Effect of planting dates and botanical insecticides ... - ARCC Journals

Agricultural Reviews, 38 (1) 2017 : 60-66

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE

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Print ISSN:0253-1496 / Online ISSN:0976-0539

Effect of planting dates and botanical insecticides against major Lepidopterous pests of cabbage: A review D. Dey*1, S. Routray1, S. Baral1 and B. Mahantheshwara2 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751 003, India. Received: 21-03-2016 Accepted: 28-11-2016

DOI:10.18805/ag.v0i0.7011

ABSTRACT Cabbage (Brassicae oleracea var. capitata Linn.) is one of the most important and extensively cultivated vegetable crop because of its nutritional and economical values for producers and consumer point of view, respectively. The crop is prone for infestation by a number of insect pests consisting sucking and defoliating insects starting from germination to harvesting stage of the crop. In India, the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella Linneaus and cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linneaus are the major Lepidopterous pests of cabbage. Adjusting planting dates can sometimes help to avoid certain insect infestations and reduce the need for chemical control. Planting dates influence the crop performance due to changed biotic and abiotic factors. The time of planting of cabbage, which is a season bound crop, has profound effect on the incidence of diamond back moth and cabbage butterfly. Several insecticides have been recommended through ages to avert pest damage, but some broad-spectrum synthetic organic insecticides and biopesticides are effective for the control of these two Lepidopterous pests. Key words: Efficacy of botanical insecticides, Occurrence of Cabbage butterfly, Occurrence of DBM, Planting dates. Cabbage (Brassicae oleracea var. capitata Linn.) is one of the most important cultivated vegetable crop. It is grown for its edible enlarged terminal buds known as head, which is rich source of vitamin A (2000 I.U.), B1 (50 I.U.) and C (124 mg/100gm) and also contains minerals including phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, and iron as well. This crop plant is a native of West Europe and the Northern shores of the Mediterranean (Yawalkar, 1980). India is the second country in cabbage production. It is grown over an area of 3.12 million ha in the world and 0.331 million ha in India. However, the average productivity of cabbage in India is about 22.0 metric tonne/ha which is less than World’s productivity of 22.3 million tonne/ha (Anonymous, 2010). The crop is prone for infestation by a number of insect pests consisting sucking and defoliating insects starting from germination to harvesting stage of the crop. In India, a total of 37 (thirty seven) insect pests have been reported to feed on cabbage, of which the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella Linneaus and cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linneaus are the major constraints for profitable cultivation of the crop (Sachan and Gangwar, 1980 and Lal, 1975). Occurrence of P. xylostella and extent of damage to cruciferous crops: In India, P. xylostella was first recorded in 1914 on crucifer vegetables (Fletcher, 1914) and now it is found to be the most devastating pest on the cole crops. P. xylostella is known to act as the major factor responsible for

low productivity of cole crops in India (Srinivasan and Kumar, 1982; Gera and Bhatnagar, 1992) and it is estimated about 50-80 % loss in marketable yield due to attack of DBM on cabbage crop (Bindra et al., 1975). Bhalla and Dubey (1986) reported that in the cold dry areas of Himachal Pradesh, P. xylostella causes serious damage to cabbage seed production. According to a survey carried out among the farming community in San Isidro, Heredia, Costa Rica in 1991, P. xylostella was found to be the main limiting factor in cabbage production (Monge, 1991). More than 90% crop loss due to major outbreaks of P. xylostella was reported in Malaysia every few years since 1960 till the late 1980’s (Loke et al., 1992; Syed, 1992). P. xylostella continues to be one of the greatest threats for crucifer production in many parts of the world particularly in South East Asia (Talekar, 1992; Syed and Loke, 1995). The insecticidal resistance and control failures of DBM are very common in tropical countries of the world including India (Saxena et al., 1989; Raju et al., 1994). In Russia, P. xylostella is one of the most harmful pests of cruciferous crop (Masiuk and Chernikov, 1998). Godin and Boivin (1998) also reported that in Quebec, P. xylostella was the most important lepidopterous species on early and late plantings of brocolli and cabbage. Occurrence of P. brassicae and extent of damage to cruciferous crops: In India a total of 37 insect pests have been reported to feed on cabbage (Lal, 1975). Sachan and

*Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] 1 Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751003, India. 2 Department of Nematology, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar- 751003, India.

