Sci., Vol. 40(3-4), 2003. EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON GROWTH. YIELD AND QUALITY OF MUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata L.).
Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 40(3-4), 2003
EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON GROWTH YIELD AND QUALITY OF MUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata L.) M. Asghar Malik, M. Farrukh Saleem, Asghar Ali and Ijaz Mahmood Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Study was conducted to determine the effect of varying levels of nitrogen(0,25 and 50 kqha") and phosphorus (0,50,75 and 100 kqha") on the yield and quality of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivar NM-98 during the year 2001. Although plant population was not affected significantly but various growth and yield components were significantly affected by varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. A fertilizer combination of 25-75 kg NP ha" resulted in maximum seed yield (1112.96 kgha'l). Maximum protein content (25.6%) were obtained from plots fertilized @ 50-75 kg NP ha' followed by protein content of 25.1% obtained from plots fertilized @ 25-75 kg NP na'. Highest net income (Rs. 21374.9) was also obtained by applying Nand P @ 25 and 75 kg NP ha', respectively. Keywords: Mungbean, nitrogen, phosphorus. INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study was conducted to determine the Mungbean seed contains 24.0% protein, 1-3% fat, effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on 50.4% carbohydrates, while calcium and phosphorus the yield and quality of mungbean cv. NM-98 at the are 132 and 367 mg per 100 grams of seed, Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, respectively (Phoehlman, 1991). It can be grown twice Faisalabad during the year 2001.The experiment was in a year, both in spring and autumn seasons, in laid out in randomized complete block design with irrigated as well as rainfed areas. It improves the soil three replications and net plot size was 2.4 m x 7.5 m. fertility by fixing N through symbiosis with specific soil The experiment comprised of the nine treatments. The rhizobia of the genus Bradyrhizobium. mungbean variety NM-98 was sown with the help of a In Pakistan, mungbean is cultivated on an area of single row hand-drill on a well prepared sandy clay 219.2 thousand hectares with an annual production of 104.5 thousand tones giving an average yield of 477 loam soil on July 22, 2001. Row to row distance of 40 kg ha' (Anonymous, 2001). The average yield of cm and plant to plant distance of 10 cm was mung bean on farmer's field is far below the level of maintained by thinning after two weeks of sowing. The potential yield i.e.2650 kg ha' (Anonymous, 1999). entire quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus in the form The reasons for this low yield may be poor soil fertility, of urea and triple super phosphate was side drilled as inadequate use of fertilizers, weed infestation, insect per treatment just after sowing. All other agronomic and disease attack. Our farmers have a wrong notion practices such as weeding, hoeing, irrigation, plant that mungbean, being a legume crop does not need protection measures etc. were kept normal and uniform fertilizers. Whereas, nitrogen and phosphorus alone or for all the experimental units. The crop was harvested in combination play a remarkable role in increasing manually on September 30, 2001.The data on various yield and improving the quality of mungbean. observations were recorded during the course of Application of small amount of nitrogen as a starter investigation using standard procedures. dose has a beneficial effect on crop yield and quality The date collected were analyzed statistically by using as reported by Sandhu et a/.(1978). Similarly Fisher's analysis of variance technique and Least phosphorus plays a vital role in the formation and Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level translocation of carbohydrates, root development, crop was applied to compare the differences among maturation and resistance to disease pathogens. Thus treatments' means (Steel and Torrie, 1984). increase the mung bean yield and improves its quality (Arya and Kalara, 1988). Application of nitrogen in combination with phosphorus to mung bean also RESULTS AND DISCUSSION increases its yield and yield components (Hussain, 1994) while nitrogen uptake and protein content of The data pertaining to the number of pods per plant as mungbean increase with increasing rate of applied affected by different nitrogen and phosphorus levels phosphorus (Dewangan, 1992). Hence, there is a dire are presented in Table-1 which reveal that different need to investigate the suitable levels of nitrogen and nutrient levels had significantly affected the parameter phosphorus for obtaining higher yield and quality of under discussion. Significantly highest number of pods mungbean under agro-c1imatic conditions of (25.63) per plant was recorded from the plot fertilized @ 25 + 75 kg NP ha·1 followed by T7 (50 + 75 kg NP Faisalabad.
