Effect of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Guar Meal ...

Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 2014. 31 (2) : 138-142

Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition

Effect of Replacing Groundnut Cake with Guar Meal (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Concentrate Mixture with and without Added Sweetener and Flavour on Production Performance of Sahiwal Cows Chererayi Jongwe, S.S. Thakur*, Jasmine Kaur and M.S. Mahesh Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India

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ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacing groundnut cake (GNC) with guar meal in the concentrate mixture on nutrient utilization, milk production and blood metabolites in Sahiwal cows. Eighteen lactating Sahiwal cows selected from Livestock Research Centre, NDRI, Karnal were divided into three equal groups of six animals each based on the lactation number and days in milk (DIM). All the animals were offered a diet consisting of concentrate mixture, green maize fodder and wheat straw in the ratio of 20: 50: 30 on DM basis (T0), 75% replacement of GNC with guar meal in the concentrate (T1), 75% replacement of GNC with guar meal + Sucram Sweetener (@ 0.025%) + Lactovanilla Flavour (@ 0.025%) in the concentrate. The duration of study was 90 days. There was no difference among the three groups with regard to DM, CP and TDN intake. Replacement of GNC with guar meal at 75% level in the concentrate mixture did not have any adverse effect on nutrient digestibility. The average milk production and efficiency of milk production in treatment groups (T1 and T2) was comparable to control (T0). There was no adverse effect of replacing GNC with guar meal up to 75% level in the concentrate mixture on blood glucose and blood urea nitrogen. Feeding of guar meal with added sweetener and flavour (T2) had no significant effect on nutrient intake and milk production as compared to the group fed guar meal without added flavour and sweetener (T1). Key words: Guar meal, Groundnut cake, Sweetener, Flavour, Sahiwal cows

INTRODUCTION

fluctuates from 2 lakh tonnes to 15 lakh tonnes annually with the level and intensity of monsoon rainfall in the major guar producing areas. Its main use is in the production of guar gum, a galactomannan, which is used as thickener and stabilizer in the food industry due to its strong gelling properties. The residue obtained in the processing of guar gum is called guar meal which has high CP content (38 to 42%). Guar meal is a mixture of germ portion of the guar seed which is rich in protein and hull rich in crude fibre. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the effect of replacement of GNC with guar meal (with or without added flavour and sweetener) on production performance of lactating Sahiwal cows.

India is facing huge shortage of feeds and fodders for livestock population due to limited area under fodder crops, poor availability of good quality fodder varieties and increase in number of livestock led by genetically upgraded animals. In 2020, India may require 526 million tonnes of dry matter, 56 million tonnes of concentrate feed and 855 million tones of green fodder on as fed basis (Dikshit and Birthal, 2010). So, there is need to augment our indigenous feed resource base by tapping locally available non-conventional feed resources. Guar meal is obtained after extraction of gum from guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seed. Guar is a leguminous summer crop grown in semi-arid to arid regions of India (about 80% of global guar production). The states of Rajasthan (more than 60% of total production in the country) followed by Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab are the major producers. The crop is grown in marginal lands mainly rainfed, thus, production

MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen lactating cows (Sahiwal; 2nd to 4th lactation) in their early to mid lactation selected from Livestock Research Centre, NDRI, Karnal were divided into three groups (n=6) on the basis of their milk

*Corresponding author: E-mail : [email protected] 138


Replacement of groundnut cake with guar meal with or without sweetener in Sahiwal cows

Ingredient

T0

T1

T2

Maize Wheat bran Groundnut cake Guar meal Mustard cake Deoiled rice bran Mineral mixture Flavour + Sweetener Salt

33 21 21 — 12 10 2 — 1

33 21 5.25 15.75 12 10 2 — 1

33 21 5.25 15.75 12 10 2 0.025% + 0.025% 1

AOAC (2005). The feeding trial lasted for 90 days during which DM intake was recorded daily and body weight was taken fortnightly. A digestibility trial of 7 days was conducted at the end of experiment period. Feed, residues and faecal samples were analyzed for proximate principles (AOAC, 2005) and cell wall constituents (Van Soest et al., 1991). The milk yield was recorded daily for 90 days while milk was analyzed fortnightly for fat, protein, lactose and SNF using Lactoscan. Blood samples were collected at the start (0 day) and end (90 day) of the experiment. Plasma was separated and stored at -20ºC for analysis of

production (7.30, 7.20 and 7.08 kg/day) and days in milk (144, 136 and 135) in 3 groups. All the animals were offered a diet consisting of concentrate mixture, green maize fodder and wheat straw in the ratio of 20: 50: 30 on DM basis (T0), 75% replacement of GNC with guar meal in the concentrate (T1), 75% replacement of GNC with guar meal + sweetener (Sucram®) + flavour (Lactovanilla®) @ 0.025% each in the concentrate mixture. Amino acid profiles of GNC and guar meal were estimated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography fitted with absorbance detector (254 nm) and PICO TAG column (15.0 cm ×3.9 mm) as per




