Advances in Life Sciences 5(12), Print : ISSN 2278-3849, 5083-5087, 2016
Effect of Planting Dates and Correlation studies on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum Genotypes U.K. HULIHALLI*, SHANTVEERAYYA AND U.V. MAMMIGATTI Directorate of Research University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad – 580 005 (Karnataka), India *email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during 2012 – 13 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad to study the effect of planting dates and correlation studies on growth and yield of sorghum genotypes. Genotypes Phule Revati recorded significantly higher grain yield (3322 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.24 t ha-1) compared to rest of the genotypes. Among the date of sowing 1st week of October sowing recorded significantly higher grain yield (2865 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.26 t ha-1) compared to rest of the sowing dates. Whereas, 1st week of November sowing recorded significantly lower grain yield (1555 kg ha-1) and stover yield (5.92 t ha-1). The correlation analysis indicated that, rabi sorghum yield was highly significant and positively influenced by minimum temperature prevailed during vegetative period both morning and evening relative humidity and rainfall prevailed during both vegetative and grain filling period. While the maximum temperature was significantly and negatively correlated with both vegetative as well as grain filling period. Key words
Date of sowing, LAI, spikelets per head, test weight, correlation, grain yield
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.,) is an important grain and fodder crop for both arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This importance is due to its higher water use efficiency, relatively good tolerance to drought and salt stresses and good competitiveness with weeds in advanced growth stages. 100 gram of raw sorghum provides 329 calories, 72 per cent carbohydrates, 4 per cent fat and 11 per cent protein. Sorghum supplies numerous essential nutrients in abundant quantity, including proteins, vitamin B, niacin, thiamin and vitamin B6 and several dietary minerals, including iron (26%) and manganese (76%). Sorghum growth, development and yield depend on environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation. The extent of effect of these environmental parameters may vary depending on planting time. Planting time influences sorghum through temperature and soil available water at seed germination (Vanderlip, 1993). The effect of stress due to environmental factors on final yield may depend upon the growth stage in which it occurs and the genotype (Jones and Johnson, 1991). Deciding on early or late planting depends on a farmer’s ability to deal with the
risk of poor crop establishment with early planting or the effect of water or heat stress at reproductive stages with late planting. Radiation interception and photosynthesis are of major importance in yield determination due to their role in dry matter production. Sorghum yield response to location, time of planting and soil water storage were associated with difference in leaf area development (Muchow et al., 1994). Sowing time has an impact on sorghum growth stages. Number of days between sowing and flowering decreases as planting was delayed due to slower emergence and less rapid accumulation of heat units for early planting dates. Planting date affects not only the time from sowing to flowering but time from flowering to physiological maturity of grain sorghum (Clark, 1997).
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during rabi 2012 – 13. The geographical coordinates of Dharwad are 150 26’ N latitude and 750 7’ E longitude with an altitude of 678 m above mean sea level. