RESEARCH • MICROBIOLOGY Indian Journal of Science • Analysis
Indian Journal of Science, Volume 6, Number 16, November 2013
EISSN 2319 – 7749
Indian Journal of
ISSN 2319 – 7730
Science Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings
Kiruba M1☼, Tilak M2, Kalaiselvi T3, Shanmugam M4, Hemalatha P5, Manivasakan S6, Rajamanickam S7 1. Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India 2. Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India 3. Dept. of Agrl. Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 4. Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India 5. Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 6. Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India 7. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India ☼
Correspondence: Forest
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Nadu,
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Publication History Received: 26 September 2013 Accepted: 13 November 2013 Published: 26 November 2013 Citation Kiruba M, Tilak M, Kalaiselvi T, Shanmugam M, Hemalatha P, Manivasakan S, Rajamanickam S. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings. Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59
ABSTRACT
Composting emerges as the most widely applicable process for handling diverse wastes in the entire area of waste recycling. Organic wastes are composted in an appropriate manner depending on their physico-chemical nature to Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
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1. INTRODUCTION
50
Composting emerges as the most widely applicable process for handling diverse wastes in recycling. Organic wastes are composted to mitigate the environmental consequence of direct land application; composting also helps to meet the demand of organic manure for intensive farming. A very wide variety of organic residues from sources of plant, animal and industrial wastes can be composted to evolve a stable eco-friendly product of utility. The environmental friendly ‘vermicomposting technology’ can very well be adopted for converting these wastes into wealth. ‘Vermicomposting’ is a process of composting, featuring the addition of certain species of earthworms to enhance the process of waste conversion and to produce a better end product. Nursery experiments were carried out to find the effect of vermicompost on Casuarina and Jatropha seedlings. Seeds of one month old seedlings of Casuarina and Jatropha were planted in the polybags with various treatments involving different types of litters. The impact of the composts on growth and development of casuarina and jatropha seedlings were studied. The growth parameters were recorded 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting. Vermicompost obtained out of teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia can be used to produce quality casuarina seedlings. The growth of casuarina seedlings was equally promoted by all kinds of vermicompost. Coffee pulp vermicompost application registered the highest collar diameter for jatropa seedlings among all other treatments, followed by pungam vermicompost.
mitigate the environmental consequence of direct land application; composting also helps to meet the demand of organic manure for intensive farming. A very wide variety of organic residues from sources of plant, animal and industrial wastes can be composted to evolve a stable eco-friendly product of utility. Lot of waste materials such as tree litter, coffee and tea wastes, vegetable wastes etc. are available in and around Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu. The degradable organic matter from these wastes when dumped in open undergoes either aerobic or anaerobic degradation. These unengineered dumpsites permit fine organic matter to become mixed with percolating water to form leachate. The potential of the leachate to pollute adjoining water and soil is high. The environmental friendly ‘vermicomposting technology’ can very well be adopted for converting these wastes into wealth. ‘Vermicomposting’ is a kindred process to composting, featuring the addition of certain species of earthworms to enhance the process of waste conversion and to produce a better end product. Vermicomposting differs from conventional composting in several ways. Chiefly, vermicomposting is a mesophilic process and the process is considered faster than normal composting. Since the material passes through the earthworm gut undergoes a significant but not yet fully understood transformation; hence, the resulting earthworm castings are abundant in microbial activity, plant growth regulator and fortified with pest repellery attributes as well. Considerable work has been carried out on vermicomposting of various organic materials and it has been established that epigeic forms of earthworms can hasten the composting process to a significant extent, with production of a better quality of composts as compare with those prepared through traditional methods. The viability of using earthworms as a treatment or management technique for numerous organic wastes has been investigated by number of workers (Hand, 1988; Logsdan, 1994; Singh and Sharma 2002). Similarly numerous industrial wastes have been vermicomposted and turned into nutrient rich manure (Sundaravadivel et al., 1995). But there is a dearth of information regarding the vermicomposting of wastes viz., tree litters, coffee, tea processing wastes, pungam and simaruba shell, vegetable mandy wastes, etc. In order to “Evaluate the efficacy of vermiconpost from different wastes” a study has been formulated to evaluate the efficacy of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on growth and development of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings under nursery conditions.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was carried out to develop superior vermicompost from different waste materials. The investigations on the effect of vermicompost on seedlings of Casuarina and Jatropha seed germination were carried out under nursery conditions.
