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Effect of frequencies on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite M. K. Gupta To cite this article: M. K. Gupta (2017): Effect of frequencies on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite, Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, DOI: 10.1080/2374068X.2017.1365443 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2017.1365443
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Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2017.1365443
Effect of frequencies on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite M. K. Gupta Department of Mechanical Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, India
ABSTRACT
The radically increase in applications of natural fibres is found in area of automobile, packaging and construction in the recent past. The present study shows an important investigation on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composite at different frequencies. The hybrid composites were prepared by hand lay- up technique keeping constant 30 wt. % of total fibres content with varying weight percentages of jute and sisal fibres. Dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″) and damping (Tanδ) were investigated in temperature range of 30–200 °C. The results indicated that storage modulus, loss modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) were found to increase with increase in frequencies. The overall use of hybridisation technique was found to be effective in increasing the dynamic mechanical properties. The potential application of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced composites is going to increase in near future.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Accepted 7 August 2017 KEYWORDS
Polymer composite; continuous natural fibre; hand lay-up method; dynamic mechanical properties
1. Introduction The researchers and scientist have shown their interest in natural fibres as reinforcement for polymer matrix in place of synthetic fibres due to its advantages such as low cost, high specific strength and modulus, light weight, lower energy requirements, less wear and tear, easy processing, extensive availability and biodegradability [1–6]. Natural fibres such as jute, sisal, banana, coconut, hemp, kenaf, flax, pineapple, abaca, bamboo, palm, sugarcane, and cotton are being commonly used to complement the certain specific properties in the final products. These natural fibres have a wide range of physical properties, mechanical properties and chemical compositions which decides the properties of their composites. The physical properties, mechanical properties and chemical composition of these fibres are given in Table 1. The composites of natural fibres such as jute, sisal, kenaf and hemp show the comparable mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties to steel and aluminum, leading to extend its applications for special engineering materials such as automotive, aerospace and construction industries [7–10].
CONTACT M. K. Gupta
[email protected]
© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
Fibres Abaca Jute Sisal Cotton Kenaf Wood Ramie Coir Flax Hemp Pineapple Banana Alfa Bagasse Bamboo Date palm
Origin Leaf Bast Leaf Seed Stem Stem Stem Fruit Stem Stem Leaf Leaf Grass Grass Grass Leaf
Diameter (μm) 10–30 25–250 50–200 – – – 20–80 150–250 25 25–600 50 100 −250 – 49 88–125 100–1000
Density (g/cm3) 1.5 1.3–1.49 1.34 1.5–1.6 1.45 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.47 1.526 0.8 1.4 – 800 –
Physical properties Tensile strength (MPa) 430–813 393–800 610–710 287–597 930 600–1020 400–938 175 500–1500 690 170–1627 161.8 247 96.24 441 135
Tensile modulus (GPa) 31.1–33.6 13–26.5 9.4–22 5.5–12.6 53 18–40 61.4–128 4–6 27.6 70 60–82 8.5 21.5 6.42 35.9 4.6
Mechanical properties Elongation (%) 2.9 1.16–1.5 2–3 7.0–8.0 1.6 4.4 3.6–3.8 30 2.7–3.2 2.0–4.0 2.4 2.0 1.96 4.03 1.3 3.6
Table 1. Physical properties, mechanical properties and chemical composition of natural fibres.