Volume 38 Issue 1 (2017) Gangwar (1980) also reported that P. brassicae is considered to be a serious pest on cole crops including cabbage causing 10 to 100 per cent yield loss in Meghalaya and Uttaranchal. Rai et al. (1985) observed the high incidence of P. brassicae, hence, considered this butterfly is one of the major constraints for the commercial production of cabbage and cauliflower. In Indo-Gangetic Plains, this pest appeared in cruciferous vegetables at the beginning of October and remained active upto the end of April, from May to September, the pest is not found in the plains but breeding takes place in the mountains (Atwal and dhaliwal, 2002). Effect of planting dates on P. xylostella: The effect of planting date of cabbage on the extent of damage by P. xylostella was studied in Karnataka by Viraktamath et al. (1994) and observed highest per cent leaf damage (98.83) in the crop planted in the 1st week of January followed by the crop planted in the 1st week of December (48.18) and no heads were marketable in either case. However, the lowest rate of leaf damage (16.87%) and highest average yield per plot (12.2 kg) were recorded in the crop planted in the 1st week of October. A study on the impact of dates of transplanting on the incidence of P. xylostella carried out by Bhoir and Patil (1999) and marked that early transplanting (30th Nov.) recorded the lowest larval population of DBM (2.39/plant) and maximum yield (8.77 t ha-1). The correlation co-efficient (r) between date of transplanting and pest incidence was significant and positively correlated (r= 0.383) whereas, infestation and crop yield was also significant but negatively correlated (r= -0.369). At farmer’s field, P. xylostella appeared in the beginning of September and its population steadily touched the peak by the end of November followed a decline phase from last week of December to last week of January 2001-01 and 2001-02. The pest population abruptly increased from February onwards and peaked in April. Overall study revealed temperature as key abiotic factor in regulating the field population of P. xylostella. Hot condition favoured its multiplication while cold ones in November-February limited its multiplication (Shukla and Kumar, 2005). Effect of planting dates on P. brassicae: Impact of various transplanting dates of cabbage during August (1st, 15th and 29th) and September (12th and 26th) 2002-2003 were evaluated in relation to incidence of P. brassicae at Jammu on cabbage crop (Ahmad et al., 2007). The larvae of P. brassicae appeared after fifth week of transplanting and remained active for a period of 18 weeks. The peak larval population per plant in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth transplanting was recorded at 13th (31.4), 9th (32.32), 8th (32.3), 10th (65.7), and 7th (63.3) week after transplanting. The highest mean larval population per plant (28.4 larvae) was recorded in the crop sown on 12th August. It was evident that the crop sown on August 29th was found superior to all other sowing dates with a mean population of 13.3 larvae/

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plant and highest marketable yield of 155.6 q/ha. Cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae was recorded as the most serious pest of cabbage in the Sangla valley of Himachal Pradesh. It appeared in the first week of May, immediately after transplantation of cabbage. The infestation of P. brassicae varied throughout the season. Higher incidence of P. brassicae was recorded in cabbage crop trasplanted during last week of April and second fortnight of May. The incidence of P. brassicae was very low in cabbage transplanted after mid-June. However, low temperature and frost injury at the time of crop maturity resulted in poor cabbage yield. Significantly higher marketable cabbage yield was recorded in June second week (267.47 q/ha) and May second week (260.07 q/ha) transplanted crop. The yield losses due to P. brassicae were almost similar in all the transplanting dates (25.83 to 47.06 q/ha), except in the crops transplanted after first week of June. Yield losses due to other factors (diseases and abiotic stresses) were maximum in June third week (98.50 q/ha) and June fourth week (108.75 q/ha) transplanted crop. Crop transplanted during second week of June inspite of suffering losses due to P. brassicae (15.19 q/ha) and other factors (21.56 q/ha), matured in time and recorded maximum cabbage yield (Sood, 2007). Botanical pesticides: Botanical pesticides have a proven track record and long use as simple extractives for pest control and have spun off important groups of synthetic pesticides from phytochemical leads such as pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. While botanicals are now a small part of the overall pesticide market due to replacement by synthetics, the new environmental movement has provided a favorable environment for the rebirth of botanical insecticides. Public concern over use of synthetic insecticides is growing. This has led to the large growth in organic agriculture where the industry self-regulates the use of products restricting synthetics but allowing some botanical pest control. Public resistance to adoption of Genetically Modified Organisms is another factor favoring alternative control measures such as biopesticides, biocontrol and other methodologies. Traditionally used botanical insecticide products: Traditionally used botanical insecticide products include nicotine, rotenone, ryania, sabadilla and pyrethrum. Although nicotine and tobacco have a long history of use and are effective contact and ingested insecticides they also have extremely high mammalian toxicity and are candidates for regulatory phase out. Tobacco is still used in some greenhouse applications. Rotenone is the trade name of the insecticide derived from extracts of the tropical legumes Derris and Lonchocarpus. The main active principle is the isoflavonoid rotenone. Sabadilla is the seed extract of the neotropical lily Schoenocaulon officinale which contains veratridine alkaloids which have a neurotoxic mode of action. The extract has low mammalian toxicity and is a useful contact insecticide against a number of agricultural insects