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ha-1), T4 (50 +100 kg NP ha') and Ts (50 +50 kg NP ha-1).which were statistically at par with one another. Similarly, the differences among T4, Ts, Te and Ts were found to be non-significant. While significantly least number of pods per plant was counted in control plot. These results confirm the findings of Ahmad et a/. (1992) and Hussain (1994) who reported that nitrogen and phosphorus increased the number of pods per plant of mungbean. Table 1 reveals a significant effect of fertilizer on the number of grains per pod. Significantly maximum number of grains (12.06 per pod) were obtained from plotfertilized @ 25-75 kg NP ha' followed by T7 (50-75 kg NP ha') and Ts (50-50 kg NP ha') but the difference among them was non-significant. Similarly, the treatment i.e. T7, Ts and T2 were statistically similar in producing number of grains Le.12.00, 11.53 and 11.10 per pod, respectively. While the minimum number of grains (10.06 per pod) was obtained from control plot (no fertilization) which was, however, statistically at par with T4, Ts and Ta. More number of seeds per pod in T3, Tsand T 7 treatments was mainly due to the balanced application of nitrogen and phosphorus which enhances the plant growth that increases fruit bearing branches, seed setting and seed development. These results are in favour of the findings of Tag (1996) and Masih (1998) who also reported an increase irr number of seeds per pod of mungbean in response to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Table 1 exhibits that different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus had significant effect on 1000-grain weight. The maximum 1000-grain weight (35.60 g) was recorded from plot fertilized @ 50-75 kg NP ha', which was statistically at par with the plots fertilized @ 25-75 and 25-100 kg NP ha'. Similarly the differences in 1000-grainweight among T3. T4 and T2 were also found to be non-significant. While the minimum 1000-seed weight (29.49 g) was observed in control plot, which was, however statistically at par with Ta and Ts. These results are in line with the finding of Malik et al. (1990). A perusal of table1 indicates that different nutrient levels had significant effect on the plant height of mungbean crop. Maximum plant height (74.79 cm) was recorded from the plot fertilized @ 50-50 kg NP ha' which was statistically similar to T7 (50-75 kg NP ha') producing 73.85 cm plant height While the minimum plant height (48.68 cm) was found in the control plot. These results confirm the findings of Taj (1996) and Imtaisal (1997) who also reported an increase in plant height of mungbean in response to nitrogen and phosphorus application. Varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus had significant effect on the seed yield of mun~bean (Table 1). Maximum seed yield (1112.96 kg ha") was obtained from T3 treatment (25-75 kg NP ha") followed by T7 (50-75 kg NP ha") and T4 (25-100 kg NP ha-1)
but the difference among them was not found to be significant. Moreover, T1, T2, r, r, and r, were also found to be statistically at ~ar with one another. While minimum seed yield (705.55 kg ha') was obtained from control plot (no fertilization) which was statistically at par with T1 (25-0 kg NP ha') which produced 824.08 kg ha' of seed yield. Increase in seed yield in case of T 3 treatment is attributed to increased number of pods per plant and seeds per pod. These results are in agreement with the findings of Patel (1986) and Taj (1996). The data regarding harvest index (Table1) as affected by varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus applications indicates significant effect of fertilizer application on the parameter under discussion. All the nitrogen and phosphorus combinations result significantly higher harvest index than control. Maximum harvest index (24.24%) was observed in the plot fertilized @ 50-0 kg NP ha' which was, however, statistically at par with T2, T3, T4, Ts. T7 and Ta treatments. Minimum harvest index (17.01%) was noted in the control plot. These results are in line with the findings of Mahmood (1989), Ahmad et a/.(1992) and Imtaisal (1997) who also reported an increase in harvest index of mungbean in response to application of Nand P. The date pertaining to seed protein percentage as affected by varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus applications are presented in Table1. The maximum grain protein content (25.6%) was obtained from the plot fertilized @ 50-75 kg NP ha' and it was not significantly different from plot fertilized @ 25-75 kg NP ha-1. While the differences among T1, T2, T3, T4, r. and T8 treatments were also found to be non-significant. Minimum seed protein content (23.1%) was recorded in control treatment. . Increase in grain protein content may be due to enhanced uptake and translocation of nitrates which provide nitrogen for amino acid synthesis. Moreover, phosphorus is involved in the synthesis of ATP that is required in nitrogen uptake and protein synthesis. Higher seed protein content in mungbean in response to NP applications have also been reported by Dewangan (1992) and Nazir (1993). Data regarding economic analysis of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus application in mungbean are presented in table1. A glance at the Table reflects that T3 (25 kg N + 75 kg P20S ha") gave the highest net income of Rs. 21,374.9 ha-1 which was followed by Rs. 20,748.5 ha-1 from T7 (50 kg N + 75 kg P20S ha"). The minimum net income of Rs. 15,170.4 ha-1 was associated with To (no fertilization). Similarly treatments Te (50 kg N + 100 kg P20S ha") gave:less net income than other treatments. So treatment T3 (25 kg N + 75 kg P20S ha') found to be more economical than others for exploiting the maximum inherent potential of the variety under study under given condition.
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Effect of N & P on mungbean
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