terms as specified for Rolling resistance The rolling resistance of the fruits was fruits and vegetables by Mohsenin (1965). determined on stainless steal surface. The length of Sphericity plate was 500 mm. The experiment set up was made The sphericity of the Aonla fruit was estimated according to Mohsenin(1970).The angle of rolling by the following equation given by Curray(1951) i.e. Aonla fruits can be calculated by using formula Sphericity = (abc)1/3/ a where a = major diameter; b = minor diameter and c = intermediate Where l = length of base;h = Height measured diameter. when fruits sliding. Volume The shape of Aonla fruit was approximately to Measurement of mechanical properties prolate spheroid. The volume of Aonla fruit was Penetration force calculated by using the formula as Volume = 4П The mechanical properties and force deformation AB2/ 3 where A = a / 2 and B = b/2 ; a = behavior were determined by compression loading major diameter; b= minor diameter. test. For accurate result, samples were placed under Table 1. Physical properties of Aonla varities. Variety

Sfc

Weight (gm)

Length (mm)

Breadth (mm)

CHAKAIYA

Mean Max Min Sd CV Mean Max Min Sd CV Mean Max Min Sd CV Mean Max Min Sd CV

25.196 28.689 16.267 3.933 0.156 29.644 32.916 24.845 3.198 0.108 30.241 36.527 22.280 4.965 0.164 37.315 42.969 32.790 4.063 0.109

37.721 39.510 34.680 1.686 0.045 38.733 41.100 36.080 1.835 0.047 39.463 41.880 35.630 2.171 0.055 41.706 45.170 39.520 1.886 0.045

37.233 39.010 34.410 1.668 0.045 38.272 41.500 35.680 1.988 0.052 38.908 41.720 34.360 2.387 0.061 43.782 63.170 39.420 7.062 0.161

KANCHAN

KRISHNA

FRANCIS

14

Thickness (mm) 33.825 38.500 24.990 5.200 0.154 36.317 39.500 31.110 2.921 0.080 34.880 41.300 29.760 3.986 0.114 38.633 42.600 34.290 2.992 0.077

Size (mm) 36.130 38.766 31.011 2.362 0.065 37.750 40.622 34.380 2.168 0.057 37.651 41.499 33.151 2.417 0.064 41.194 44.663 37.662 2.295 0.056

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Sphericity (%) 0.958 1.020 0.880 0.054 0.056 0.974 0.995 0.940 0.016 0.017 0.954 0.996 0.904 0.037 0.039 0.988 1.108 0.944 0.046 0.047

Volume (cm3) 27.513 31.115 21.500 3.461 0.126 29.906 37.063 24.077 4.434 0.148 31.565 38.168 22.025 5.320 0.169 42.809 84.245 32.155 15.440 0.361

Rolling Resistance (degree) 19.167 21.990 17.450 1.183 0.062 17.144 18.890 15.420 1.063 0.062 16.384 18.890 14.360 1.714 0.105 14.653 16.590 12.510 1.104 0.075

Ingale et al

compression loading test. The maximum force were determined by Universal testing machine equipped with 500N compression load cell or samples. In this test, special needle with 10 mm / min speed as penetrate 8 mm into the samples and the maximum force required to penetrate the sample was measured in ‘N’

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fruit size The size of fruit depends upon its variety and maturity. The geometric mean diameter of the Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna and Francis ranged from 36.130 to 41.194 mm. among all the four varieties, Francis has higher diameter (size) with standard deviation (2.295) followed by Kanchan (2.168), Krishna (2.417) and Chakaiya (2.362). The deviation of size more in Chakaiya (2.362) variety as compared to other three varieties. Fruit Shape The shape of the fruit was assessed after calculation and comparing the results with the standard chart reported by Mohsenin (1965). The shape was observed to the ranging from round to prolate since sphericity was more than 0.90. The sphericity of the fruits Chakaiya, Kanchan , Krishna and Francis were found to be 0.958, 0.978,0.954 and 0.988, respectively. Among all the fruits, Francis variety was more spheroidal than other three varieties (Table1).

and minimum in Francis (12.310°). The penetration force required to penetrate fruits of four varieties of Aonla was found to 26.2915, 37.6266, 21.9801 and 19.3504 N respectively. The maximum penetration force found in Kanchan and minimum in Francis.

CONCLUSION

The shape of Aonla fruits were found to be ranging from round to prolate. The size of the fruit was characterized using length, breadth and thickness i.e. major, intermediate and minor axes of Aonla fruits. The average volume of the fruit ranged from 31.565 to 42.809 cm3. The average sphericity of the fruit ranged from 0.954 to 0.995. The range of the rolling resistance was found to be 12.510 to 21.990° and the range of fruit size was observed to be 31.011 to 44.663. The penetration force was found to be higher for Kanchan variety because of more compactness of the fruit.

REFERENCES

Anonymous, (2003). Area and Production of fruit crops. Directorate of Horticulture, M.S. Pune. Bajpai P N and H S Shukla (1985) Aonla In : “Fruits of India: Tropical Subtropical” (T K Bose ed.) Noya Prakash, Culcutta, India, pp.757-767 Chadha K L (2001). Dry land Horticulture Crops. Indian Horticulture PP. 18-20. Curray J K (1951). Analysis of sphericity and roundness of quartz grains. M.S. thesis in Minerology. The Phennsylvania State University, University Park. Quoted by Oje K et al, 1991. Some physical properties of oil bean seed. J Agric Engg Res 50: 303-313

