PhotosyntheticActive Radiation (mmolnr-'?s''), Intemal CO, Concentrafion ... Key words : Custard apple, bio-fertilizers, organic and inorganic fertilizers, plant environment variable aln ... ns⬠of inorganic fertil:u,ers and synthetic pesticides lead.
[Vol . 12 {2), May - Augu st Z0I4J
International Journal of Basic and Applied Agricultural Research 235
Effect of integrated nutrient management on plant environment variables ln a
custard apple cv.Arka Sahan
ASHEESH SHARMA, PRERAK BHATNAGAR, M, C. JAIN
and J. P.
S
INGH'
Departntent of Fruit Science, Cgtl:Ftof.Horticulture and Forestry, Maharana Pratap (Jniversity of Agriculture and Tbc hnolo gy, Udaiputi Jhalaw ar- 3 2 6 0 2 3 (Raj. ) tDirectotate of Experiment Station, G.B. pont (Jniversity of Agriculture and Technologt, pantnagar-263 I45 (U.5.
Nagar, Uttarakhand)
ABSTRACT : An experiment
was conducted to know the effect oforganic and inorganic fertilizers alongwith bio-fertilizers on plant environment variables ofcustard apple cv. Arka Sahan during 20 I 0- 1 1 . The experiment consisted ofdifferent treatrnent combinations comprising recommended dose of fertilizers, vermicompost and biofertilizer (Azotobacter, PSB and VAM). Experime'tal findings revealed that different treatments ofintegrated nutrient sources significantly increased the plant parameters. Among these integratJd
nutrient management treaftnents, treatment and
biofertilizerc (Azotobauer
Tr0
comprising 50
50 g + PSB 50 g +
o/o
recommended dose of fertilizers + 50 % N through vermicompost VAM 20 g ) was found significantly superior over other treatments with respect to
plant environment variables viz. Photosynthetic rate (pmolm-'s-'), Transpiration rate (mmolm-'s-'), Stomatal conductance lmmolm's' r), PhotosyntheticActive Radiation (mmolnr-'?s''), Intemal CO, Concentrafion (ppm), Vapourpressure Deficit (mb), Leaftemperature
(oC) and Relative
Humidity(%) in custard apple cv. Arka Sahan.
Key words : Custard apple, bio-fertilizers, organic and inorganic fertilizers, plant environment variable
Annonas are very delicious, tropical fiuit crops. Among them custard apple (,4nnona sqzramosa L.) is considered the best. It has got pleasant flavor, mild aroma and sweet taste having a universal acceptance. Custard
apple is also known as sugar apple, sweets op, shartfa, sitaphal and noi-na in different parts of growing regions. Fruits are good source of sugar (20%), iron, calcium, phosphorus and ascorbic acid (Wenkoffi, 1990). Custard apple has been originated from west Indies and South America and at pres€nt, cultivation of custard apple is present in Australia, Br azrI, Chile, Egypt, India, Israel, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka and USA. (Ir{akasone and Paull, 1998). Application of nutrients is one of the most important aspects of fruit production and accounts for 30 per cent of its total cost of cultivation. The indiscrirninate ns€ of inorganic fertil:u,ers and synthetic pesticides lead totally to a deteriorating chemical farming scenario in the country and increased use of inorg anLlresulted elernental
imbalance at soil and plant level, accumulation of harmful substances in plant soil, residual toxicity and reduced inherent resistance of crops to external influence. Chemical farming has led to loss of realizab\e yield and
had demanded additional investment on
plant
production. Use of inorganic fertilizers are hazardous to environment coupled with adverse effects on qualify of produce and soil trealth. There is an urgent need for
alternative nutritional package to attatn long term sustainability for fruit production as well as , for maintaining soil productivity under integrated nutrient management (INM) system. Sanewski (1991) suggested the use of organic ferlilizers with inorganic fefiilizers as a
supplement to rnaintain a balance and to regulate cropping. Addington et al. (2004) studied the response of stomatal conductance at leaf (gs) and canopy scales to increase vapour pressure deficit (D) in mature pinus palustr"is. Yariation in hydraulic conductance along the soitr,:to-leaf pathway (Kr) over the course of a growing season was recorded, Keeping
the above facts
an
experiment was calried out to with objective of integrated nutrient rnanagement on plant environment variables in custard apple cv. Arka Sahan.