Cellulose (%) 56–63 61–71.5 65.8–78 82.7–90 31–57 40 68.6–76.2 32–43 64.1–71.9 70.2–74.4 70–82 63–64 45 55.2 26–43 40.21
Hemi celluloses (%) 15–17 12.0–20.4 8–14 5.7 21.5 16 13.1–16.7 0.15–0.25 16.7–20.6 17.9–22.4 – 10–19 24 18.8 30 12.8
Chemical composition Lignin (%) 7–9 11.8–13 10–14 – 8–19 27 0.6–0.7 40–45 2.0–2.2 3.7–5.7 5–12.7 5 24 25.3 21–31 32.2
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Ref. [12] [12] [13] [14] [14] [14,15] [14] [14,21] [14,21] [14,21] [14,21] [16] [17] [18,19] [20] [21]
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Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) has become a far used technique to determine the interfacial characteristics of fibre reinforced polymer composites. DMA characterise the mechanical responses of a material by monitoring dynamic property changes as a function of frequency, temperature or time. In DMA, an oscillating force is applied on sample and the sinusoidal stress and strain curves are recorded as a function of time. The modulus from DMA is not exactly same as the Young’s modulus from stress-strain diagram. The slope of initial linear region of stress-strain diagram is Young’s modulus but in DMA, the complex modulus is calculated from materials response to sinusoidal loading. The complex modulus is ratio of stress and strain of material under test. The magnitude of complex modulus can be written as [11]:
Complex modulus (E) = E � + iE ��
(1)
The real part of complex modulus E is called storage modulus E′ and imaginary part E″ is named loss modulus. Storage modulus is defined as amount of the maximum energy stored by material during one cycle of oscillation. It also gives an estimate of temperature-dependant stiffness behaviour and load-bearing capability of the composite material.
Storage modulus E � = E Cos𝛿
(2)
where δ is phase lag between stress and strain. The imaginary part of complex modulus is called loss modulus which is the amount of energy dissipated in form of heat by material during one cycle of sinusoidal load. It represents the viscous response of the materials. The peak of loss modulus curve for polymer material is known as dynamic glass transition temperature.
Loss modulus E �� = E sin𝛿
(3)
The damping property of the polymer materials is the ratio of loss modulus and storage modulus. It is related to degree of molecular mobility in polymer material. It can be mathematically written as:
Tan𝛿 =
E �� E�
(4)
The higher value of Tanδ is characterised by high non-elastic behaviour while the low value of Tanδ exhibit a high elastic behaviour of the material. Many attempts had been carried out on the dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid fibres reinforced polymer composites. Shanmugam and Thiruchitrabalam [22] studied the dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid plam/jute fibres reinforced polyester composite and reported a positive effect of hybridization as resulted increase in static and dynamic mechanical properties. The effect of jute fibres loading on dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm epoxy composite was reported by Jawaid et al. [23], and dynamic mechanical properties in terms of storage modulus, loss modulus and damping of hybrid banana/sisal polyester composite were carried out by Idicula et al. [24]. Romanzini et al. [25] evaluated the effect of glass fibres loading on the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of ramie fibre reinforced polymer composite. In present communication, dynamic mechanical properties in terms of storage modulus, loss modulus and damping of prepared hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites were studied at different frequencies and within temperature range 30–200 °C. The
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properties of jute and sisal fibre (Table 1) affect the properties of their composites. Fibre with low microfibril angle and high cellulose content shows the high tensile properties. Hence, it can be conclude that jute fibre has better tensile properties because of its low microfibril angle (8°) than sisal fibres while both having almost same cellulose content. Since diameter of jute fibre is lower than sisal fibre therefore jute fibre has high surface area in unit area of composite than sisal fibre composite. Hence better stress transfer from matrix to fibres occurs in jute composite as compare to sisal composite. The elongation at break of these fibres is comparable. Jute fibre having low elongation breaks first and then the load is carried by the sisal fibre having high elongation without the failure of matrix, inducing better stress transfer from matrix to fibres and thus resulting in increased properties of hybrid composite. The fibre with higher spiral angle and lumen size has high impact strength. Therefore, sisal has better impact strength than jute fibre. Although, many research work had been reported on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid fibres reinforced polymer composites at constant frequency. However, to the best of my knowledge no study has been carried out on effect of frequencies on dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibres reinforced epoxy composites. This research gap motivated to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid jute/sisal fibres reinforced epoxy composites at different frequencies.