2.1. Effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on growth of Casuarina and Jatropha seedlings
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
Page
Treatments T1 – VC1 (Teak litter vermicompost) + mycorrhizal consortia T2 – VC2 (Albizia litter vermi compost) + mycorrhizal consortia T3 – VC3 (Simaruba shell vermicompost) + mycorrhizal consortia T4 – VC4 (Pungam shell vermicompost) + mycorrhizal consortia T5 – VC5 (Coffee pulp vermicompost) + mycorrhizal consortia T6 – Control + mycorrhizal consortia T7 – VC1 (Teak litter vermicompost) T8 – VC2 (Albizia litter vermicompot) T9 – VC3 (Simaruba shell vermicompost) T10 – VC4 (Pungam shell vermicompost) T11 – VC5 (Coffee pulp vermicompost) T12 - Control Design: RBD The growth parameters were recorded 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting.
51
Nursery experiments were carried out to find out the effect of vermicompost on Jatropha and Casuarina. The polybag experiment had 12 treatments replicated thrice in a randomized block design. Thirty plants were maintained for each replication. The bags were filled with nursery mixture of sand: red soil: FYM combination. The farmyard manure was replaced by the same quantum of compost, each containing 10 g compost. The mycorrhizal consortia consisting of Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora laevis was used the rate of 5g to each polybag. Seeds of Jatropha and one month old seedlings of Casuarina were planted in the polybags.
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2.2. Biometrical observation Growth parameters like leaf number, shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, total dry matter production, seed germination and collar diameter were recorded for Jatropha. The following biometric observations like needle number, nodule number, root length, shoot length, collar diameter, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and total dry matter production were recorded for Casuarina.
2.3. Examination of mycorrhizal infection in roots The extent of VAM infection was estimated by following the method of Philips and Hayman (1970). Plant roots were collected and washed carefully to remove adhering soil particles. The roots were cut into approximately two centimeter segments. The Potassium hydroxide (10%) was used to digest the roots by autoclaving at 10 lbs for 15 min. After this, the solution was decanted and neutralized with one per cent hydrochloric acid. The root pieces were then washed with tap water and stained with 0.008 per cent tryphan blue in lactic acid: glycerol: distilled water (1:2:2 v/v) for 24 hours. The excess stain was removed by treating the root pieces with lactophenol. The mycorrhizal infection in the root pieces was observed using a binocular microscope (10 x). The per cent mycorrhizal colonization was then calculated. Number of positive segments Per cent infection = ---------------------------------------------------- x 100 Total number of roots segments observed
2.4. Statistical analysis The data obtained from various experiments were analysed statistically using the Factorial Randomized Block Design, as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984).
3. RESULTS The results of the experiments on “Effect of different wastes viz., coffee pulp, simaruba, pungam shell, albizia and teak litter on growth and development of Casuarina and Jatropha seedlings” are presented below.
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