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AGRICULTURAL REVIEWS

such as lepidoptera, leafhoppers, and thrips. Ryania is an extract of from the South America shrub Ryania sp. containing the diterpene alkaloid ryanodine. Pyrethrum is now the most important traditional botanical insecticide on the market. It is derived from the African daisy, Chrysanthemum pyrethrum, which produces an insecticidal oleoresin that can be extracted with organic solvents and pyrethrum extract contains six major pyrethrin compounds: pyrethrin I and II, jasmolin I and II and cinerin I and II. Neem or neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, a native of India. The neem tree supplies at least two compounds with insecticidal activity (azadirachtin and salannin), and other unknown compounds with fungicidal activity. Azadirachtin acts as an insect feeding deterrent and growth regulator. The treated insect usually cannot molt to its next life stage and dies. It acts as a repellent when applied to a plant and does not produce a quick knockdown and kill. Efficacy of botanical insecticides against P. xylostella: Klemm and Schmutterer (1993) reported from the results of a field study conducted in Taiwan that neem (Azadiracha indica, A. Juss) seed kernal extracts (25 or 30g seed kernal/ lit. of water) significantly reduced the number of larval population of P. xylostella. There was a revealation from the results of laboratory and field studies on evaluation of two neem formulations against P. xylostella conducted at Mauritius that laboratory bioassays showed strong antifeedant action of neemark and neempest and field-testing showed the efficacy of both formulations in suppressing insect damage. Further, it was reported that at a concentration of 9 ml/lit, they were as effective as the recommended insecticide profenfos @ 1ml/lit in protecting cabbage from the pest damage (Facknath, 1993). Several field studies conducted by Seal (1995) using conventional, biological and botanical insecticides against P. xylostella and revealed that B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel 2x), Bt var. aizawai (Xentiari), Anagrapha falcifera virus (Af NPV), azadirachtin (Neemix) and fipronil significantly reduced the larval populations of DBM with increasing marketability of cabbage. In Karnataka, field studies made by Asokan et al. (1996) showed that Dipel 8L (Bt subsp. kurstaki) at 1ml/ litre (39.1 t/ha) and Centari (Bt subsp. aizawai) at 1gm/litre (34.2 t/ha) recorded higher yields than endosulfan at 0.07 % (31.2 t/ha) with lower levels of infestation (0.84, 0.84 and 2.60 %, respectively) The corresponding values for the untreated control were 23.4 t/ha and 5.08 %, respectively. Of the seven insecticides tested in the field for their bioefficacy against P. xylostella on cabbage in Gujarat, endosulfan 0.035 % (1: 37.08), chlorpyriphos 0.02 % (1: 34.08) and neem (A. indica) seed kernal suspension (NSKE) 3 % (1 : 27.58) were the most effective in controlling the pest (Patel et al., 1996). It has been reported that number of eggs laid by P. xylostella on the surface treated with crude extracts of M. azedarach were significantly less than solvent