2. Experimental 2.1. Materials Jute and sisal fibres were purchased from Uttarakhand Bamboo and Fibre Development Board, Dehradun, India. Epoxy AY 105 and corresponding hardener HY 951 was purchased from Bakshi Brothers/Universal Enterprises, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The density and dynamic viscosity (at 25 °C) of epoxy AY 105 is 1.108 g/cm3and11.78 Pa.s, respectively. 2.2. Fabrication method of composites Unidirectionally continuous aligned bi-layer hybrid composites were fabricated by reinforcing the jute and sisal fibres in epoxy matrix by hand lay-up technique. The epoxy resin and corresponding hardener were mixed in a ratio of 10:1 by weight as recommended by the suppliers. The mixture was stirred manually to disperse the resin and the hardener in the matrix. A stainless steel mould having dimensions of 300 mm × 200 mm × 3 mm was used for casting of the composites. Silicon spray was used to facilitate easy removal of the composite from the mould after curing. The cast of each composite was cured under a load of 50 kg for 24 h before it was removed from the mould. Dimension of specimens were cut as per ASTM standard using a diamond cutter for analysis of dynamic mechanical properties. The composites manufactured with varying weight percentage of fibres have been given notations as shown in Table 2. 2.3. Characterizations 2.3.1. Dynamic mechanical analysis The dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy and hybrid composites were studied using the dynamic mechanical analyser (Seiko instruments DMA 6100). The dynamic mechanical
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properties are determined in 3 point bending test as a function of temperature. The composites were cut into samples having dimensions of 50 mm × 13 mm × 3 mm as per ASTM D 5023. Experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 30–200 °C at different frequencies i.e. 1, 5 and 10 Hz. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus and damping of prepared composites were investigated. The pictures of specimen and DMA instrument are provided in Figure 1. Table 2. Notation for hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced polymer composite. Composite J100S0 J75S25 J50S50 J25S75 J0S100
Jute fibres content (%) 100 75 50 25 0
Sisal fibres content (%) 0 25 50 75 100
Total fibre content (wt %) 30 30 30 30 30
Note: J-jute fibre, S-sisal fibre.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Dynamic mechanical analysis (a) specimen and (b) instrument.
Total matrix (wt %) 70 70 70 70 70
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3. Results and discussion
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3.1. DMA at 1 Hz frequency 3.1.1. Storage modulus (E′) Storage modulus is real part of complex modulus and defined as amount of energy absorbed by materials per cycle of oscillation. The variation of storage modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites as a function of temperature at 1 Hz frequency is shown in Figure 2. Mainly three significant region (glassy, transition and rubbery) can be observed in storage modulus versus temperature curve. In the glassy region, it can be observed that storage moduli of composites are close to each other because at lower temperature stiffness is not affected by fibre reinforcement. The increase in storage modulus follows the order: J50S50 = J75S25 > J100S0 > J0S100 > J25S75 > Epoxy. Storage modulus is found to be increased for hybrid composite having higher percentage of jute fibres due to strong adhesion between fibres and matrix. In all cases, the storage moduli of epoxy and composites are found to decrease with increase in temperature. This is due to loss in stiffness of fibres at high temperature [22]. In transition region, it is seen that all composites have gradual fall in values of E′ with increase in temperature whereas epoxy has a sharp fall. It is due to increase in molecular mobility when temperature reached above Tg [23]. In rubbery region, hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 shows the higher value of storage modulus due to proper stress transfer between fibres and matrix. In rubbery region, increase in storage modulus follows the order: J50S50 > J75S25 > J100S0 > J0S100 > J25S75 > Epoxy. Epoxy has the lowest value of E′which shows increase in molecular mobility at higher temperature [24]. It can be also observed that storage moduli of composites are not closer to each other in rubbery region. This is because at high temperature the fibres control the stiffness of materials. The effectiveness constant of reinforcement (∊) is calculated using following equation [22]: ( E� ) g
Er�
Composite
∈= ( � ) E g
Er�
(5)
Epoxy
where Eg′ is the storage modulus in the glassy region and Er′ is the storage modulus in the rubbery region. The higher value of ∊ shows the lower efficiency of the reinforcement and
Figure 2. Variation of storage modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites at 1 Hz frequency.