MATERIALSAITD METHODS
The experimental entitled "Integrated Nutrient Management in custard apple cv. Arka sahan" was
Agricrrtwrar of Basic and Appried . Jernationar Journar
'
/,
(2)' May - August 20141 [Vo1' 12
Researclt
,o,o-rr, attheFruitResearch "l "b**.11T,;";'
:;-.ffj:H :l:ill:""ftlffi:l
#:;i"h'tr+i]:i+;LkTil*i'j,'':#*irt"*Lffi *:::":i:
Til:l"lri*:
ilffi"|*'nT"*""*.,t' 'iil J,t^;;as ar par with r,,
"rffi:t;*li,:f"1T""ft";;'iounug"*"ni
'#,l';;:"1"Til::.}'r,;1'ii[i*t.'ffi*iri*ii",:5*;lffi*r*=;;l1'Jffi ;:.*Jl":'1ff"1i'J'--T'i{l ;*jttryb*f,*j#:-Ul,H#: : o/o I00-o1:N
t'ptu''t ;' T-
50 g/piant),
Mop
u'l
1)' control (Table
T, :'75
d,l!-"I:ii :jf;X;:lli:T'.,ffi;ffi; y,r-;'1i1,;j;y:j;:gz zsev"'*'""*0";'j|iTl', +
wrs'"c"d"d
rhe
data
elucidatedinl::l:
ilH,-":'T#ry;:
au,i"e yill ;ilIH#;;, *""t51 ;':;; transpir"r* tlt. to'ta I" j*"i;;,-;,?i"i:i,i+,nli'li+::trT:l*#T,ilffi'tx:l'.1'"] lfu ;"#;;"u i z u,"u;;,;, T1...'i+1+T,i J;#i,,;; ?i;;;ffi:*:*$#;,ru;l: i' gt#;,,'"k* fmf i:":'."ffi tiiii,Y"Tiir* li,g :3 JlT13 j':"il-**,*,',,,'l'+ffi tl;,-B Biofertitizers,-" sog-_:-^ -,
npr * t:
throush
s
r
vermicompus'u'u'.1, i::"-::i-11;"il1i,, t-Y::tl-"^"*".imum
e
50g+pSB
Annona-"rlii',rioro) ^rt"l,t:-,"1;ote stomata to retative
I,n**,-":,*"+*i$:X-y,";:*;'ii!'-ffif 66 20 g/plant)' "^L::;^-*i,"" t-n".
vAM
.eolications.
l
j#;Tlr:*h; :U;.xJ"l!i"+ihunrtorrv *l at low relative
;fi;i;' "r.- j*#i11ffi",:':T-=exchangl ::*: k*lg';,'il"fiffiiil,5 aPP
olants of custard
ol B]s
--;+i"rr.,ttv
^1..".".^
"""r.
:*'.@
nlants'":ilr"'i,;in":K'*'Jl'n'nincreasesand
;*n* :;::::ff:: :: :ilffi#i::'"',:..:l,Jlliilt':* :"it":inll***rln"r iT*r#ff ;:ij**;UillT3Jli""":J;.;;;";r-'ihecs,,'i. ffi;;;""":.;li;,liy,illti:1.'1ffi ouse11lr1.1 eleven trearrents. :r*:J;;";;ni; T:t::lT,*;.';;;; relationship'-'*"lirf' :l:n ni,, ", ",,. ",r, raT"",1i#liii, b.rw-'" r*lrruit ')' *?il ffi'il:*lffi correlatlon i$::l;1k;';:t exoerimental
'*u''"*'"J;;**l
i
i**f ii
.
PhotosYnthetic
lmmo*n's-,), photosynthetn
,,"*.ili
conductance,
(mmolm''s
t"fon"o ahigh
".t1i*11]: lnternal *to*utut conductanceri["#ilofdefensive o#.'*"Aiution gnm:l::sl)' (mb)' und regulation seems t:
u"n*r.tr.,r,s5 co, concentr**" tnn*1,
oeficit
itom^tal
or citrus to w"il
|r*a;.