Fruit volume and rolling resistance Gopalan C, Ramasastry B V and Balsubramanium S C (1980). It was observed that the volume was higher for Nutritive value of Indian foods. National Institute of the variety Francis with 42.809 cm3 followed by Nutrition. ICMR. Hyderabad. India. Kanchan,Krishna and Chakaiya with 37.565,31.565 Mohsenin N N (1965). Physical Properties of Agricultural and 27.513 , respectively. The maximum value of products. Transactions of the ASAE 8 (1): 0025-0029 volume found in Francis (84.245) and minimum in (DOI: 10.013031/2013.40418) 3 Chakaiya (31.115 cm ). The rolling resistance of Mohsenin N N (1970). Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. New York: Gordon and Breach, pp. the fruits Chakaiya, Kanchan, Krishna and Francis 51-87. were found to be 19.167°, 18.890°, 16.384° and 14.653°, respectively. The maximum value of the Received on 03/02/2016 Accepted on 23/04/2016 rolling resistance was found in Chakaiya (21.990°)

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J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 16-21

DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00005.2

Economic Analysis of Jewellery Developed from Leftovers and Solid Waste Kaur G*, Kaur D** and Gandotra V*** Department of Apparel and Textile Science, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Punjab) ABSTRACT

The investigation entitled was carried out in Ludhiana city. An interview schedule was prepared for the purpose of collection of data for design development from leftovers and solid waste. For collection of data 90 respondents between the age group of 17-25 years were selected through purposive random sampling technique from three colleges of Ludhiana city. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents were between 17-21 years of age group and were higher secondary, belonged to nuclear families and had monthly family income ranged between Rs. 25,001/- to Rs.50,000/-. Another interview schedule was prepared to study the cost effectiveness of the developed jewellery. For this purpose same sample of ninety respondents were selected and developed jewellery were shown to them. All the jewellery sets were highly appreciated on the basis of wear ability, colour combination, overall impact and appearance. Majority of the respondents rated all the jewellery sets as very good. The quoted prices of the jewellery sets were found to be adequate there by 15.74 to 66.67 per cent profit can be earned by making jewellery developed leftovers and solid waste. Key Words: Design, Jewellery, Leftovers, Miniatures, Solid waste.

INTRODUCTION

Waste is a complex, subjective and sometimes controversial issue. There are many ways to define, describe and count it, depending on how you look at it. Citizens, technicians, businessmen, politicians, activists; all of them use a different approach to waste and its management. It is notably difficult, for example, to compare waste in rich and poor countries. The topic is also sometimes political, especially when it comes to the trade and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes. All waste data should therefore be handled with care (Davis and Masten, 2004). To generate the minimum amount of waste, the waste hierarchy has taken many forms over the past decade, “reduce, reuse, and recycle” are the 3Rs in the waste hierarchy, it classify waste management strategies according to their desirability. Reduce is design for minimal use of energy, minimize or

eliminate waste material. Reuse refers to use an item more than once, this is a way without reprocessing which help save time, money, energy and resource. Recycle is the third component of the waste hierarchy, and is processing used waste materials into new products (Leung Yee Man, 2011). To counter the problem of waste produced, many efforts are undertaken to reduce its negative contribution towards environment. One of such measures is textile recycling- the reuse as well as reproduction of new products and accessories. This importance of reuse of waste does not just lie in the fact that it is reusable waste but in its usefulness to reduce the human sufferings, so the study was planned to develop jewellery from leftovers and solid waste with the objectives to access consumer acceptance and to study cost effectiveness of the developed jewellery.

*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] * M.Sc. Student ** Senior Scientist *** Associate Professor

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This investigation was conducted in Ludhiana city. Three colleges of the city namely Government College for Girls, Bharat Nagar Chowk; Guru Nanak Girls College, Model Town and College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana were selected for studying the preferences of girls for different types of jewellery. Thirty respondents were selected from each college. In samples of 90 colleges going girls between the age group 17-25 years were selected purposively as the respondents from this particular age group were more receptive towards new trends in fashion. An interview schedule was framed for collection of data regarding preferences of the respondents for development of designs for different jewellery items from left over and solid waste. On the basis of information collected the most preferred ten miniatures of jewellery sets were prepared by using

leftovers and solid waste. All the respondents were again interviewed regarding cost effectiveness and consumer acceptance for developed jewellery on the basis of colour combination and appearance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preferences of the respondents on the basis of color combination The preferences of the respondents on the basis of colour combination (Table 1) revealed that Jewellery C1 (small bulbs) got a weighted mean score of 3.02 and was given first rank. It was followed by jewellery H2 (pistachio shells), A2 (buttons), F1 (plastic bottles) and G1 (CDs) which got weighted mean scores of 3.01, 2.88 each and 2.80 and were placed at second, third for both and fourth rank, respectively. Jewellery with weighted mean scores of 2.70, 2.38, 2.04, E1 (bottle caps), D2

Table 1. Preferences of the respondents on the basis of color combination for developed jewellery. (n=90) Jewellery code Order of preference WMS Ranks A2 (Buttons)

I 32 (35.5)

II 17 (18.9)

III 40 (44.4)

IV 1 (1.1)

2.88

III

B1 (Textured sheets) C1 (Small bulbs)

26 (28.8) 28 (31.1)

3 (3.3) 37 (41.1)

8 (8.9) 24 (26.7)

53 (58.9) 1 (1.11)

2.02 3.02

VIII I

D2 (Toothpicks) E1 (Bottle caps)

6 (6.6) 16 (17.7)

23 (25.5) 38 (42.2)

61 (67.7) 29 (32.2)

--7 (7.8)

2.38 2.70

VI V

F1 (Plastic bottles) G1 (CDs)

21 (23.3) 17 (18.8)

49 (54.4) 44 (48.8)

9 (10.0) 23 (25.6)

11 (12.2) 6 (6.7)

2.88 2.80

III IV

H2 (Pistachio shells)

27 (30.0)

4 0 (44.4)

20 (22.2)

3 (3.4)

3.01

II

I1 (Cardboard)

28 (31.1)

3 (3.3)

4 (4.5)

55 (61.1)

2.04

VII

J1 (Wires)

26 (28.8)

3 (3.3)

8 (8.9)

53 (58.8)