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its lower value shows the higher efficiency of reinforcement. The calculated values of ∊ for hybrid composites are given in Table 3. The hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 has the lowest value (0.176) of ∊ whereas the composite J0S100 has its highest value (0.298). The lowest value of ∊ for hybrid composite J50S50 shows the high efficiency of reinforcement than all other composites. 3.1.2. Loss modulus (E″) Loss modulus is imaginary part of complex modulus, and defined as loss of energy in form of heat from the sample during one cycle of oscillation. It presents the viscous response of the materials which depends upon motion of molecules in the composites. The variation of loss modulus for epoxy and hybrid composites as a function of temperature at 1 Hz frequency is shown in Figure 3. The peak of loss modulus curve follows the order: J100S 0 > J50S50 > J75S25 > J25S75 > J0S100 > Epoxy, as shown in Table 4. The highest peak of Table 3. Effectiveness constant of reinforcement for hybrid composites at different frequencies. Composites J100S0 J75S25 J50S50 J25S75 J0S100
1 Hz 0.242 0.226 0.176 0.231 0.298
5 Hz 0.280 0.327 0.225 0.275 0.340
10 Hz 0.322 0.361 0.273 0.452 0.379
Figure 3. Variation of loss modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites at 1 Hz frequency. Table 4. Peak height of loss modulus and Tanδ curve at different frequencies. 1 Hz Composites Epoxy J100S0 J75S25 J50S50 J25S75 J0S100
Loss modulus curve (MPa) 31.8 67.3 61.0 61.5 38.7 38.2
5 Hz Tan delta curve 0.877 0.336 0.292 0.276 0.433 0.383
Loss modulus curve (MPa) 40.1 62.5 39.1 62.9 47.5 53.7
10 Hz Tan delta curve 0.961 0.279 0.289 0.279 0.255 0.274
Loss modulus curve (MPa) 34.1 68.3 53.5 69.9 62.4 40.2
Tan delta curve 0.916 0.357 0.319 0.277 0.288 0.243
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loss modulus is found for jute composite J100S0. However, epoxy has lower value of loss modulus as compared to all composites due to increase in molecular mobility. It is interesting to note that hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 shows the maximum value of loss modulus than those of epoxy and all other composites at higher temperature. It is also observed that the values of E″ increased up to Tg and then decreased with increase in temperature. The values of Tg obtained from loss modulus is more realistic than those of Tanδ curve [23]. The values of Tg for epoxy and hybrid composites obtained from loss modulus curve are given in Table 5. The highest value of Tg is observed for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 which reflects better thermal stability than epoxy and all other composites. The highest value of Tg is due to strong adhesion between fibres and matrix leads to proper stress transfer. 3.1.3. Damping (Tanδ) Damping is the ratio of loss modulus and storage modulus which depends upon adhesion between fibres and matrix. The variation of damping for epoxy and hybrid composite as a function of temperature is shown in the Figure 4. The peaks of Tanδ curve for epoxy and hybrid composites are given in Table 4. The peaks of Tanδ curves follow the reverse order of storage modulus curve as: Epoxy > J25S75 > J0S100 > J100S0 > J75S25 > J50S50, as shown in Table 4. Epoxy has the highest value of Tanδ curve as estimated. This is due to increase in movement of molecular segments in epoxy at higher temperature. The higher value of Tanδ for epoxy shows better damping than all composites. The lowest value of Tanδ is found Table 5. Glass transition temperature (°C) from loss modulus and tan delta curve at different frequencies. 1 Hz Composites Epoxy J100S0 J75S25 J50S50 J25S75 J0S100
Loss modulus curve 84.40 102.95 95.76 105.36 67.94 88.29
5 Hz Tan delta curve 97.28 109.64 105.51 111.14 79.06 97.96
Loss modulus curve 86.64 109.47 112.43 110.65 112.49 96.95
10 Hz Tan delta curve 100.36 117.16 121.61 120.07 119.60 103.54
Loss modulus curve 88.98 100.18 117.31 111.55 116.48 93.74
Figure 4. Variation of Tanδ of epoxy and hybrid composites at 1 Hz frequency.