treated ones (Dilawari et al., 1994) and there was a considerable reduction in egg hatch from the Melia treated plots (Sandhu, 1996). Of the ten insecticides tested in the field for their efficacy against P. xylostella at New Delhi, cartap was found to be superior to other insecticidal treatments, followed by lufenuron and B. thuringiensis (Nagesh and Verma, 1997). According to Goudegnon et al. (2000) application of neem kernel solution proved to be 10 times superior in reducing the larval population of DBM and yield was 1.5 times greater than the application of deltamethrin. Comparing the efficacy of aqueous neem leaf and seed extracts and a mixture of diamethoate + cypermethrin against DBM under field conditions at Mozambique, Javaid et al. (2000) observed that all the neem treatments showed superior performance in yield and control of DBM than the mixture of pyrethroids or the untreated control. However, the neem seed extracts provided the best control of DBM. Malathi and Sriramulu (2000) conducted a laboratory study on the efficacy of biotic insecticides namely Bt var. kurstaki formulations (dipel, delfin, biobit, biolep and bioasp at 0.075%), the botanical insecticide neemgold at 0.003%, the nematode formulation green commandos at 25 sponges/acre and endosulfan at 0.07% against DBM and reported that all Bt formulations were equally effective resulting in 86.66 to 100% mortality. There was a revealation from the results of a field study on evaluation of a few eco-friendly insecticides against DBM that commercial neem formulation neemazal (A. indica) and an aqueous neem seed kernel extract from seeds were found to be superior to B. thuringiensis products (delfin and thuricide) and the synthetic insect growth regulator chlorfluazuron (Atabion) (Saucke et al., 2000). Investigating the bio-efficacy of neem based pesticide nivaar and other conventional pesticides against P. xylostella under Karnataka conditions, Manjunatha et al. (2000) observed that nivaar at all concentrations i.e., 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % reduced DBM population effectively and were at par with malathion 0.1%, monocrotophos 0.05 % and RPP (2ml of dicofol/lit +1.7ml dimethoate/lit) and the yield obtained from the nivaar was at par with malathion treatment. Charleston et al., (2001) investigated the potential of Meliaceae (mahogany) family extracts and the possibility of integrating botanical pesticides with biological control of P. xylostella. Sub-lethal doses of botanical extracts were prepared from leaves of the syringa tree (M. azedarach) and commercial preparations (Neemix 4.5®) from the neem tree (A. indica). Results indicated that these extracts had a significantly negative impact on first-instar larvae of P. xylostella. However, the extracts had no direct negative impact on their parasitoids. Therefore, it appears that biological control and botanical pesticides could be combined to control P. xylostella. The relative efficacy of four plant extracts, Alpinia galanga, Amomum cardamomum,

Volume 38 Issue 1 (2017) cyperia rotundus and Gomphrena globosa were evaluated against DBM by Dadang and Ohsawa (2001) in Indonesia from June to September 1998 and observed that 0.5 % A. galanga and G. globosa extracts proved to be superior in reducing the larval density and the percentage of infested plants than a standard insecticide decis 72.5 EC (deltamethrin). Phytotoxic effects on cabbage plants were not observed in any plant extract treatment. Rao and Lal (2001) evaluated the field efficacy of chemical insecticides and neem preparation and observed that cartap hydrochloride 0.05 %, deltamethrin 0.002 %, endosulfan 0.07 % and imidacloprid 0.01% recorded the maxmimum larval mortalities. The least effective treatment against larval populations of P. xylostella was recorded in achook 0.5 %. Elzen and James (2002) evaluated the effectiveness of neem oil, CGA-293743, azadirachtin, emamectin benzoate, abamectin, spinosad, endosulfan, Bt Berl. and entomopathogen B. bassiana (balsamo) against DBM in USA and found that Bt was superior to all other treatments. Spinosad, endosulfan and abamectin were also highly toxic to DBM with the exception of CGA-293743, which was lower in toxicity than any other treatment. Besides, B. bassiana combined with azadirachtin was significantly more toxic to P. xylostella than either treatment alone. In a comparative field efficacy of aqueous neem extract and dipel 2x against DBM on cabbage in Kenya, it was revealed that all the treatments were effective in reducing the larval population. However, dipel 2x (Bt. var. kurstaki) @ 0.5 g/lit treated plants had less larval population than the neem kernal cake powder water extract (NKCP-WE @ 25 and 50g/lit), but the later treatment recorded better yield (Okoth et al., 2002). The result of field studies made by Shankar and Raju (2002) on the efficacy of two bacterial formulations (Bt kurstaki and Bt gallerie), botanicals (NSKE and neem oil), conventional (endosulfan), pyrethriods (fenvalerate and l cyhalothrin) and insect growth regulator (rimon) against DBM indicated that both Bt products and endosulfan followed by NSKE were significantly superior to rest of the insecticidal treatments. The neem formulations were found to be least effective but crude NSKE performed better over other neem formulations and chemical insecticides. Significant highest yield was obtained from both the Bt treatments. However, Bt. kurstaki proved to be the best eco-friendly microbial insecticide among all the treatments resulting in approximately 50 per cent increase in yield over control. Three commercial neem based insecticides namely, agroneem, ecozin and neemix were evaluated against DBM in the laboratory by Liang et al. (2003) and observed that all larvae of DBM fed on the leaves treated with the three neem insecticides died on or before 7 days compared with 70-74 % larvae surviving to adults in the water control. All the three insecticides exhibited significant antifeedant effect and