2.02

VIII

Figures in parentheses indicate percentages Kruskal –Wallis H-test H=.29*

Weighted Mean Score - WMS *Significant at 5 per cent

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Economic Analysis of Jewellery Developed from Leftovers and Solid Waste

(toothpick), I1 (cardboards) were given fifth, sixth and seventh ranks, respectively. While jewellery B1 (textured sheets) and J1 (wires) were least preferred (weighted mean score 2.02 each). Since the sample size is large the Kruskal –Wallis H-test statistically follows χ2distribution=16.9. The Kruskal –Wallis H-test i.e. H=0.29* was found to be significantly different from each other at 5 per cent in all the cases. Preferences of the respondents on the basis of appearance Data in table 2 revealed that Jewellery C1 (small bulbs) with a weighted mean score of 2.47, was given the first rank on the basis of appearance. It was followed by Jewellery H2 (pistachio shells), B1 (textured sheets), E1 (bottle caps) and F1 (plastic bottles) with weighted mean scores 2.43, 2.36, 1.87 and 1.81 and were given second, third, fourth and fifth rank,

respectively. Jewellery G1 (CDs), I1 (cardboards), A2 (buttons) and D2 (toothpicks), obtained weighted mean scores 1.80 each and were hence ranked at sixth place, 1.58 were ranked seventh and 1.43 were ranked eighth respectively. Jewellery J1 (wires) was least preferred with weighted mean score 1.32. Since the sample size is large the Kruskal –Wallis H-test statistically follows χ2distribution=16.9. The Kruskal –Wallis H-test i.e. H=1.05* was found to be significantly different from each other at 5 per cent in all the cases. Opinion of the respondents regarding jewellery developed from leftovers and solid waste The opinion of the respondents regarding the jewellery developed from leftovers and solid waste was taken on a of three point scale - very good, good and fair. It was found that 77.8 per cent, rated

Table 2. Preferences of the respondents on the basis of appearance for the developed jewellery (n=90) Jewellery code

Order of preference

WMS

Ranks

A2 (Buttons)

I 6 (6.7)

II 9 (10.0)

III 17 (18.9)

IV 58 (64.4)

1.58

VIII

B1 (Textured sheets)

9 (10.0)

44 (48.8)

8 (8.9)

29 (32.2)

2.36

III

C1 (Small bulbs)

14 (15.6)

41 (45.5)

8 (8.9)

27 (13.0)

2.47

I

D2 (Toothpicks)

5 (5.6)

2 (2.2)

20 (22.2)

63 (70.0)

1.43

IX

E1 (Bottle caps)

7 (7.8)

13 (14.4)

32 (35.5)

38 (42.2)

1.87

IV

F1 (Plastic bottles)

8 (8.9)

10 (11.1)

29 (32.2)

43 (47.7)

1.81

V

G1 (Ds)

11 (12.2)

18 (20.0)

4 (4.5)

56 (62.2)

1.80

VI

H2 (Pistachio shells)

17 (18.9)

36 (40.0)

6 (6.7)

31 (34.4)

2.43

II

I1 (Cardboard)

12 (53.3)

3 (3.4)

30 (33.3)

45 (50.0)

1.80

VII

4 (4.5)

1 (1.1)

15 (16.6)

70 (77.7)

1.32

X

J1 (Wires)

Figures in parentheses indicate percentages Kruskal –Wallis H-test H=1.05* 18

Weighted Mean Score – WMS *Significant at 5 per cent

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 16-21

Kaur et al

the jewellery A2 made from buttons as very good Assessment of cost effectiveness of the developed while it rated as good by 13.4 per cent and only 8.9 jewellery In the case of Jewellery A2 made from left over per cent respondents considered it to be fair. buttons the cost price was Rs.215/- and majority of As regards to jewellery B1 developed from textured sheets, it was considered very good by 80 the respondents preferred to buy it for Rs.255/- with per cent of the respondents followed by 15.6 per the profit of 18.6 per cent (Table 3).

In the case of Jewellery B1 (textured sheets), the cost price was Rs 210/- and average selling price was `252 with 20.0 per cent of profit margin. Jewellery C1 (small bulbs) had the cost price of Rs 222 and average selling price was found to be Rs With respect to jewellery D2 design using 286/- leading to a profit margin of 28.8 per cent. For the Jewellery D2 (toothpicks), the cost price toothpicks, it was rated as very good by 74.4 per cent of the respondents, good by 18.9 per cent while was Rs 72/- while the average selling price was Rs 106/-, thus, there was a profit margin of 47.2 per 6.7 per cent of the respondents rated it as fair. In the case of jewellery E1 (bottle caps), 73.3 per cent. Jewellery E1 made from plastic bottles had a cent of the respondents rated it as very good, 21.1 cost price of Rs 54/- and average selling price was per cent rated it as good and 5.6 per cent of the Rs 85/-. Therefore a profit margin of 57.4 per cent could be earned. The cost of Jewellery F1 (bottle respondents rated it as fair. caps) was Rs 108/- and its average selling price was Jewellery F1 (plastic bottles) was rated as very good by 77.8 per cent of respondents while 16.7 Rs 125/- , leading to a profit margin 15.7 per cent. cent who rated it as good while only 4.4 per cent of the respondents rated it as fair. Jewellery C1 (small bulbs) was rated as very good by 90 per cent of respondents while 6.7 per cent rated it as good and 3.3 per cent of the respondents rated it as fair.

per cent of the respondents rated as good and 5.5 per cent of the respondents rated it as fair. In case of Jewellery G1 (CDs), 82.2 per cent rated it as very good. It was rated as good by 13.3 per cent of the respondents while only 4.5 per cent of the respondents rated it as fair. Jewellery H2 (pistachio shells) was rated as very good by 93.3 per cent of respondents while 2.2 per cent of the respondents rated as good and 4.5 per cent rated it as fair.