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications involving three dates of sowing viz., 1st week of October , 3rd week of October and 1st week of November and seven genotypes viz., CSH-15 R, CSV- 22 R, Phule Anuradha, Phule Vasudha, Phule Revati, M-35-1 and DSV-4 were sown with spacing 45x15 cm. The sowing of seed was done by dibbling method on respective date of sowing. Recommended packages of practices like thinning, weeding, application of recommended dose of fertilizer (100:75:15 NPK kg ha-1) were uniformly followed for each experiment. The soil of the experimental site was deep black clay with pH (7.52), EC (0.54 dS m-1), organic carbon content was (0.61 %), available N (225 kg ha-1), P2O5 (18 kg ha-1) and K2O (315 kg ha- 1). Biometric observations were recorded on five plants randomly selected per treatment. The plant height was measured from ground level to the base of fully opened top leaf and expressed in cm. The five randomly selected plants from destructive sampling area were used to record the dry matter production. The sampled plants were separated into leaf and stem. These samples were oven dried at 65 to 70 0C until constant weight was obtained. Dry
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Table 1. Growth attributes of rabi sorghum genotypes under different sowing dates. Plant height (cm) at harvest D1
D2
LAI (50% flowering)
D3
Mean D1
D2
D3 Mean
TDM (g plant-1) at harvest
No. of spikelets per head
D1
D1
D2
D3
Mean
D2
D3
Mean
CSH-15 R
98.3 108.2 90.1
98.9 4.02 3.39 2.62 3.34
432.3 384.9 290.6 369.3
65.4 53.3 36.7
51.8
CSV-22 R
123.9 111.7 93.9 109.8 4.22 3.55 2.82 3.53
439.4 387.4 293.7 373.5
72.0 60.9 44.4
59.1
Phule Anuradha
105.0 97.1
97.4 3.56 2.86 2.27 2.90
309.9 288.9 198.9 265.9
49.4 38.7 23.8
37.3
Phule Vasudha
118.9 113.3 109.7 114.0 4.44 3.71 2.98 3.71
467.9 419.8 323.0 403.6
86.5 74.7 60.7
74.0
Phule Revati
127.8 124.6 121.0 124.5 4.75 3.99 3.26 4.00
500.4 440.5 350.6 430.5
95.0 85.4 68.9
83.1
M-35-1
102.9 112.6 106.1 107.2 3.79 3.13 2.37 3.09
391.7 344.7 249.6 328.7
62.6 49.0 34.3
48.6
DSV-4
112.1 102.7 106.6 107.2 3.57 2.92 2.20 2.90
355.8 309.7 216.0 293.8
52.3 45.3 30.4
42.7
Mean
112.7 110.0 102.5
413.9 368.0 274.6
69.0 58.2 42.7
90.3
4.05 3.36 2.65
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
DOS
2.1
5.9
0.0
0.1
3.5
10.5
1.04
3.08
Cultivar
3.2
8.9
0.0
0.1
5.4
16.0
1.59
4.70
DXC
5.5
15.7
0.1
0.2
9.4
27.7
2.76
8.15
D1: 1st week of October
D2: 3rd week of October
D3: 1st week of November
weight was recorded at harvest and expressed in grams per plant. The spikes from the net plot were harvested at physiological maturity and air dried. Thousand seeds were randomly counted from the sample of net plot yield for each treatment. The weight was recorded and expressed in grams (g). The grain yield was expressed in kg ha-1. Stover yield was recorded after complete sun drying of stalks from each net plot and expressed in kg ha-1. The data collected from the experiment at different growth stages and at harvest was subjected to statistical analysis as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Growth and development of crop is influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, radiation and photoperiod (Friend, 1966).Weather parameters prevails during crop growing season strongly influence crop growth and development and it accounts for twothirds (67%) of variation in productivity while other factors including soil and nutrient management account for one-third (33%) of the productivity (Reddy, 2012). Importance of weather parameters assumes greater importance in rainfed agriculture where soil moisture regime in crop season is highly variable and strongly
Table 2. Yield attributes of rabi sorghum genotypes under different sowing dates. No. of grains per spikelet D1
D2
1000 grain weight (g)
D3
Mean
D1
D2
D3
Mean
Grain yield (kg ha-1) D1
D2
D3
Stover yield (tones ha1 )
Mean D1
D2
D3 Mean
CSH-15 R
55.45 44.40 39.55 46.47 31.31 27.48 25.52 28.10
2959
1367 1665 1997 7.56 7.05 6.40
7.00
CSV-22 R
54.44 41.29 35.90 43.88 33.85 25.35 26.32 28.51
3036
2432 1244 2237 6.23 6.07 5.36
5.89
Phule Anuradha 41.25 31.50 20.73 31.16 30.50 28.05 22.75 27.10
1902
1646 1023 1524 6.74 5.75 5.19
5.89
Phule Vasudha 64.92 54.05 43.95 54.31 30.85 31.52 23.52 28.63
3511
1859 1709 2360 7.60 6.69 6.32
6.87
Phule Revati
71.50 60.35 47.50 59.78 34.18 32.50 25.01 30.56
3835
3254 2878 3322 7.78 7.21 6.74
7.24
M-35-1
49.50 36.70 29.05 38.42 31.25 27.07 25.41 27.91
2254
2034 1404 1897 7.40 6.33 5.74
6.49
DSV-4
43.73 30.33 24.05 32.70 32.10 27.15 23.38 27.54
2561
1757
965
1761 7.50 5.81 5.66
6.32
Mean
54.40 42.66 34.39
2865
2050 1555
7.26 6.42 5.92
32.00 28.45 24.56
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
S.Em+
C.D. @ 5%
DOS
0.62
1.82
0.30
0.89
26.3
77.7
0.11
0.34
Cultivar
0.94
2.78
0.46
1.36
40.2
118.7
0.17
0.51
DXC
1.63
4.81
0.80
2.36
69.7
205.7
0.30
