Effect of intermittent exercise on muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers in young Taekwondo players Mohamed Arbi Mejria,b* · Omar Hammoudac · Amel Tayechb · Anis Chaouachia · Nizar Souissia,b a
Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization”, National Center of Medicine and Sciences in Sport (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.bHigh Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia.cUniversité Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, CeRSM (EA 2931), UFR STAPS, Nanterre, France.
[email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to illustrate the effect of intermittent exercise on muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers responses in young Taekwondo players. Ten Taekwondo players performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test at 17:00 h. Blood samples were taken at rest and at the end of the test to determine the muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers responses. The results revealed a significant alteration in ASAT, LDH and MYO levels in response to exercise. However, the CPK and us-CRP responses have not varied. In conclusion, the present study showed that intermittent exercise may induce transient muscular and cardiac damage in young Athletes. Keywords: Intermittent exercise, muscular and cardiac damage, myoglobin, Taekwondo
INTRODUCTION There is ample scientific evidence to support the conclusion that strenuous exercise induces systemic and tissular inflammations, and has adverse effects on immunological function (Hammouda et al., 2011, 2012a, b, 2013a, c; Abedelmalek et al., 2013; Mejri et al., 2014b) which can induce the acute phase response (Weight et al., 1991; Smith et al., 1994). In this context, our research group showed that a high-intensity intermittent exercise (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test Level 1 (YYIRT)) increased significantly the LDH and CPK (Hammouda et al., 2012b, 2013c) and us-CRP levels (Hammouda et al., 2013b) in young male football players. Recently, Mejri et al. (2014b) found that this type of exercise (YYIRT) disturbs the immune system in young Taekwondo athletes, by increasing the secretion of white blood cells and their subpopulations, and the platelets. On the other hand, several studies have shown that aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myoglobin (MYO) are considered as biomarkers of cardiovascular risk (Rajappa & Sharma 2005;) and muscular damage (Hammouda et al., 2011, 2012a, b). However, the effect of this field intermittent exercise on these muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers is still not studied in young athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of YYIRT on muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers responses in young Taekwondo players. MATERIEL AND METHODS 10 young male Taekwondo athletes (17.6 ± 0.52 yrs) volunteered to participate in this study. At evening (17:00 h), they performed the YYIRT, as being an intermittent exercise (Mejri et al., 2014a). Before experimentation, a routine physical examination, and routine laboratory status revealed no pathological findings in subjects. Before test session, participants had a standard isocaloric meal at 12 pm, which finished at least 4 h before the tests. After the meal, only water ad libitum was allowed. Blood samples were taken by antecubital venipuncture, in sitting position at rest (5min before test) and at the end of the test (3min after) to determine the muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers responses (ASAT, us-CRP, CPK, LDH, MYO). A heparinized tube was used to determine these biochemical measures. Statistical tests were processed using SPSS.19. All data are presented as mean±SD. After a normality test, a paired Student t-test was used to identify significant changes between pre- and pot-exercise for ASAT and LDH; and a Wilcoxon test was used to identify significant changes between pre2
and pot-exercise for CPK, us-CRP and MYO. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers values are shown in figure (bottom). We recorded a significant increase in ASAT (p < 0.0001) (fig. A), LDH (p < 0.001) (fig. C) and MYO (fig. E) (p < 0.05) after exercise. However, CPK (fig. B) and us-CRP (fig. D) responses following exercise were similar to the resting values.
Figure . Muscular and cardiac damage biomarkers responses before and after exercise; ASAT (A), CPK (B), LDH (C), us-CRP (D) and MYO (E). *,***,**** Significant difference compared to before exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001 respectively).