In the case of Jewellery G1 (CDs), the cost price was Rs 84/- and average selling price was Rs 133/-, with profit margin of 58.3 per cent. The cost price of jewellery H2 (pistachio shells), was Rs 132/- and its average selling price was Rs 171/-, hence, a profit margin of 29.5 per cent could be earned.

For Jewellery I1 (cardboards) and J1 (wires) the cost price was Rs 48/- and Rs 60/-, while the average selling price was Rs 80/- and 100/- leading In case of Jewellery I1 (cardboards) 70 per cent to profit margin of 66.7 per cent each, respectively. of the respondents rated it as very good. It was It was evident from the results that the profit considered good by 23.3 per cent of the respondents margins in jewellery developed from leftovers and fair by 6.7 per cent of the respondents. Eighty and solid waste varies, depending on the design, percent of the respondents rated jewellery J1 jewellery and accessories used. Product ranging (wires) to be very good while 14.4 per cent of the between 15.7 to 66.7 per cent profit can be earned respondents rated it as good and 5.6 per cent as by developing such jewellery. fair. In all the cases more than 70 per cent of the As for all the jewellery there was significant respondents consider all the jewellery products as difference between cost price and average selling very good. price (average selling prices were significantly

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 16-21

19

Economic Analysis of Jewellery Developed from Leftovers and Solid Waste

JEWELLERY DEVELOPED FROM LEFT OVERS AND SOLID WASTE

Jewellery A2 developed from left buttons

Jewellery E1 developed from plastic bottles

Jewellery B1 developed from textured sheets

Jewellery C1 developed from small bulbs

Jewellery D2 developed from toothpicks

Jewellery F1 developed from bottle caps

Jewellery G1 developed from CDs

Jewellery H2 developed from pistachio shells

Jewellery I1 developed from cardboards

more). The developed jewellery was found to be acceptable and even the consumers were ready to pay more than the expected selling price. The high acceptability and profit margins of the jewellery made with leftovers and solid waste showed that the concept is commercially viable. When manufactured commercially, then the cost of production will get

20

Jewellery J1 developed from wires

reduce leading to an increase in the profit margins making it commercially more viable. The studies conducted by Sunidhi (2004) and Kaur ( 2011) revealed that it was possible to earn 20.7 to 50 per cent, and 21.2 to 66.8 per cent, profit, respectively by making articles based on preferences of the consumers.

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 16-21

Kaur G et al

Table 3. Opinion of respondents regarding the suitability of cost price and average selling price of the Jewellery developed. (n=90) Jewellery code

Cost price

(Buttons) A2 (Textured sheets) B1 (Small bulbs) C1 (Toothpicks) D2 (Bottle plastic) E1 (Bottle caps) F1 (CDs) 11G1 (Pistachio shells) H2 (Cardboard) I1 (Wires) J1 *Significant at 5 per cent,

Z-value

Percent Profit

215

Average selling price 255.0

7.89*

18.6

210

252.0

4.76*

20.0

222

286.0

9.61*

28.8

72

106.0

3.28*

47.2

54

85.0

0.57*

57.4

108

125.0

3.35*

15.7

84

133.0

8.23*

58.3

132

171.0

5.75*

29.5

48

80.0

8.51*

66.6

60

100.0

7.19*

66.6

CONCLUSION

consumers. Profit margin ranged between 15.74 to It was concluded that development of jewellery 66.67 per cent which is quite good earning. form leftovers and solid waste would provide REFERENCES entrepreneurs a new idea for making use of different Davis and Masten (2004) what is waste. http://scp.eionet. leftovers and solid waste to produce new products europa.eu/themes/waste along with different accessories to start with very less investments. The results related to wearability, Kaur R (2011) Development of decorative articles using card weaving technique.M.Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural colour combination, overall impact and appearance University, Ludhiana, India. would be beneficial to the housewife’s to utilize the leftovers and solid waste at home. Majority of the Leung Yee Man (2011) Creation of sustainability in fashion accessories. http://www.itc.polyu.edu. respondents i.e. 60 per cent rated all the jewellery as very good. Average selling price of all the ten Sunidhi (2004) Development of decorative articles with finger weaving techniques. M. Sc. thesis, Punjab Agricultural developed jewellery ranged between Rs 80/- to University, Ludhiana, India. Rs 286/- and was accepted by majority of the Received on 23/09/2015

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 16-21


21

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00006.4

Effect of Application of Various Inputs by the Farmers and the Yield of Spring Maize Hybrids Jatinder Manan, Manoj Sharma, Gurmeet Singh and Gobinder Singh Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala 144 620 (Punjab) ABSTRACT

A study was conducted to assess the use of various inputs by farmers in the cultivation of spring maize and its impact on yield obtained as compared to the recommendations made by the research institutes. The data suggested that farmers in Kapurthala district mainly opt for spring maize hybrids namely DKC 9108, 31Y45, Dow 2244 and P 1844 and achieved an average gross return of Rs 70,104 to Rs.76,860/ha. It was observed that farmers were applying urea in recommended dose but the time of application was different than the recommendations. As per recommendations, urea needs to be applied in three equal splits during basal, vegetative and tasseling stage. While, farmers were applying 75 per cent urea only during vegetative stage and 24 per cent during tasseling stage. In case of DAP, 63 per cent of farmers were adding higher quantity of phosphorus fertilizer than the recommended dose. Insecticide application was not adopted by 32.3 per cent of the farmers, simultaneously herbicide application was not adopted by 50 per cent farmers and only 29 per cent farmers applied insecticide and herbicide both in their fields. It was also observed that grain yield of spring maize during spring 2015 was reduced to 11.9 per cent as compared to spring 2014 season. Key Words: Spring, Maize, Hybrids, Fertilizer, Insecticides, Pesticides, Sowing time, Yield.

INTRODUCTION

the district. 31Y45 hybrid is the first true spring maize hybrid launched in India and is suitable for sowing between January and March in north India. Now, DKC 9108 is the first spring hybrid of private firm recommended by the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana for cultivation in Punjab. This hybrid is best suited for January and February sowing with an average yield of 80 q/ha. P 1844 is the new spring hybrid from Pioneer launched during the year 2015.