0.89
D1: 1st week of October
D2: 3rd week of October
D3: 1st week of November
HULIHALLI et al., Effect of Planting Dates and Correlation Studies on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum Genotypes
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Table 3. Correlation coefficient between growth and yield attributes and weather variables in rabi sorghum at various phenophases Weather variables
Grain yield
LAI
TDM
No. of spikelet/head
No. of grains/ spikelet
Test weight
Vegetative period Max temperature
-.338*
-.591**
-.505**
-.351*
-.351*
-.658**
Min temperature
.617**
.761**
.608**
.499**
.600**
.787**
Morning relative humidity
.471**
.693**
.634**
.457**
.482**
.749**
Evening relative humidity
.583**
.772**
.629**
.492**
.576**
.813**
Rainfall
.631**
.793**
.673**
.529**
.595**
.807**
Grain filling period Max temperature
-.321*
-.505**
-.352*
-0.168
-0.282
-.659**
Min temperature
-0.151
-0.228
-0.055
0.077
-0.038
-.366*
Morning relative humidity
.565**
.764**
.635**
.497**
.560**
.783**
Evening relative humidity
.524**
.707**
.570**
.545**
.571**
.725**
Rainfall
.495**
.707**
.666**
.545**
.548**
.743**
**Correlation is significant at 0.01 level *Correlation is significant at 0.05 level
dependent on the quantum and distribution of rainfall. Sowing date can affect development and maturity of sorghum in semi-arid region, where high temperature and drought stress are common during development and maturity. Early sowing resulted in higher grain yield by producing early ground cover to make better use of precipitation and soil moisture. Early sowing increased the probability of favorable consequences relative to grain yield. Among the genotypes, Phule Revati recorded significantly higher plant height and leaf area index at 50 per cent flowering (124.5 cm and 4.0, respectively) followed by Phule Vasudha (114.0 cm and 3.71, respectively). Whereas genotype Phule Anuradha recorded significantly lower plant height and LAI at 50 per cent flowering (124.5 cm and 2.90, respectively) (Table 1) compared to rest of the treatments. Among the sowing dates 1st week of October sowing recorded significantly higher plant height and LAI at 50 per cent flowering (112.7 cm and 4.05, respectively) and plant height was on par with 3rd week of October (110.0 cm) sowing. Interaction effects revealed that genotypes Phule Revati planted during 1 st week of October recorded significantly higher plant height and LAI at 50 per cent flowering (127.8 cm and 4.75, respectively) compared to rest of the interactions (Table 1). Increase in plant height might be due to utilization of available resources at early sowing and better use of precipitation and soil moisture. Higher radiation use efficiency and higher synthesis of metabolites at early sowing (1st week
of October) which resulted in higher leaf area index at 50 per cent flowering. Optimum availability of moisture and temperature has accelerated the magnitude of photosynthetic ability of the crop which was more meaningfully interpreted in terms of leaf area and leaf area index. These results are in concurrence with the findings of Hunter et al. (1977), Setty (1981) and BaduAparku et al. (1983). At harvest, total dry matter production per plant was significantly higher with genotype Phule Revati (430.5 g plant-1) compared to the rest of the genotypes. Whereas, genotype Phule Anuradha (265.9 g plant-1) recorded the lowest dry matter production per plant (Table 1). Translocation of stored photo assimilates towards the development of economic parts was more in genotype Phule Revati. The amount of dry matter produced is an indicator of the overall efficiency of the utilization of the resources. Among the dates of sowing sorghum sown during 1st week of October showed significantly higher dry matter (413.9 g plant-1) compared to 3rd week of October and 1st week of November sowings (368.0 and 274.6 g plant-1, respectively) (Table 1). Decrease in dry matter accumulation in late sowing was due to shorter growing period (Mukherjee, 2012). Among the interaction effect genotype Phule Revati sown on 1st week of October recorded significantly higher dry matter production (500.4 g plant-1). A possible reason for increased production of dry matter was due to longer period available to the crop to improve and exploitation of environmental resources.