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3.1.1. Biometrical observation of Jatropha seedlings Coffee pulp vermicompost application recorded the maximum shoot fresh weight of 54.3 g which was significantly greater than the remaining treatments. This treatment was followed by pungam shell vermicompost (52.1 g). The same trend was noticed during various stages of growth under investigations (Table 1). Applications of various vermicompost significantly influenced the shoot dry weight of Jatropha seedlings. Among the treatments, coffee pulp registered maximum shoot dry weight (8.92 g), which was significantly higher than other treatments. Plants receiving coffee pulp vermicompost recorded the highest value of 8.92 g at 75 DAP (Table 1). Shoot length of the Jatropha seedlings were greatly influenced by the application of various composts. Considering the treatments, coffee pulp vermicompost application produced maximum shoot length of 30.63cm. The statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant interaction between treatments and periods of growth. It was observed that the coffee pulp vermicompost application recorded the maximum root length (3.057 cm), the least root length was recorded by control. With regards to interaction between treatment and periods, there was a significant variation among the treatments. As far as root fresh weight is considered, there was no difference due to various treatments till sixty days after sowing. Then the variation was among treatments. The maximum root fresh weight of 2.88 g was registered in coffee pulp vermicompost, which was significantly superior to all other treatments. This was followed by teak litter vermicompost (2.66 g). The control recorded the least value of 1.37 g. All the treatments were significantly superior to control. The maximum root dry weight was recorded in coffee pulp vermicompost (1.21 g) .This was followed by Teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (0.87 g) and control recorded the minimum of 0.6 g. Application of various vermicomposts significantly increased the number of leaves. Seeds treated with the coffee pulp vermicompost recorded highest leaves, which was significantly superior to the other treatments. With regarding percentage of seed germination, coffee pulp vermicompost recorded the highest seed germination, which was superior (79.0%) to others, followed by mycorrhizal consortia treatment (77.0%). With respect to dry matter production of the Jatropha seedlings, a significant variation due to treatments during different periods of observation was noticed. Coffee pulp vermicompost registered maximum dry matter production of 10.1 g and it was superior to rest of the treatments. Coffee pulp vermicompost application registered the highest collar diameter (4.56 cm) among
52
3.1. Nursery Experiment
Table 1 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on shoot fresh and dry weight (g) of Jatropha seedlings Shoot fresh weight (g) Treatments T1
15 c 8.43
T2
7.02
T3 T4
6.04
e
fg
6.37
f
gh c
T5
5.65
T6
8.30
30 c 12.2 10.2
e
9.52 12.2
f
c
h
10.63
c
c
a
15.47
h
f
12.6 5.45
9.29
a
27.1
d
35.0
34.2 37.1
29.4
b
39.0
b
26.1
e
44.1
f
24.4
h
17.6
g
25.1
fg
gh
24.7
a
28.1
21.4
16.2
i
b
1.33
ab
1.67 1.52
ab
e
1.23
ab
d
1.92
ab
39.4
e
1.50
ab
48.2
c
1.79
ab
c
54.3
g
1.21
f
36.4
52.1
24.3
i
ab
gh
h
15 ab 1.60
h
26.1
18.1 17.4
e
c
e
d
26.1
e
20.2
11.4
T11 T12
12.2
75 i 34.5
30.1
b
d
60 f 25.4
ef
19.4
14.14
Shoot dry weight (g)
a
18.3
5.45 7.62
18.9
d
d
T8 T10
17.1
11.4
10.4
i
h
10.6
T7
8.31
16.6
e
b
T9
DAS 45 de 18.6
b
2.13
a
1.69
28.9
j
1.57 1.74
2.26 2.46
3.88
4.94
5.13
2.70 2.59
ab
c
2.64
bc
1.85
abc
2.20
bc
2.81
1.82
abc
2.08
bc
2.59
2.06
abc
1.83
1.44
ab
2.46
abc
ab
2.71
2.49
a
1.27
c
5.26
abc
3.03 3.56
ab
75 bcd 5.06
b-e
abc
2.37
ab
bc
abc
60 a-d 3.42
ab
2.44
1.00
bc
abc
a
c
DAS 45 a 3.23
30 abc 1.83
bc
bcd bc
3.13
b-e
4.54
cde
3.33
a-d
4.47
cde
cde
4.28
de bc
3.33
de
5.28
a-d
8.76
a
ab
5.42
b
ab
3.70
3.28
a
4.00
a
8.92
a
2.00
c
2.47
e
4.06
e
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT Table 2 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on shoot and root length (cm) of Jatropha seedlings Shoot length (cm) Treatments T1
15 a 5.86
T2
5.13