*u,",
de{icit
Leartemperatu',i"$l{:t::"mm red lear :::iffi1'yl?"ffi infta :""i"rJduringthe the during l*ora"a-"ti"g i .:^+a i- Tnble 1 showed that stomatal """ oo'l-1*'u il;;o Anerusa] cIRAs-2 "l'*":':ltr;:jil'.1il:t:ffi* to. u*irii."i (gs) was touns " *"*-r-o*cted conductance rne a.,t|"^t March exDerimenrat." o**' ""ona"ttuott ott*iu"""t.'ct'rniqu"' the entile :J;;;;t during nioi.r.irii, $.2'66 using Fisher,s . if'""tft'F' test However
*""'o
""lit;;'
significance at 5 per
:ffi
".n,
rl""r*.*s was tested "r*" ,"uJ# ,ig'nin;": 1.^"iiii"ur
::*::""1#*i,"ffi
iir.,'o"'
20 I r
'
the maximum
.T;:;;;;u;r,"o,
was
and.
ir
"***"t '#;;;#;;""*lm'l-ll:Hffi'i:'j;:,"fi;,J#:1""' conductance
(15
whereas' the minimum'
REsulrsANDDrscussroN '-ii::f,.'iT:T:i*nffilql.1?j1:i#il::i Arka sahan with '&i.;'"; rare of rhe photosynthetic growth pert
Sahan with advancement
of
",""1,H:f;i,;"t:,i
.,,,tu,.d
*nt;"";'
. ::il ,,F ::ti,j.l
.i.
,iri,il.
Lti::.':l l.l'' l:r:
.ii:r'
i!;ii.iti',, li ;:lll;:jl: ri l tl+,i: il trir:i::r::_r
,ti,nl':.1' .::;:'a!'1. i .::i: _-rjl
I
:
.
:. -i ala
I ir,u.;ii;#iiiit
fVol.
riirer1tt 1==;'a=
12 {2), May - August 2AI4l
iin:i;f;til
.
l
International Jour"ttAl of Basic and Applied AgricultLtral R.esearch 237
Table 1: Effect ofintegrated nutrient sources on photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic active radiation ofcustard apple cv.Arka Sahan Treatment
Photosynthetic rate (prmolm-"-')
Transpiration rate (mmolm-'s-')
Stomatal conductance
T.
4.s0
0.5 3
15.00
Photosynthetic active radiation (mmolm-'s-') r9I7.66
T"
5.30
0.62
16.66
1966.66
T.
-)
5.43
0.63
18.00
r977.00
Tu
s,60
0.68
16.33
r97 8.66
T-
6.00
0.69
/\ ^-
'ra 11
20s4.33
T6
6.50
0.73
24.33
2r4A 33
7.,
6.86
a.7 6
21 .66
2163.66
T*
7.sa
0.8
a4
1
3,L.J )
2303.00
Tn
7
.90
0.84
3s.33
2371 .00
T,o
8.50
0.88
42.66
2453.00
T,,
8.26
0.86
37.66
2427.0A
cD (s%)
r.429
0,306
3.485
2r7.437
of
(mmolm-'s-')
an
growth period on all the days of observations from October 2010 to March 20II after
with advancement of growth period on all the days of obselations fiorn October 2010 to March 2011 in
application of different integrated nutrient management treatments. Photosynthetic active radiation was found significantly higher under T,o treatment. Further during
response
advancement
March 2011 the maximum photosynthetic
active
radiation (2453.0 mmolm-'s'') was observed under T,o treatment which was at par with T*, Tn and T,, and was significantly higher over other treatments. The minimum plrotosynthetic active radiation recorded in control.
( 191 7
.66 rnolm-'s-'; was
to different integrated nutrient rnanagement treatments. Internal CO, concentration was found significantly higher under T,o treatment. However during March 2A11, the maximurn intemal CO, concentration (277.66 ppm) was observed under T,u treatment and
which was significantly higher over all other treatments. The minimum CO, concentration (190.33 ppm) was
recorded
at control. The higher internal
CO,
concentration under T,ntreatment may be attributed to the
The data elucidated in Table 2 rcgarding Internal CO, concentration (ppm) of custard apple cv. Arka Sahan
holistic response of inorganic, organic and bffid#ett for increased uptake, mobihzatron and assi ati6n of nutrients in the rhizosphere of custard apple'whidh leads
Tabte 2: Effect of integrated nutrient sources on internal CO,, vapour pressure deficit, f9;itlti..p..!i. irt4nO I relative humidify of custard apple cv. Arka ,., ,1,,1,,.;,,.5.1'., ' ' l ,,Relati'..-e Leaf Vapour pressure Treatment Internal CO,
Sahan
T
humidi: ,(%)
concentration (ppm)
deficit (mb)
temperature ('C)
190.33
66.73
34.46
3.7 6
36.46
',,4 3n
T, T,
zAs.66
66.06
2r0.66
s8.46
To
216.40
57 .53
3'5,,,4A
T.
