Abstract: A sexual crossing experiment was carried out using 30 clonal strains of the toxic dinofla gellate Alexandrium tamarense isolated from Hiroshima Bay, ...
Plankton Biol. Ecol. 51 (2): 103-109. 2004
plankton
biology & ecology •l/7 and ^=1/7 metal lev
out of 24 pairs of Gymnodinium catenatum Graham (50%
els. A. tamarense seems to require metals in order to have
success) and the percentages of conjugation success within
sufficient growth and cyst productivity, but there is a dearth
the possible
of data as to which metals are more effective in the induc
+/-
combinations were
in the range of
33-83%. Based on these results it appears that some strains readily conjugate and others do not, and that sexual com
tion of sexuality.
A. tamarense isolated from sediments of Mill Pond, Or
patibility is variable. Variation in sexual compatibility of G.
leans, MA, USA did not grow below 7°C or above 26°C
catenatum within the possible +/— combinations may re
and the optimum range was between 11°C and 22 °C under
flect the incompatibility of some crosses or may be due to
laboratory conditions (Anderson et al. 1984). Encystment
some undetermined effect of culturing (Blackburn et al.
was observed at temperatures ranging from 12 to 24°C, and
1989; Nagai etal. 2003).
cyst production was highly variable, with a sharp optimum
Cyst yields at ^1/5 N, P levels were significantly higher
near 21°C. On the other hand, A. tamarense isolated from
than those at the higher concentrations but no significant
Hiroshima Bay, Japan grew even at 5°C (Fig. 7A) and
differences in yields were observed between ^1/5 N, P lev
formed cysts at this temperature, although the cyst yield
els (Fig. 2). Anderson et al. (1984) demonstrated that in
was much lower than at other temperatures. The cyst for
phosphate-limited cultures of A. tamarense batch cultures,
mation was relatively constant at 10-22°C (Fig. 7B).
the cyst yield was optimal with the initial concentration
Surface water temperatures in Hiroshima Bay increase
near 3/jM (1/12 of f/2 medium). A relatively high valuefor
from approximately 10°C in March to an annual maximum
cyst production (826 cysts ml"1) in the batch culture with
(25-28°C) in August and steadily decrease after September.
88.3 ^M of nitrate (1/10 N of f/2 medium) was also re
Within the bloom period, the water temperature ranges from
ported. This finding agrees with the results of the present
10°C to 20°C and the abundance of A. tamarense usually
study. In most studies, sexuality has been induced by nutri
starts to increase in March (10°C), with the blooms disap-
Encystment of Alexandrium tamarense in Batch Culture
pearing when the water temperature exceeds
15°C
109
in
seasonal occurrence of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae)
April-May (Itakura et al. 2002). The water temperature at
vegetative cells in Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Fisheries Sci. 68:
which the blooms disappear is close to the optimum tem
77-86.
perature of encystment. Thus, active encystment might con
tribute substantially to disappearance of the bloom.
Kotani, Y, A. Koyama, M. Yamaguchi & I. Imai 1998. Distribu tion of resting cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and/or A. tamarense in the coastal areas of western
Acknowledgements We thank Dr. S. Toda, National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Re search Agency of Japan, for his critical reading of the man uscript and his encouragement during this study.
Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish. Oceangr. 62: 104-111 (in Japanese with English abstract). Nagai, S., S. Itakura, Y. Matsuyama & Y. Kotani 2003. Encyst
ment under laboratory conditions of the toxic dinoflagellate
Alexandrium tamiyavanichii (Dinophyceae) isolated from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Phycologia 42: 646-653.
Pfiester, L. A. 1975. Sexual reproduction of Peridinium cinctum f. ovoplanum (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 11: 259-265.
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