Maize is the third important cereal crop after rice and wheat and is grown across a wide range of climates in India. Maize is relatively a short duration crop, capable of utilizing inputs more efficiently and producing large quantity of food grains per unit area (Farhad et al 2009). Maize has greater nutritional value as it contains about starch (72 %), proteins (10 %), oil (4.8 %), fibre (8.5 %), sugar (3 %) and ash (1.7 %) (Chaudhary, 1993). Maize being a C4 plant is having high genetic potential and The cultivation of spring maize is very prominent is photosynthesis explorative crop (Rowan and Xin, in the region due to its suitability in the cropping 2011). rotation (Paddy-potato-spring maize) followed by The cultivation of spring season maize (Feb- the potato growers in the area. It is pertinent to June) is expanding rapidly in northwest India. mention that there are few farmers, who buy wheat Farmers in the central plain zone of Punjab generally from the market for their domestic consumption prefer cultivation of maize hybrids developed by the because they are of the view that this is the most private firms namely Pioneer (31Y45 and P 1844), remunerative cropping sequence as compared to riceMonsanto (DKC 9108) and Dow (Dow 2244) in wheat. However, vegetative growth of spring maize Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

22

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

Manan et al

and its yield are highly dependent upon external factors, i.e., application of urea, diammonium phosphate (DAP), insecticide, herbicide, irrigations and other important management practices. Hence, the present study was undertaken with the objective to study the effect of application of various inputs by the farmers for increasing the yield of spring maize hybrids in the district.


The study was conducted in the district covering 4 blocks namely Nadala, Dhilwan, Kapurthala and Sultanpur lodhi during kharif, 2015. A questionnaire was developed on the package of practices of spring maize which included area sown, name of the maize hybrid, sowing and harvesting dates, average yield and price obtained, fertilizers and pesticides used. A total of 128 farmers covering an area of 502.4 ha under different maize hybrids were interviewed personally and data were recorded. The survey was conducted during the entire growing period of the crop and the data regarding grain yield were obtained in the grain market at the time of selling of the produce by the farmer. The values were interpreted in the form of number and percentage.

Table 1. Number of spring maize cultivating farmers and area covered Block

Farmers Area covered Number Per cent Hectare Per cent Dhilwan 20 15.6 134.8 26.8 Nadala 12 9.4 104.8 20.9 Sultanpur 42 32.8 109.2 21.7 Kapurthala 54 42.2 153.6 30.6 128 100.0 502.4 100.0 Total

Dhilwan, Nadala, Sultanpur and Kapurthala blocks, respectively (Table 1).

Performance of spring maize hybrids at farmers’ field Out of total 502.4 ha area, maximum area was found under hybrid DKC 9108 (47.0 %), followed by 31Y45 (19.8 %), Dow 2244 (19.3 %) and P 1844 (13.9 %). The highest average yield obtained was of spring maize hybrid DKC 9108 (90.0 q/ha) followed by Dow 2244 (85.3 q/ha), 31Y45 (79.3 q/ha) and P 1844 (73.8 q/ha), respectively. It was found that selling price of maize hybrid P 1844 was higher in the market due to its orange colour grain which attracted buyers more in the market. On the other hand, the gross returns obtained by the farmers RESULTS AND DISCUSSION followed the same trend as that of area sown (Table Area under spring maize in different blocks The study showed that maximum number 2). This showed that based on last year experience, of farmers was from Kapurthala followed by farmers select the variety, hybrid or even crop to be Sultanpur block whereas only 9.4 and 15.6 percent sown during a season. On comparing the present results with that of farmers were from Nadala and Dhilwan blocks, respectively. The probable reason for less number study conducted by Sharma et al (2014) during last of farmers from Nadala and Dhilwan was that the year, it was noticed that the average yield, selling grain markets are available only at Kapurthala and rate, days to harvesting, productivity and gross Sultanpur; therefore, farmers from Nadala and returns were drastically reduced during spring 2015 Dhilwan sell their produce either at Kapurthala or season (Table 3). The grain yield during current Jalandhar. Moreover, the major cropping system year was reduced by 11.9 per cent compared to last followed in Kapurthala and Sultanpur blocks is year. The probable reason might be late harvesting paddy-potato-spring maize, whereas, in Nadala and of potato due to occurrence of heavy and frequent Dhilwan blocks it is rice – wheat cropping system. rainfall during January and February, 2015 which Total area studied under spring maize cultivation delayed the sowing of spring maize and thus was found to be 134.8, 104.8, 109.2 and 153.6 ha in reduced the grain yield as compared to 2014. J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

23

Effect of Application of Various Inputs by the Farmers

Table 2. Performance of different spring maize hybrids at the farmer’s field Hybrid

Area covered (%) 47.0 19.8 19.3 13.9

DKC 9108 31Y45 Dow 2244 P 1844

Average number of days taken for maturity (days) 110 111 121 113

Farmers covered (%) 56.3 21.9 4.7 17.1

Average Yield (q/ha) 90.0 79.3 85.3 73.8

Selling Price (Rs/q) 854.0 884.6 832.3 935.0

Gross Returns (Rs/ha) 76,860 70,104 70,995 69,003

Table 3. Comparative performance of spring maize hybrids at the farmers’ field Hybrids

% Farmers

% Area covered

Yield (q/ha)

Rate (Rs/q)

2014

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

P 1864

4.8

-

2.3

-

100.8

PMH 1

0.8

-

0.2

-

70.0

31 Y 45

48.0

19.8

52.1

21.9

DKC 9108

46.4

47.0

45.4

Dow 2244

-

19.3

P 1844

-

13.9

Days taken to harvesting

2014

2015

2014

-

953.3

-

-

1100.0

-

96.0

79.3

851.8

56.3

96.2

90.0

-

4.7

-

-

17.1

-

Maize productivity (kg/ ha/day)