Table 1. Ingredient composition of concentrate mixtures offered to experimental animals

Table 2. Amino acid profile of guar meal and groundnut cake

Amino acid (% CP) Aspartate Glutamate Serine Glycine Histidine Arginine Proline Threonine Valine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Phenylalanine Lysine

Guar meal

Groundnut cake

10.39 13.06 3.86 4.23 2.77 8.95 2.97 4.05 3.59 1.80 3.78 6.27 4.13 3.80

8.17 12.08 3.61 4.09 2.37 8.54 4.13 2.69 3.89 1.20 3.99 6.50 4.89 3.25

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Table 3. Chemical composition (% DM basis) of feeds used during experiment Parameter

DM OM CP EE NDF ADF NDIN (% CP) ADIN (% CP) Ash AIA

Concentrate mixture T0

T1

T2

85.90 91.53 21.10 4.12 38.50 13.60 1.05 0.42 8.47 3.33

90.60 90.42 20.58 4.85 41.30 10.80 1.07 0.44 9.58 3.88

89.60 92.61 20.51 4.86 42.20 12.30 1.04 0.43 7.39 3.84

Maize fodder

Wheat straw

13.80 91.90 9.50 2.80 64.50 37.40 0.56 0.39 8.10 5.49

89.90 88.88 2.80 0.59 79.0 53.00 1.52 0.76 11.12 8.26




DM-Dry matter; OM-Organic matter; CP-Crude protein; EE-Ether extract; NDF-Neutral detergent fibre; ADF-Acid detergent fibre; NDIN-Neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen; ADIN-Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

having 21% GNC (T0), guar meal replacing 75% of GNC (T1), and same as in T1 with added sweetener and flavour (T2) is shown in Table 1. The amino acid profile of guar meal and GNC has been presented in Table 2. Guar meal contained 10.39% aspartate, 13.06% glutamate, 4.23% glycine, 2.77% histidine and 4.05% threonine. The lysine content in guar meal and GNC was 3.80 vs. 3.25% and methionine content was 1.8 vs 1.2%, respectively. Guar meal is a good source of amino acids, particularly lysine, methionine and glycine (Goswami et al., 2012; Heo et al., 2009; NDDB, 2012) which were higher than those present in GNC. The

glucose and BUN using SPAN Diagnostics kits Ltd. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA (Snedecor and Cochran, 1994) and differences among the mean treatments were tested by Tukey’s test using the statistical package (SPSS, 1999).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average body weight in the beginning of the experiment in T0, T1 and T2 groups was 343.10, 364.33 and 360.60 kg, respectively while the average body weight at the end of 90 days study period was 356.78, 375.56 and 368.23 kg, respectively. The ingredient composition of conventional concentrate mixture

Table 4. Nutrient intake and utilization in Sahiwal cows in different treatments Parameter DMI, kg/d DMI, % BW CPI, g/d TDNI, kg/d Digestibility coefficient (%) DM OM CP EE NDF ADF

T0

T1

T2

7.65±0.07 2.17±0.23 765.03±10.00 4.84±0.12

7.51±0.09 2.01±0.06 755.10±5.00 4.89±0.22

7.59±0.08 2.08±0.14 765.12±10.00 5.03±0.10

60.00±1.44 70.34±1.20 67.46±0.22 74.35±0.24 57.21±0.64 51.97±1.30

60.10±1.40 71.37±1.56 69.42±0.16 72.78±0.22 61.20±1.25 49.68±2.10

60.40±1.79 73.20±1.70 69.71±0.09 74.21±0.20 61.87±1.75 50.38±1.97

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Table 5. Average milk yield, milk composition and feed conversion efficiency of experimental animals Parameter

T1

T2

5.90±1.04 6.43±0.33 4.63±0.09 3.27±0.06 4.82±0.14 9.15±0.15 1.32±0.07 0.127±0.07 0.84±0.03