DISCUSSION The data of the present study support previous reports which showed that ASAT, LDH (Hammouda et al., 2012b, 2013c) and MYO (Peake et al., 2005; Negareh et al., 2009) increased significantly immediately after strenuous exercise. Concerning the ASAT and LDH alterations following exercise, this may be justified by the fatigue and muscle damage in the evening which can, in return, influence energy production with repeated intermittent stress and contributes to muscle fatigue (Fry et al., 1991), or to the mechanical metabolic, and thermal stress which might contribute to an increase of the muscle activity of these enzymes (Janssen et al., 1989). On the other hand, increases of plasma ASAT, suggest involvement of tissues besides the liver, such as muscle and possibly the heart (Everson et al., 2005). In this context, Lepper and Dufour (1994) reported that the elevated level of this biomarker is sign of disturbed permeability of the cells, in which this enzyme can be found (e.g. heart and skeletal muscle). Concerning the effect of exercise on the increase of MYO concentration, this might be explained by the rise of skeletal muscle injury following exercise (Cannon et al.,1990; Pizza et al., 1995). Nevertheless, we report that these damages are a transient process. However the interaction of the exercise with other disruptor agents (e.g., sleep loss, Jet-lag, ramadan fasting, extreme climatic conditions...) may be a risk on the athlete's health (Mejri et al., 2014b; Abdelmalek et al., 2013; Hammouda et al., 2013b). CONCLUSION The present study shows that the field intermittent exercise may induce transient muscular and cardiac damage in young Athletes. REFERENCES Abedelmalek, S., Souissi, N., Chtourou, H., Denguezli, M., Aouichaoui, C., Ajina, M., Aloui, A., Dogui, M., Haddouk, S., Tabka, Z. (2013). Effects of partial sleep deprivation on proinflammatory cytokines, growth
3
hormone, and steroid hormone concentrations during repeated brief sprint interval exercise. Chronobiology international, 30, 502-509. Cannon, J. G., Orencole, S. F., Fielding, R. A., Meydani, M., Meydani, S. N., Fiatarone, M. A., Blumberg, J. B., Evans, J. W. (1990). Acute phase response in exercise: interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 259, R1214-R1219. Everson, C. A., Laatsch, C. D., Hogg, N. (2005). Antioxidant defense responses to sleep loss and sleep recovery. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 288, R374-R383. Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., Garcia-Webb, P., Keast, D. (1991). Monitoring exercise stress by changes in metabolic and hormonal responses over a 24-h period. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 63, 228-234. Hammouda O, Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Chahed, H., Bellimem, H., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2013a). Timeof-day effects on biochemical responses to soccer-specific endurance in elite Tunisian football players. Journal of sports sciences, 31, 963-971. Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Chahed, H., Zarrouk, N., Miled, A., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2012b). Biochemical responses to level-1 Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test in young Tunisian football players. Asian journal of sports medicine, 1,23-28. Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Aloui, A., Chahed, H., Kallel, C., Miled, A., Chamari, K., Chaouachi, A., Souissi, N. (2013b). Concomitant Effects of Ramadan Fasting and Time-Of-Day on Apolipoprotein AI, B, Lp-a and Homocysteine Responses during Aerobic Exercise in Tunisian Soccer Players. PLoS ONE, 8,e79873. Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Chahed, H., Ferchichi, S., Kallel, C., Miled, A., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2011). Diurnal variation of plasma homocysteine, total antioxidant status and biological markers of muscle injury during repeated sprint: effects on performance and muscle fatigue-a pilot study. Chronobiology international, 28, 958-967. Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Chahed, H., Bellimem, H., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2013c). Time-of-day effects on biochemical responses to soccer-specific endurance in elite Tunisian football players. Journal of sports sciences, 31, 963-971. Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Chaouachi, A., Chahed, H., Ferchichi, S., Kallel, C., Chamari, K., Souissi, N. (2012a). Effect of short-term maximal exercise on biochemical markers of muscle damage, total antioxidant status, and homocysteine levels in football players. Asian journal of sports medicine, 3, 239-246. Janssen, G. M. E., Kuipers, H., Willems, G. M., Does, R. J. M. M., Janssen, M. P. E., Geurten, P. (1989). Plasma activity of muscle enzymes. Quantification of skeletal muscle damage and relationship with metabolic variables. International journal of sports medicine, 10-123-128. Lepper, P. M., Dufour, J. F. (2009). [Elevated transaminases-what to do if everything was done?]. Praxis, 98, 330-334. Mejri, M. A., Hammouda, O., Chaouachi, A., Zouaoui, K., Ben Rayanad, M. C., Souissi, N. (2014b). Effects of two types of partial sleep deprivation on hematological responses during intermittent exercise: A pilot study. Science & Sports, 5, 266-274. Mejri, M. A., Hammouda, O., Zouaoui, K., Chaouachi, A., Chamari, K., Rayana, M. C. B., Souissi, N. (2014a). Effect of two types of partial sleep deprivation on Taekwondo players’ performance during intermittent exercise. Biological Rhythm Research, 45, 17-26. Mousavi, N., Czarnecki, A., Kumar, K., Fallah-Rad, N., Lytwyn, M., Han, S. Y., Francis, A., Walker, J. R., Kirkpatrick, I. D., Neilan, T. G., Sharma, S., Jassal, D. S. (2009). Relation of Biomarkers and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Marathon Running. The American journal of cardiology, 103, 1467-1472. Peake, J. M., Suzuki, K., Wilson, G., Hordern, M., Nosaka, K., Mackinnon, L., Coombes, J. S. (2005). Exerciseinduced muscle damage, plasma cytokines, and markers of neutrophil activation. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37, 737-745. Pizza, F. X., Mitchell, J. B., Davis, B. H., Starling, R. D., Holtz, R. W., & Bigelow, N. A. N. C. Y. (1995). Exercise-induced muscle damage: effect on circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 27-363-370. Rajappa, M., Sharma, A. (2005). Biomarkers of cardiac injury: an update. Angiology, 56, 677-691. Smith, D. J., Roberts, D. (1994). Effects of high volume and/or intense exercise on selected blood chemistry parameters. Clinical biochemistry, 27, 435-440. Weight, L. M., Alexander, D., Jacobs, P. (1991). Strenuous exercise: analogous to the acute-phase response? Clinical science, 81, 677-683.
4