Gross returns (Rs/ ha)

2015

2014

2015

2014

2015

121.5

-

83.4

-

95,087

-

115.0

-

60.8

-

77,000

-

884.6

122.2

111.0

79.9

71.4

81,361

70,105

855.0

854.0

121.5

110.0

80.6

81.8

81,842

76,860

85.3

-

833.3

-

121.0

-

70.5

-

71,081

73.8

-

935.0

-

113.0

-

65.3

-

69,003

Source: Sharma et al (2014)

Effect of urea application Spring maize being a medium duration crop highly responds to the urea application. The recommended dose of urea is 312.5 kg/ha. It was noticed that on 26.2 per cent area, farmers were using 25 per cent less urea and on 65.4 per cent area, From the data (Table 3) it can be inferred that farmers were using more than recommendation only two hybrids of spring maize, i.e., 31Y45 and (Table 4). DKC 9108 dominated the region. The area under Table 4. Effect of urea application on yield of hybrid DKC 9108 remained static, whereas, farmers spring maize shifted from 31Y45 to other hybrids like Dow 2244 Area covered Yield (q/ha) and P 1844 during 2015, which resulted in steep Urea (kg/ha) (%) decline in area under 31Y45. The probable reason 26.2 81.5 for adoption of DKC 9108 was that this hybrid 375 37.7 84.5 hybrids. The other probable reason for adoption The application of 125 kg/ha more urea than of new hybrid Dow 2244 was higher yield levels (85.3 q/ha) and for P 1844 was higher market price the recommended dose increased maize yield to (Rs 935/q) as compared to 31Y45, which recorded the extent of 3q/ha. The cost of extra urea comes average yield of 79.3 q/ha and market price of Rs out to be Rs. 1,000/- whereas, benefit is about 884.6/- per quintal. Due to decreased productivity, the average selling price increased from Rs 856/- to 873/- per quintal but this increase could not compensate the reduction in yield and hence, gross returns during the year 2015 decreased from Rs 81,886/- to 73,765/-per hectare.

24

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

Manan et al

Table 5. Urea application in spring maize hybrids at different time intervals Hybrid 31Y45 DKC 9108 Dow 2244 P 1844

Basal dose 1.1 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.9

Percent area covered 15-20 DAS 25-30 DAS 42.4 25.2 39.9 38.9 38.7 38.7 37.7 37.7 39.7 35.1

Rs.2,425/-. Therefore, it can be said that site specific nutrient management is essential because the recommendations were generally given based on medium soil types. It has been recommended that 33 per cent of nitrogen each at 3 stages i.e., basal, knee height stage and at pre-tasseling needs to be applied. Hybrid wise, urea application study suggested that urea was applied during 15-20 DAS and 25-30 DAS on 39.7 and 35.1 per cent of area & only in 0.9 and 24.3 per cent of area at basal and tasseling stages (Table 5). Lesser urea application at tasseling stage had negative impact on overall crop yield; whereas, no basal dose application would have resulted in lower shoot growth and overall lesser vegetative growth. DAP application to previous crop and its impact on yield The quantity of DAP recommended is 125 kg/ha at the sowing time of spring maize whereas it was found that only on 36.9 per cent of area, farmers were adding recommended DAP dose and on 63 per cent area, farmers were using higher dose than the recommendation (Table 6). Although, application of 50 kg more quantity of DAP fertilizer resulted in 5.6 per cent increase in yield of spring maize.

At Tasseling 31.4 18.5 22.6 24.7 24.3

It has been established that DAP fertilizer added remains in soil for next season also, so the variation in DAP applied during previous crop must have affected the yield of spring maize. It was observed that in the fields with potato as previous crop, the increase in spring maize yield was 5.5 per cent with Rs.1,157/-ha higher returns as compared to other crops (pea, cucurbits other vegetables etc) (Table 7). This increase was probably due to residual effect of DAP fertilizer applied to the potato crop. Effect of number of irrigations on yield of spring maize Maize being a C4 plant , the irrigation requirements of spring maize is high and further more the maturity of maize coincides with the occurrence of maximum temperature during MayJune, that further increases the requirement of irrigation water for proper grain filling during soft dough and milking stage. On an average spring maize requires 10-15 irrigations in life cycle. Numbers of irrigations to spring maize ranged between 8 to17. Further, it was found that on 34.7 per cent of area, farmers applied less than 10 irrigations and on 33.5 per cent of area, farmers applied more than 15 irrigations (Table 8). The increase in yield with 5 additional irrigations, on an average was

Table 6. Effect of DAP application on yield of spring maize DAP(kg/ha) 125 125-187.5 >187.5

Area covered (%) 36.9 6.9 56.2 J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

Yield (q/ha) 79.8 82.3 84.3 25

Effect of Application of Various Inputs by the Farmers

Table 7. Effect of DAP application to previous crop on yield of spring maize Previous crop

DAP added to previous crop (kg/ha)

Yield of spring maize (q/ha)

Rate(Rs/q) of spring maize

Returns from spring maize (Rs/ha)

Potato

421.5

82.8

869.6

72,003/-

Other than potato

226.5

78.5

902.5

70, 846/-

Table 8. Effect of irrigations applied on yield of spring maize Number of irrigations 15

Area covered (%) 34.7 31.8 33.5

5.6 per cent. Due to high evapo-transpiration rate during the growing period as well as knowledge gap on irrigation water requirement leads to application of water in much higher quantity than required for physiological processes. This further adds to the growing challenge of declining water table, a major concern for agricultural sustainability in northwest India Effect of insecticide and pesticide application on yield of spring maize The recommendation is to apply herbicide within 2 days of sowing and two applications of insecticide (one at 20 DAS and second at knee high stage). The date (Table 9) revealed that the interac-

Yield (q/ha) 80.3 83.5 84.8

tion between insecticide and herbicide application affected the returns of spring maize. On 12.3 per cent area, farmers neither applied insecticide nor herbicide and earned gross returns of Rs 58,331/-ha whereas, one insecticide spray and herbicide application was practiced on 26.9 per cent area and farmers accrued a gross returns of Rs 71,637/-ha. However, increasing the insecticide sprays to two with one herbicide application resulted in 1.9 per cent increase in gross returns. Increasing further insecticide sprays had very little impact on returns. It was also concluded from the data that majority of the farmers do insecticide spray only once (on 62.4 % area) and more than once (on 4.3 % area).