2r1 .66
s] .36
',',''37.03
Tn
224.00
s6.30
T,
228.66
55.33
,t,5.65
'
5.70 'i 6,3
1
35.43
6.64
34.1 0
6.68 6.83
T,
230.33
54.96
35.56
Tn
246.00
54.40
37.06
8.07
T,n
277.66
s3.90
35.43
9.3 s
T,,
2s6.33
s4.30
34.83
8.r4
cD (s%i)
fl.481
3.796
1.838
a.97 6
E
238 International Jotffnal
af Basic ancl Applied Ag'icttltur"ol Resectrch
to,.' rincreased photosynthate ve;g,etative
partitioning for better growth parameters of custard apple piants.
The, data depicted in Table 2 shows the vapour pressure
deflcit of custard apple cv. Arka Sahan with progression of growth period on all the days of observations frorn October 2010 to March
20Ii
after application of different
integrated nntrient management treatments. Vapour pressure deficit \,vas found maximum at controi. In addition during March 2011, the maximum vapour pressure deficit (66.73 mb) was observed under control and it rvas at par with T' treatment and was significantly hi-gher over T, to T,, treatments. The minimum vaporir pressure det-rcit (53.90 mb) was recorded under T,n treatment. High vapolrr pressure deficit indicates low stomatal conductance which caLrses stomatal closure as a
fbedback response to mechanism
of transpiration and"
[Voi. 12 (2], Muy - Augusr 20141
efficiency, stomatal condrictance transpiration rate, RH per centage of leaves, internal CO, concentration and leaf temperafure optima at higher pAR were significantly found maximum under T,,, treatment. Therefore, based on
the present investigations it may be concluded that applicatron of 50o/o recommended ,Coses of lrlpK {25 g urea + 100 g SSP + 25 g MOP), 50 % j\.i through vermicompost (766.5 g) along wirh 50 g AZB,50 g psB and 20 g VAM per plant in custard apple at pre-bearing stage during september may improve the plant growth
and developmental characteristics which are
pre-
requisite for strong framework and higher yield along with improvement in the soil hearth. However, these
results are only indicative based on six months experimentation and requires firrther confirmation before any recommendations are made.
water lcss from the leaf rather than as a direct response to
hnmidity (Meinzer and Grantz, 1991). The results of
REFEREl\CES
present findings are on agreement with those as reported by Bhatnagar and Kaul (2006) in environmental sfudies
Addington, RobertNI., Mitcheil, Robert J., oren, ram and
Donovan, Lisa A.(2004). Stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit and its relationship to lrydraulic conductance in pinus ltolttstt is. Tree
on Kinnow mandarin, The data elucidated in Table z shows the leaf temperature of custarcl apple cv. Arka Sahan with advancement of growth period on all the days
of observations from october 2010 to March zall after application of different integrated nutrient management treatments. During March 2alJ, the maximum leaf
temperaftire (37 .06 oC; was observed under To treatment
and
it
was at pffi with T, to T*, T" and T,o and were
significantly higher over others treatments. The minimum leaf temperaillre (34.10 "C) was recorded under
T, treatment. A perusal of data in Table z shows
the
relative humidity per centage of custard apple cv. Arka Sahan with the progression of growth period on all the days of observations from October Zal0 to March zall
after application of different integrated nutrient management treatments. The relative humidity per centage was observed maximum under T,,, treatment. Further during March zall,,, the maximuffl re lative hrrmidity (9.3 5%) was observed under T,,, treatment which was significantly higher over other treatments. The minimum relarive hurnidity (3.7 5%) was recorded at control. Similar findings have been reported by Monteith ( 1995).
COI{CLUSION
all
From the above discussion it can be concluded that
environmental variables viz.,photosynthetic
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6l -5 69,
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6.
chartzoulakis, K., Therios, I. and Noitsakis, B. (lgg3). Effect of shading on gas exchange, specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content in four kiwi fnrit
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c. (1990). Effect of environmental variables ancl cropping on leaf
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[Vol. 12 (2), May - August 2014]
International Journal af Basic and Applied Agricultw"al Research .239
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1