6.0±0.81 6.41±0.35 4.57±0.05 3.28±0.06 4.73±0.06 9.14±0.23 1.28±0.05 0.125±0.07 0.83±0.05

6.20±0.78 6.73±0.26 4.49±0.05 3.30±0.07 4.79±0.03 9.15±0.18 1.24±0.05 0.125±0.05 0.82±0.07

nutrients was comparable between T1 and T2 groups also, indicating that addition of flavour and sweetener in T2 group had no significant effect on nutrient intake and digestibility of nutrients. The average milk production in T0, T1 and T2 groups was 5.9, 6.0 and 6.2 kg/d, respectively over 90 days experimental period (Table 5). The milk yield in treatment groups (T 1 and T 2) was comparable to control (T0). The levels of fat, protein, lactose and SNF in T1 and T2 groups were similar to control (T0) group. Nutrient intake per kg milk produced (Table 5) was also similar in all the groups. The concentration of glucose and BUN were within the normal physiological limits and there was no difference in the blood glucose and BUN concentration among the treatment groups (Table 6).

proximate composition and cell wall fractions of maize fodder and wheat straw fed to the animals has been presented in Table 3. The crude protein content in the concentrate mixtures in group T0, T1 and T2 was 21.1, 20.58 and 20.51%, respectively showing isonitrogenous nature of diets. The incorporation of guar meal in the concentrate mixture did not show any effect on the DM intake (Table 4). Average DM intake in groups T0, T1 and T2 was 7.65, 7.51 and 7.59 kg/d, respectively indicating that the palatability of diet was not adversely affected by guar meal even at 75% replacement of GNC in the concentrate mixture. Average CP intake was 765.03, 755.10 and 765.12 g/d in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The average TDNI was 4.84, 4.89 and 5.03 kg/d in T0, T1 and T2 groups, respectively. The CP and TDN intake in T1 and T2 groups was comparable to control (T0). The digestibility of nutrients viz. DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF in T 1 and T2 groups was comparable with that of control (T0) group, indicating that guar meal at 75% replacement level of GNC did not have any adverse effect on the digestibility of nutrients. The nutrient intake and digestibility of




Milk, kg/animal/d 4% FCM, kg/animal/d Fat, % Protein, % Lactose, % SNF, % DM consumed (kg/kg milk produced) CP consumed (kg/kg milk produced) TDN consumed (kg/kg milk produced)

T0

CONCLUSIONS Groundnut cake could be satisfactorily replaced by guar meal up to 75% level in the concentrate mixture of lactating Sahiwal cows without any adverse effect on nutrient intake, digestibility of nutrients, milk yield or health of the animals. Further, addition of sweetener and flavour each at a level of 0.025% of concentrate

Table 6. Changes in blood metabolite concentration (mg/dl) in different treatments Parameter Glucose BUN

Days

T0

T1

T2

0 90 0 90

57.11±1.68 60.44±1.42 29.95±0.70 30.92±0.68

56.82±1.39 59.05±0.90 29.72±0.38 30.03±0.40

56.78±0.88 59.16±1.11 29.74±1.02 30.69±0.82

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NDDB. 2012. Nutritive Value of Commonly Available Feeds and Fodders in India. Animal Nutrition Group, National Dairy Development Board, Anand, Gujarat. p. 62. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. 1994. Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Oxford and IBH publishing Co., New Delhi, India. SPSS Inc., 1999. SPSS Base 10. Statistical package for windows. Chicago, IL, USA. Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3583-97.

mixture containing 75% guar meal had no significant effect on the nutrient intake and milk production. REFERENCES




AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, USA. Dikshit, A.K. and Birthal, P.S. 2010. India’s livestock feed demand: estimates and projections. Agric. Economics Res. Rev. 23: 15-28. Goswami, A., Thakur, S.S. and Amrutkar, S.A. 2012. Growth and nutrient utilization in calves fed guar meal replacing groundnut cake in concentrate with and without added sweetener and flavor. Indian J. Anim. Nutr. 29: 40-45. Heo, P.S., Lee, S.W., Kim, D.H., Lee, G.Y., Kim, K.H. and Kim, Y.Y. 2009. Effect of various levels of guar meal supplementation on growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87 (Suppl. 2): 144.

Received on 13-05-2014 and accepted on 20-07-2014

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