Table 9. Adoption of insecticide and herbicide application and net returns from spring maize Insecticide applied No Once Twice Thrice

26

Herbicide applied Percent area basis Yes No 21.0 12.3 26.9 35.5 0.2 2.2 1.9 0.0 50.0 50.0

Net returns (Rs/ha) Yes No 70,000/58,331/71,637/70,518/73,030/72,460/74,219/--72,221/67,103/-

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27

Manan et al

CONCLUSION

The yield levels and price of maize were drastically reduced during current year due to heavy rainfall during Jan-Feb and so the gross returns were lower by 9.9 per cent. Even then farmers were using inputs like DAP and irrigation at higher levels as compared to recommended levels which resulted in lower net returns and also exhausted precious natural resources. In case of urea application, farmers used recommended quantity of fertilizer but at inappropriate stages of growth in spring maize. The adoption of insecticide and herbicide is also very less, as 12% were not adding both and only 2% were adding herbicide and using insecticide more than once. So overall, farmers were changing recommendations based on their own assumptions and needs to be educated for precise input use. With

the precise use of inputs the yield levels and gross returns may be further increased.

REFERENCES

Chaudhary A R (1993). Maize in Pakistan. Punjab Agriculture Coordination Board, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad. Farhad W, Saleem M F, Cheema M A, and Hammed H M (2009). Effect of poultry manure levels on the productivity of spring maize (Zea mays L.). J Ani & Plant Sci 19(3): 122-125. Rowan F S and Xin G Z (2011). Exploiting the engine of C4 photosynthesis. J Experimental Botany 62(9): 2989-3000. Sharma Manoj, Singh Onkar, Singh Gobinder and Kaur Gurpreet (2014). A snap shot of spring maize cultivation in Kapurthala and Jalandhar district under central plain zone of Punjab. J Krishi Vigyan 3(1): 1-4.

Received on 15/12/2015

J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 22-27


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J Krishi Vigyan 2016, 4(2) : 28-31

DOI : 10.5958/2349-4433.2016.00007.6

Effect of Fertility Levels and Varieties on Tuber Yield and Processing Quality of French Fry Grade Potato K S Sandhu, M S Shahi, R K Sharma and Gurbax Singh Post Graduate Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar – 143002 ( Punjab) ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2013 to 2014, at Amritsar in split plot design having three potato varieties (Kufri Frysona, Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Surya) in main plot and four fertility levels (F1; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 93.7kg (planting) + N 93.7kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5 kg K2O /ha soil application; F2 ; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 84.7kg (planting) + N 84.7 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5 kg K2O /ha; F3; 270 kg N/ ha [N 135 kg (planting) + N 135 kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 kg K2O /ha; F4; 270 kg N [N 126 kg (planting) + N 126 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 K2O kg/ha.) in sub plots with three replications. French fry grade (FFG) tuber yield was significantly higher in F1 than F3, F4 and F2. Tuber dry matter and French fry color were in highly acceptable range throughout the fertility treatments. Significantly more number of Chip grade (4575mm), processing grade (>45mm), total and French fry grade tubers (>75mm) were noticed in Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Surya, respectively. Kufri Surya and Kufri Frysona produced significantly higher FFG tuber yield, whereas chip grade tuber yield was significantly highest in Kufri Chipsona1 (18.8 t/ ha). Tuber dry matter was significantly higher in Kufri Frysona and Kufri Chipsona1 than Kufri Surya. Key Words: Processing, Varieties, Nitrogen levels, French fry grade tubers, Processing attributes.

INTRODUCTION

weight) and more than 20 per cent tuber dry matter for crispy and light colored French fries (Marwaha, 1997). Important factors influencing French fry grade as well as total tuber yield are nutrient management and choice of cultivars. Enhanced application of N and K in Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Chipsona 2 improved the both processing quality and yield (Kumar et al 2007 a,b). Therefore, first Indian processing variety Kufri Chipsona 1, first heat tolerant and suitable for early planting variety Kufri Surya and first high yielding variety for French fries Kufri Frysona were evaluated for maximum French fry grade tuber production under different fertility levels at Amritsar.

Processing of potato is gaining momentum at faster pace in India since last decade because of development of processing varieties, and their production and storage technologies (Kumar et al 2011). Potato chips and French fries are the major processed products in India. Unlike the popularity of chips among children, freshly fried French fries are most common convenience food of people of all age groups. Huge growth in the requirement of French fries from 2,500 MT in 2005-06 to 24,000 MT in 2010-11 attracted some Indian companies to undertake French fry production venture but soon they felt handicapped due to non-availability of sufficient quantities of good size French fry quality MATERIALS AND METHODS potatoes. Processing of potatoes into French fry The field experiment was conducted on sandy requires certain minimum quality attributes that include oblong to long tubers (preferably more than loam soil (Typic Ustochrept) during rabi seasons of 75 mm size) with shallow eyes, low peeling losses, 2013 to 2014 at Students’ Farm, Khalsa College, low reducing sugars (200 mg/100 g fresh tuber Amritsar, India (74o 55’ N, 31o 37’ N, 236 m above Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