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DBM larvae on treated leaves quickly stopped feeding and dropped off treated leaves, resulting in no or minimal damage. The author further indicated that the DBM larvae that fed on neem insecticide treated leaves were significantly smaller than those fed on water-treated leaves. Field experiments conducted in Karnataka with plant extracts and new insecticides against DBM on cabbage showed that Azadirachta indica, carina and profenfos @ 0.08, 0.10 and 0.20%, respectively and roket (profenfos + cypermethrin) @ 0.132% showed 100% efficacy in the fourth spray at 7 days after spraying. However, maximum yield (38.7 t ha-1) was obtained from carina @ 0.20 % with 38.70 t ha-1 (Ohara et al., 2003). Efficacy of botanical insecticides against P. brassicae: Singh et al. (1987) studied the efficacy of four conventional insecticides and four neem based formulations against early 3rd instar larvae of cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae. All the treatments were significantly superior over control in reducing larval population and recorded all the insecticides caused larval mortality after 72 hours of spraying. Among neem based formulations, nimbecidine 0.50% gave maximum larval mortality i.e., 50.00 % and was significantly effective to other neem products after 74 hours of spraying; however, neem oil 0.50% was least effective exhibited 16.66% larval mortality after 72 hours of spraying. Mehta et al. (1996) evaluated the antifeedant activity of ether extracts of Artemisia brevifolia, Eupotorium adenophoreem, Lantana camara, M. azedarach and Rumex nephalensis against P. brassicae each used at the concentration of 2.50, 1.25 and 0.65%, respectively. Among the plant species, A. brevifolia extract resulted in significantly high antifeedant activity followed by R. nephalensis and M. azedara. Pankaj et al. (2004) evaluated that the cabbge butterfly, P. brassicae and Diamond back moth, P. xylostella are the major pests of cabbage (Brassicae oleracea var. capitata L.) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis L.) grown as off season crops in mid and high hills of Himachal Pradesh. Indiscriminate use of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides have resulted in residual toxicity and human health hazards. The larvicidal effect of cartap hydrochloride and azadirachtin against P. brassicae and P. xylostella was evaluated under laboratory conditions during 1994-95. The studies revealed that cartap hydrochloride and azadirachtin were effective larvicides. Sharma and Gupta (2009), studied the aqueous extract of eight plants, namely A. indica, M. azedarach Linn., L. camara, Cannabis sativa Linn., Nerium indicum Mill., Eucalyptus sp., Ricinus communis Linn. and Solanum nigrum Linn. for antifeedant and toxic effects against P. brassicae and reported that aqueous extract of A. indica and M. azedarach repelled maximum number of larvae protected 94.0 per cent and 89.2 per cent cabbage foliage, respectively. Aqueous extract of M. azedarach, N. indicum

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and A. Indica showed higher mortality of larvae (19.6, 19.6 and 18.5%, respectively) while R. communis was the least toxic resulting in 8.9 per cent larval mortality. In case of ethanol extract, seed extract of M. azedarach protected 58.3 per cent cabbage foliage while Eucalyptus sp. protected minimum cabbage foliage. The maximum protection to the cabbage foliage was provided at 5 per cent of M. azedarach (88.3%) and A. indica (82.5%). Ethanol extract of A. indica exhibited statistically higher larval mortality of 50.0 per cent and N. indicum the lowest mortality of 3.2 per cent. CONCLUSION Research carried out worldwide during last decade has extended our knowledge on effect of planting time and

efficacy of insecticides on insect pests. The manipulation of planting time helps to minimize pest damage by producing asynchrony between host plant and the pest or synchronizing insect pests with their natural enemies or crop production with available alternate host plants of the pest. Cabbage is one of the most important and extensively cultivated vegetable crop and it is prone for infestation by a number of insect pests. So, adjusting planting dates of cabbage can sometimes help to avoid certain insect infestations and reduce the need for chemical control. Some broad-spectrum synthetic organic insecticides and biopesticides are also play effective role for the control of Lepidopterous pests of cabbage.