Tan delta curve 105.55 107.48 122.29 119.40 121.94 106.13
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for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 due to good interface between fibres and matrix. The lower value of Tanδ for hybrid composite J50S50 reflects good load bearing capacity. This fact can be explained as fibre-matrix adhesion increase, mobility of molecular chain at fibre matrix interface decease as results reduction in value of Tanδ takes place. The values of Tg obtained from peaks of Tanδ curves are given in Table 5. Shifting of Tg towards higher temperature is found for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50, which shows the better thermal stability than epoxy and all other composites. 3.2. DMA at 5 Hz frequency 3.2.1. Storage modulus (E′) Figure 5 shows the variation of the storage modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites as a function of temperature at 5 Hz frequency. In glassy region, the values of storage moduli for epoxy and hybrid composites are found to improve due to increase in frequency. The storage modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites follows the order: J50S50 > J100S0 > J0S100 > J25S75 > J75S25 > Epoxy. Similar to at 1 Hz frequency, It can be observed that storage modulus is found to be higher for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 than epoxy and all other composites. In rubbery region, increase in storage moduli follows the order: J50S50 > J75S25 > J100S0 > J0S100 > J25S75 > Epoxy. The calculated values of ∊ for hybrid composite are given in Table 3. The lowest value (0.225) of ∊ is found for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50. The value of ∊ at 5 Hz is 28% higher than at 1 Hz frequency. The calculated values of ∊ follows the order: J50S50 ∊1Hz. At 10 Hz frequency the values of ∊ follows the order: J50S50 J75S25 > J0S100 > J25S75. 3.3.2. Loss modulus (E″) The variation of the loss modulus for epoxy and hybrid composites as a function of temperature at 10 Hz frequency is shown in Figure 9. The maximum value of loss modulus curve is found for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50. The effect of increase in frequencies on loss modulus of hybrid composite J50S50 follows ′′ ′′ ′′ the order: E10Hz > E5Hz > E1Hz. The shifting of Tg to higher temperature is found for hybrid composites with 75% of jue fiibres J75S25 followed by composites J25S75 and J50 S50. The values of Tg for the epoxy and hybrid composites obtained from loss modulus curve are given in Table 5. The increase in values of Tg for epoxy and all other composites is found due to increase in frequencies.
Figure 8. Variation of storage modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites at 10 Hz frequency.
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Figure 9. Variation of loss modulus of epoxy and hybrid composites at 10 Hz frequency.
Figure 10. Variation of Tanδ of epoxy and hybrid composites at 10 Hz frequency.
3.3.3. Damping (Tanδ) At 10 Hz frequency, the variation of damping for epoxy and hybrid composite as a function of temperature is shown in the Figure 10. The maximum value of Tanδ is found for epoxy as expected. However, it is very important to note that damping sequences of different composites are varied due to increase in frequencies. The increase in highest value of damping for epoxy and all other composites follows the order: J0S100 > J50S50 > J25S75 > J75S25 > J100S0 > > Epoxy, as shown in Table 4. A little variation is observes in sequence of glass transition temperatures for epoxy and hybrid composite due to increase in frequencies as J75S25 > J25S75 > J50S50 > J100S0 > J0S100 > Epoxy, as shown in Table 5. The values of Tg obtained from Tanδ curve is found higher than those of loss modulus curve.
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4. Conclusions
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DMA of hybrid jute/sisal fibre reinforced epoxy composites was carried out at different frequencies and following conclusions are drawn. • Storage modulus, loss modulus and glass transition temperature are found to be increased for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 due to increase in frequencies. • Epoxy has the higher value of Tanδ and lower value of glass transition temperature in all cases. The glass transition temperature of epoxy is also found to be increased with increase in frequencies. • Thermal stability of polymer composites is determined by glass transition temperature obtained from either peak of loss modulus or Tanδ curve. In all cases, hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 possesses higher value of glass transition temperature. • The effectiveness constant of reinforcement is found minimum for hybrid composite with equal proportion of jute and sisal fibres J50S50 in all cases. The effectiveness constant of reinforcement is found to be increased with increase in frequencies.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to thanks the Head of Mechanical Engineering Department of Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India for their support in allowing us to perform the tests in Materials Characterisation Lab.
Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Funding The study is partially supported by Cumulative Professional Development Allowances (CPDA) for teachers of my college Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, India.
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