Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology Published by: Pakistan Phytopathological Society www.pakps.com www.pjp.pakps.com
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Pak. J. Phytopathol., Vol. 24 (1): 79-81, 2012.
ROLE OF NUTRIENTS AND NAPHTHALENE ACETIC ACID IN THE MANAGEMENT OF URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE VIRUS M. Ahmad Zeshan, Safdar Ali, M.A. Khan and S.T. Sahi Department of Plant Pathology,University of Agriculture,Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan E.mail:
[email protected] ABSTRACT In a field experiment the efficacy of nutrients and a growth regulator against urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) was observed on four mungbean varieties i.e. NM-2006, AZRI-2006, M-6, M-97001, in randomized complete block design (RCBD). NPK (classic) was proved more effective against ULCV and reduced the disease severity up to 65%. Zn and B (fashion) was found second more effective treatment and reduced the disease severity up to 62.57%. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) reduced the disease severity to 60.33% followed by the Urea that reduced the disease severity to 58.57%. In control maximum (48.93%) viral attack was observed. Key words: ULCV, Mungbean, Nutrients. available to the small growers as well. Balanced nutrition is a serious feature in allowing crops to recognize their full yield potential. Judicious use of fertilizer is a universal practice in commercial crop production. Macro and micro elements have long been known as being related with size, quality, yield of crops and also with changes in levels of the occurrence of disease (Rush et al., 1997). It is an unfriendly and expensive practice to use chemicals against vector of the disease. The ability of the plant to express its induced resistance to a particular disease is affected by mineral nutrition (Huber and Graham 1999). Nutrient elements either single or combined application of boron with molybedenum had significant effect in reducing viral diseases in winter mungbean (Ahmad et al., 1987).
INTRODUCTION Leguminous crops are considered a rich source of protein for man and animal. Legumes constitute important source of food supply in the world, in terms of energy as well as nutrients and improve soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (Rachie and Robert, 1974). Mungbean is reported to be naturally infected by more than eight viruses under field conditions (Kaiser et al., 1971; Nene, 1972). The low yield of mungbean is also mainly attributed to the prevalence of leaf crinkle disease caused by urdbean leaf crinkle virus (ULCV) and mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). This ULCV for the first time reported from Indian Punjab (Chohan and Kalia, 1972). The disease is economically important, destructive, widespread and inflicts heavy losses annually. Winter mungbean varieties are highly susceptible to yellow mosaic and leaf crinkle, showed 67-100% loss of grain yield in the severely infected fields (Bashir et al., 2006). The ULCV has been reported to decrease grain yield from 35-81% depending upon genotype and time of infection (Bashir et al., 1991). ULCV is known to spread through seeds and insects (Nene, 1972; Kadian, 1980). Taking into consideration the management of plant viruses using viricides is not possible as no considerable viricide is available in the market. Moreover, some compounds are banned in the market because of health hazards to the farmers. This situation demands search for cheaper alternatives for management of plant viruses that can be made
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and five treatments including one untreated check. Nutrients i.e. Classic (NPK) @ 500ml/acre, Fashion (Zn and B) @ 500ml/acre and Urea @ 840gm/acre and a growth regulator naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 70ml/acre were used against the disease. The crop was sprayed by above mentioned nutrients at 7 days interval. All the recorded data was statistically analyzed and possible interactions was determined through ANOVA and the treatment was compared by LSD test at 5% level of probability (Steel et al., 1997).
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applied. The minimum disease was found in plants treated with NPK which was 17.04%. Sekhar and Hari Chand (2001) studied the effect of N, P and K on the incidence of yellow mosaic virus, lea crinkle virus and root rot on mungbean cv. K-181
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The table shows the effect of nutrients on ULCV management. The results revealed that maximum disease was found in control where no treatment was
Table.1. Effect of different treatments on ULCV management on four mungbean varieties Varieties Treatments NPK Zn,B NAA Urea Control 14.46 I 16.37 GH 15.12 HI 17.58 G 52.86 F NM-2006
Mean 23.68 C
Azri-2006
12.53 J
13.71 IJ
13.98 IJ
15.10 HI
48.00 G
20.66 D
M-6
20.73 F
24.45 CD
22.78 DE
25.19 BC
47.06 A
28.04 A
M-97004
20.43 F
22.01 DE
22.43 EF
23.20 D
46.79 AB
27.75 B
Mean
17.04 E
18.31 D
19.41 C
20.27 B
48.93 A
Numbers followed by different letters in the same columns are significantly different from each other at 5% probability level. Different combinations of N, P and K treatments were applied in pot experiment. The application of 20 Kg N+40 Kg P+50 Kg K/ha gave the highest reduction in leaf crinkle (59.76%). Zn and B also reduced the disease with 18.31% disease severity. Zn and B was also used by Islam et al., (2002) who studied the effects of Boron and Zn on the incidence and severity of yellow mosaic and leaf crinkle disease of mungbean. In the present study, Planofix (NAA) significantly reduced the disease with 19.41% disease severity. Many scientists used NAA and other growth regulators on different crops. Jalali (2005) suggested that plant defense responses are regulated by a complex network of signal molecules and growth regulators. The fourth treatment applied for the management of ULCV was urea which exhibited 20.27% disease severity. Urea denatures the protein of virus and also reduces the molecular weight of protein due to which the plants treated with urea managed the ULCV effectively. Many scientists made contributions regarding the management of viruses by the application of urea. Bawden and Pirie (1937) found that the strains of tobacco mosaic virus were denatured by the application of urea. With tobacco mosaic virus and potato virus "X" it is known that purification by urea leads to a reduction in infectivity and to some other changes, which have been attributed to the linear aggregation of virus particles.
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