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Grain yield is a function of various yield attributing factors viz, number of spikelets per head, number of grains per spikelet and 1000 grain weight. Among the genotypes Phule Revati recorded significantly higher number of spikelets per head (83.1), number of grains per spikelet (59.78) and 1000 grain weight (30.56 g) as compared to rest of the genotypes. This might be due to the higher ability of the genotype to utilize the available resources during vegetative period which resulted the higher yield attributes. Among the sowing windows 1st week of October recorded significantly higher number of spikelets per head (69.0), number of grains per spikelet (54.40) and 1000 grain weight (32.00 g) compared to rest of the sowing windows. Interaction effects indicated that genotypes Phule Revati raised during 1st week of October recorded significantly higher number of spikelets per head (95.0), number of grains per spikelet (71.50) and 1000 grain weight (34.18 g) compared to rest of the interactions (Table 2). The lower number of spikelets, grains spikelet-1 and test weight in late sowing was due to less production of photosynthates due to shorter growing period. Lower test weight in late sowing is due to reduced soil moisture content during vegetative period and shriveling of grain due to winds prevailed during grain filling stage (Tripathi et al., 2013). This happens owing to prevalence of hot and desiccating wind during grain filling period. The number of spikelets per head, grains spikelet-1 and test weight decreased with delay in sowing. The reason for this variability was increasing air temperature with flowering at late sowing in November that decreased amount of all other traits (Khan et al., 1990). In the present investigation, among the genotypes Phule Revati recorded significantly higher grain yield (3322 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.24 t ha-1) compared to rest of the genotypes (Table 2). This might be due to more dry matter accumulation and yield attributing characters. Among the date of sowing 1 st week of October sowing recorded significantly higher grain yield (2865 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.26 t ha-1) compared to rest of the treatments (Table 2). Whereas, 1st week of November sowing recorded significantly lower grain yield (1555 kg ha-1) and stover yield (5.92 t ha-1). This is probably due to early sown crop enjoy favourable climatic conditions in terms of temperature and other climatic parameters during various crop growth stages, which reflected into better growth. The improvement in grain and stover yield to an extent of 84.2 and 22.6 per cent, respectively (Table 2) due to greater genetic ability of variety to translocate the photosynthates to economic part. Other factors which indirectly influenced the grain yield are growth attributes viz., total dry matter
production at harvest, spikelets per head, grains spikelet1 and test weight. Crop yield depends not only on the accumulation of photosynthates during the crop growth and development, but also on it’s translocation in the desired storage organs. These intern, are influenced by the efficiency of metabolic processes within the plant (Verma et al., 2012). Interaction effects revealed that genotype Phule Revati planted during 1st week of October recorded significantly higher grain yield (3835 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.78 t ha-1) as compared to rest of the interactions +(Table 2). The significant grain production is ascribed to favourable temperatures at different growth stages, which may increase photosynthetic rate, assimilates the supply for seed growth rate with 1st week of October sown crops than in late sown crop (Aslani and Mehrvar, 2012) and (Lauer and Partridge, 1990). Sowing date can affect development and maturity of sorghum in semi-arid region, where high temperature and drought stress are common during development and maturity. Early sowing resulted in higher grain yield by producing early ground cover to make better use of precipitation and soil moisture. Early sowing increased the probability of favorable consequences relative to grain yield. Growth and development of crop is influenced by environmental conditions such as temperature, radiation and photoperiod (Friend, 1966). In order to understand the relationship between growth, yield parameters and yield with different weather variables correlation coefficients were computed and data are presented in Table 3. The correlation analysis between weather variables and growth and yield attributes of rabi sorghum indicated that, rabi sorghum yield was highly significant and positively influenced by minimum temperature prevailed during vegetative period (r=0.62); both morning (r= 0.47 and 0.56) and evening relative humidity (r= 0.58 and 0.52) and rainfall (r= 0.63 and 0.50) prevailed during both vegetative and grain filling period. While the maximum temperature was significant and negatively associated with maximum temperature prevailed during both vegetative as well as grain filling period. The influence of weather variables on growth and yield attributes of sorghum was similar to grain yield. Genotype Phule Revati recorded significantly higher grain yield (3322 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.24 t ha-1) compared to rest of the genotypes. Among the date of sowing 1st week of October sowing recorded significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield (2865 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7.26 t ha-1). Rabi sorghum yield was highly significant and positively influenced by minimum temperature.
HULIHALLI et al., Effect of Planting Dates and Correlation Studies on Growth and Yield of Rabi Sorghum Genotypes
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Accepted on 25-06-2016