REFERENCES Ahmad, H., Shankar, U., and Monobrullah, Md. (2007). Incidence of cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linn. across different sowing dates on cabbage. Indian J. Ent., 69: 307-310. Anonymous (2010). Indian Horticulture Database (2010). National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. Asokan, R., Mohan, K.S. and Gopalkrishnan, C. (1996). Effect of commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on yield of cabbage. Insect Environment, 2: 58-59. Atwal, A.S. and Dhaliwal, G.S. (2002). Agricultural pests of South Asia and their Management. Kalyani Publisher, pp. 320. Bhalla, O.P. and Dubey, J.K. (1986). Bionomics of the diamond back moth in North Western Himalayas. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on diamond back moth management. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, Tainan, Taiwan.11-15 March 1985, pp. 55-61. Bhoir, P.M. and Patil, R.S. (1999). Varietal reaction of cabbage and impact of dates of transplanting on incidence of diamond back moth. J. Maharashtra Agril. Univ. 24: 166-169. Bindra, O.S., Singh, D. and Ramzan, M. (1975). Seasonal abundance of insect pests of cauliflower at Ludhiana (Punjab). J. Res. Punjab. Agril Univ., 14: 66-69. Charleston, D.S., Kfir, R., Vet, L.E.M. and Dicke, M. (2001). Behavior response of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to extract derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica. Bulletin of Entomological Res., 95: 457-465. Dadang and Ohsawa, K. (2001). Efficacy of plant extracts for reducing larval populations of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella Linn. (Lepidoptera: Ypononmeutidae) and cabbage webworm, Crocidolomia binotalis Zellar (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Appl. Ent. and Zool., 36: 143-149. Dilawari, V.K., Singh, K. and Dhaliwal, G.S. (1994). Effects of Melia azedarach L. on oviposition and feeding of Plutella xylostella (L.). Insect. Sci. Applic., 15: 203-205. Elzen, G.W. and James, R.R. (2002). Responses of Plutella xylostella and Coloemegilla maculata to selected insecticides in a residual insecticide bioassay. Southwestern Entomologist, 27:149-153. Facknath, S. (1993). The assessment of two neem formulations for the control of some economically important insect pests. Revue-Agricole-et-Sucriere-de-I’lle-Maurice, 72: 44-49. Fletcher, T.B. (1914). Some South Indian Insects. Supd. Govt. Press, Madras, pp. 565. Gera, S.S. and Bhatnagar, K.N. (1992). Seasonal incidence of pest complex of cabbage and their control in a semi-arid region. Pestology, 16: 38-45. Godin, C. and Boivin, G. (1998). Lepidopterous pests of Brassica crops and their parasitioids in South-western Quebec. Environ. Ent., 27: 1157-1165. Goudegnon, A.E., Kirk A.A., Schiffers, B. and Bordat, D. (2000). Comparative effects of deltamethrin and neem kernel solution treatments on diamond back moth and Cotesia plutellae (Hym.: Braconidae) parasitoid populations in the Cotonou peri-urban area in Benin. J. Appl. Ent., 124: 141-144. Javaid, I., Saifudine, N., Tombolane, L. and Rafael, E. (2000). Efficacy of aqueous neem extracts in the control of diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage. Insect Sci. Application, 20:167-170. Klemm, U. and Schmutterer, H. (1993). Effects of neem preparations on Plutella xylostella Linn. and its natural enemies of the genus Trichogramma. Zeitshrift-fur-Pflanzenkrankheiten-und-Pflanzenschutz, 100: 113-128. Lal, O.P. (1975). A compendium of insect pests of vegetables in India. Bull. Ent., 16: 51-56.