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mean sea level) in split-plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of three potato varieties with long tubers (Kufri Frysona, Kufri Chipsona 1 and Kufri Surya), while sub-plots consisted of four fertilizer management treatments (F1; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 93.7kg (planting) + N 93.7kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5 kg K2O /ha soil application; F2 ; 187.5 kg N/ha [N 84.7kg (planting) + N 84.7 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 62.5 kg K2O /ha; F3; 270 kg N/ ha [N 135 kg (planting) + N 135 kg (earthing)] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 kg K2O /ha; F4; 270 N kg [N 126 kg (planting) + N 126 kg (earthing) + 2 foliar spray (2 % urea) at 60 and 80 days after planting] + 62.5 kg P2O5 + 90 K2O kg/ha.) in sub plots with three replications. The inter-row spacing was kept 67.5 cm with intra-row spacing of 25 cm. Chemical analysis of the soil (0-15 cm) showed neutral pH (7.05), low organic carbon content (0.31%) and low alkaline KMnO4-N (157.4 kg/ha), high Olsen’s (0.5 M NaHCO3 extractable) P (29.6 kg/ha) and medium 1N ammonium acetate extractable K (146.8 kg/ ha). Half N (as per treatment), full P and full K (as per treatment) were applied at the time of planting as band placement. The remaining half N (as per treatment) was applied in soil at the time of earthing up (25 days after planting) as band placement. In two treatments (F2 and F4), foliar spray of urea (2%) was also done at 60 and 80 days after planting (DAP) with the view to extend the maturity period to have higher French fry grade tuber number and yield. Nitrogen was applied through calcium ammonium nitrate at the time of planting and through urea at earthing up. Phosphorus and potash were applied through diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. The experimental crop was planted on 2nd and 4th October during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Well-sprouted seed tubers (weighing 50-60 g and about 40-45 mm in size) were planted in plots of 4.05×4 m size. The experimental crop was raised under assured irrigation using the furrow method. Dehaulming was done manually at 100 DAP and harvesting was done two weeks later after

skin setting. Total, French fry grade (> 75 mm), chip grade (45-75 mm) and small (75 mm)

Tuber number (thousand/ha) Chip grade Processing Small (45-75 mm) Grade (45 mm)

Total

94.5 94.9 95.1 94.9 0.6 NS

99.0 81.0 87.3 82.1 4.4 13.0

200.3 218.2 202.8 225.6 10.1 NS

299.3 299.2 290.1 307.7 11.1 NS

169.3 164.5 161.1 171.3 10.4 NS

468.6 463.7 451.2 478.9 18.0 NS

94.2 95.2 94.7 0.5 NS

92.7 58.6 110.6 7.2 28.4

203.1 263.7 168.5 5.5 21.5

295.8 322.3 279.1 8.8 34.3

169.1 199.3 131.2 7.7 30.2

464.9 521.6 410.3 16.0 63.2

has also been on record (Kumar et al 2007a) and Kufri Surya being at par with Kufri Frysona gave (Kumar et al 2012). significantly higher French fry grade (FFG) tuber Among varieties, Kufri Surya and Kufri yield than Kufri Chipsona 1, whereas, significantly Chipsona 1 produced maximum and significantly highest chip grade as well as small tuber yield higher French fry grade and chip grade tubers than was recorded in Kufri Chipsona 1 (Table 2). Total other verities, respectively. Kufri Chipsona 1 gave processing and total tuber yield was also slightly significantly higher processing grade, small and higher in Kufri Chipsona-1 than other varieties. total tuber number than Kufri Surya (Table 1). This Singh et al (2010) observed similar variation among variation in tuber setting among varieties may be different genotypes. ascribed to their genetic makeup (Horton, 1987).

Tuber yield Different fertility levels did not show significant change in tuber yield recorded under different size categories. Except chip grade tubers, yield of all others categories was slightly higher in F1 (Table 2). Nitrogen application at the rate of 187.5 kg/ha seems to be sufficient to potato crop throughout the growing period leaving no scope for improvement of tuber yield under different categories either by higher rate or by foliar spray of nitrogen. These results corroborate the findings of Kumar et al (2007a) and Kumar et al (2012). 30

Processing quality Tuber dry matter is an important parameter from processing point of view because it determines the recovery of final fried products. Tuber dry matter was slightly higher in treatment F4 (21.2%) than other three fertility level (Table 2) whereas, variety Kufri Frysona exhibited significantly more tuber dry matter (23.1%) than Kufri Chipsona 1 (21.8%) and Kufri Surya (17.8%) which may be ascribed to their genetic make-up (Kumar and Kang, 1998). Tuber dry matter content already reported to be significantly influenced by nitrogen levels (Kumar et al 2007a) as well as varieties (Kumar et al 2007b).

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Table 2. Effect of fertilizer management and varieties on graded tuber yield and processing quality of potato at harvest (Pooled data of two years) Treatment French fry grade (>75 mm) Fertilizer management 12.35 F1 11.13 F2 11.97 F3 10.90 F4 SEm+ 0.57 CD (0.05) NS Varieties Kufri Frysona 12.60 Kufri Chipsona-1 7.70 Kufri Surya 14.45 SEm+ 0.92 CD (0.05) 3.62

Chip grade (4575 mm)

Tuber yield (t/ha) ProcessSmall ing grade (45 mm)

Total

Tuber dry French matter fry colour (%)

14.21 15.04 14.32 15.53 13.85 NS

26.56 26.17 26.29 26.43 0.76 NS

4.22 3.92 3.91 3.81 0.25 NS

30.78 30.08 30.20 30.23 0.89 NS

21.0 20.3 21.0 21.2 0.55 NS

1.84 1.80 1.78 2.01 0.17 NS

13.85 18.79 11.67 0.50 1.95

26.46 26.49 26.12 0.80 NS

3.99 4.79 3.11 0.13 0.53

30.45 31.28 29.24 0.89 NS

23.1 21.8 17.8 0.42 1.67

1.88 1.82 1.81 0.17 NS

economics and crisp quality of Indian potato processing French fry colour did not show significant variation cultivars. Potato Research 50 (20): 143-155. and was, in highly acceptable colour range (