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Liang, G.M., Chen, W. and Liu, T.X. (2003). Effects of three neem based insecticides on diamond back moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Crop Protection, 22: 333-340. Loke, W.H., Lim, G.S., Syed, A.R., Abdul Aziz, A.M., Rani, M.Y., Jusoh, M. Md., Chea, U.B. and Fauziah, I. (1992). Management of diamond back moth in Malaysia, Development, implementation and impact, In :Talekar, NS Diamond back moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop 10-14 Dec, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan, Taipei, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre, pp. 529-539. Malathi, S. and Sriramulu, M. (2000). Laboratory efficacy of biotic insecticides against lepidopterous pests fed on treated cabbage leaves. Shashpa, 7: 63-66 Manjunatha, M., Hanchinal, S.G. and Kulkarni, S.V. (2000). Comparative bio-efficacy of nivaar against Plutella xylostella and Myzus persicae on cabbage. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 13: 741-743. Masiuk, Yu.A. and Chernikov, V.I. (1998). Entomophages against pests of cruciferous crops. Kartofel-i-ovoshchi, 3: 20-21. Mehta, P.K., Vaidya, D.N. and Kashyap, N.P. (1996). Effect of plant extract on Pieris brassicae (L.). Insect Environment, 2: 95-96. Monge, G.J.E. (1991). Diagnosis of the control of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in cabbage cultivation in Heredia, Costa Rica. Manejo-Integrado de Plagas, 22: 41-45. Nagesh, M. and Verma, S. (1997). Bio-efficacy of certain insecticides against diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella) on cabbage. Indian J. Ent., 59: 411- 414. Ohara, Y., Takafuji, A. and Akabayashi, J. (2003). Response to host infested plants in females of Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Appl. Ent. Zool., 38: 157-162. Okoth, S., Ogol, C.K.P., Basimike, M. and Varela, M. (2002). Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of aqueous neem extract and dipel 2x on diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella Linn. on cabbage in Kenya. Insect Sci. Application, 22: 139-143. Pankaj, Sood, Sanjeev, Sharma, A.K. and Verma (2004). Larvicidal effect of Cartap hydrochloride and Azadirachtin against Lepidopteran pests infesting cole crops. Indian J. Agril. Res., 38: 25-28. Patel, J.J., Patel, N.C., Jayani, D.B. and Patel, J.R. (1996). Bioefficacy of synthetic and botanical insecticides against aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. and diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella L. infesting cabbage. Gujarat Agril. Univ. Res. J., 22: 67-71. Rai, K.M., Gupta, B.P. and Tripathi, G.M. (1985). Biology and control of cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linn (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Prog. Hort., 17: 376-381. Raju, S.V.S., Chaudhary, M.K. and Singh, H.N. (1994). Bio-efficacy of some commonly used insecticides against Plutella xylostella Linn. Indian J. Ent., 56: 246-250. Rao, S.R.K. and Lal, O.P. (2001). Efficacy of different insecticides against diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage. J. Ent. Res., 25: 61-164. Sachan, J.N. and Gangwar, S.K. (1980). Vertical distribution of important pests of cole crops in Meghalaya as influenced by the environment factors. Indian J. Ent., 42: 414-421. Sandhu, S.S. (1996). Effects of various constituents of Pride of India (Melia azedarach L.) on nutritive and developmental physiology of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.). Ph.D. Dissertation, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Saucke, H., Dori, F. and Schmutterer, H. (2000). Biological and integrated control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera; Yponomecutidae) and Crocidolomnia pavonana (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Brassicae crops in Papua New Guinea. Bio. Sci. and Tech., 10: 596-606. Saxena, J.D., Rai, S., Srivastava, K.M. and Sinha, S.R. (1989). Resistance in the field population of diamond back moth to some commonly used synthetic pyrethroids. Indian J. Ent., 51: 265-268. Seal, D.R. (1995). Management of diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella using biological insecticides. Proceedings of the Florida State Hort. Society., pp. 197-201. Shankar, U. and Raju, S.V.S. (2002). Bio-efficacy of some new insecticide molecules against diamond backmoth, Plutella xylostella (L.) on cauliflower. Pestology, 26: 41-46. Sharma, A. and Gupta, R. (2009). Biological activity of some plant extracts against Pieris brassicae (Linn.). Journal of Biopesticides, 2: 26-31. Shukla, A. and Kumar, A. (2005). The Diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella a problematic pest of Brassica crop In: Adv. Int. Entomon. Productivity and Health,a Seteve Jubillee Supplement, 1: 229-400. Singh, K. Sharma, P.L. and Singh, K. (1987). Evaluation of antifeedant and repellent qualities of various neem (Azadirachta indica) formulations against Pieris brassicae Linn. larvae on cabbage and cauliflower. Res. Developmental Reporter, 4: 76-78.

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