ab
8.36
ab
9.60
de
T3
5.30
ab
8.56
ab
9.66
de
T4
4.33
ab
9.26
a
10.93
cd
T5
4.93
ab
8.60
ab
10.96
cd
T6
4.60
ab
9.66
T7
4.60
ab
T8
4.80
ab
4.90
ab
T9 T10 T11 T12
4.13 4.36
b
ab
4.00
b
30 ab 8.40
DAS 45 de 9.86
a
bc
12.4
8.70
ab
13.66
8.83
ab
14.46
14.50
b
75 g 17.60
a
5.46
b
3.36
a
5.30
b
ef
3.53
a
4.83
b
def
17.60
19.50
17.40
a
19.90
18.30
a
20.33
21.86
10.26
d
8.76
bc
3.23
5.13
6.66
8.56
bc
9.50
ef
2.96
a
5.13
b
6.43
bc
8.70
bc
10.96
de
3.00
a
5.93
b
6.86
bc
8.83
bc
15.46
c
2.66
a
3.96
b
5.46
bc
8.30
bc
16.43
c
2.80
a
4.33
b
6.43
bc
8.53
bc
24.70
3.63
a
a
30.57
2.53
a
18.43 18.43
a
11.90
c
7.30
10.63
bc
a
e
bc
bc
17.56
14.13
9.40
8.40
6.76
21.20
b
7.70
d
de
b
a
9.33
bc
11.06
b
a
a
6.80
b
bc
5.30
18.20
12.43
6.50
9.23
a
a
a
b
bc
75 de 9.66
a
20.26
9.26
7.60
60 bc 8.00
3.33
a
bc
DAS 45 b 7.43
d
18.16
a
30 b 4.03
2.96
18.63
ab
g
15 a 3.13
f
16.43
a
ab
9.33
9.26
60 c 12.73
a
a
13.46
Root length (cm)
23.43
c
28.93
b
30.63
a
13.51
h
a
15.13
b
c
8.13 4.00
4.63
a
17.40 6.66
c
de
de
8.23
d
b a
e
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
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3.1.2. Biometrical observation of Casuarina seedlings Treatments with various vermicomposts and vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia have positively influenced the growth of the seedlings. There was a significant increase in shoot fresh weight of Casuarina seedlings due to application of various vermicomposts. Application of vermicomposted albizia litter registered maximum shoot fresh weight of 10.99g. This was followed by vermicomposted teak litter + mycorrhizal consortia. Control recorded 8.76 g. Significant differences could be observed after 45 DAP onwards. The highest shoot dry weight of 3.68 g recorded by vermicomposted teak litter + mycorrhizal consortia, pungam vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (3.64 g) coffee vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (3.68 g). They were statistically on par with each other and were superior to control (2.8 g). Significant variations among the treatments observed only from 30 DAP. Vermicomposted teak litter + mycorrhizal consortia produced the maximum shoot length of (67.5cm) and found to be statistically significant to all other treatments. The superiority of this treatment was evident as early as 30 days after planting and was consistent up to 75 DAP. The control recorded 45.20 cm. Root length was also positively influenced by the treatments as it is
53
all other treatments, followed by pungam vermicompost (4.39 cm). There was significant difference among all other treatments. Control recorded least value (2.86 cm).
Table 3 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on root fresh and dry weight (g) of Jatropha seedlings Root fresh weight (g) Treatments
Root dry weight (g)
T1
15 a 0.46
T2
0.39
a
0.55
a
0.71
a
1.01
T3
0.35
a
0.54
a
0.77
a
0.42
a
0.52
a
0.66
a
T5
0.40
a
0.56
a
0.78
a
1.32
T6
0.48
a
0.67
a
0.70
a
0.39
a
0.55
a
0.70
a
T8
0.61
a
0.61
a
0.71
a
T9
0.60
a
0.73
a
0.83
a
T10
0.63
a
0.72
a
0.83
a
T11
0.46
a
0.58
a
0.83
a
0.62
T12
0.22
a
0.47
a
0.55
a
0.75
T4
T7
30 a 0.65
DAS 45 a 0.81
60 bc 1.03
75 ab 1.94
15 cd 0.12
bc
1.98
ab
0.14
1.24
abc
2.11
ab
1.22
abc
30 b 0.32
bcd
0.15
0.12
cd
0.21
2.21
a
0.19
bc
ab
2.34
a
0.19
bc
1.26
abc
2.18
a
0.11
cd
1.23
abc
2.66
a
0.22
2.05
ab
0.18
1.94
ab
0.19
cd
0.54
b
0.79
cd
c-f
0.30
cd
0.58
b
0.78
cd
0.24
cd
0.29
cd
0.53
b
0.85
bc
0.29
bc
0.35
bc
0.51
b
0.83
bc
f
0.29
cd
0.42
cd
0.86
bc
0.31
cd
c
0.80
bc
0.63
e
0.71
d
0.25
bcd
1.27 0.90
bc
0.85
bc
2.44
a
a
2.88
a
0.31
a
0.43
c
1.37
c
0.10
d
0.13
0.19
75 b 0.87
0.28
ab
bcd
0.19
bc
0.22
bcd
60 ab 0.59
ef
0.13
b
DAS 45 b 0.40
def
cde
0.21
0.53
0.33
bcd
0.36
cd
0.34
bcd
0.39
cd
cd
0.37
cd
0.78
0.59
a
0.67
a
1.21
a
0.26
d
0.34
d
0.60
e
def
0.31
a f
cd
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 4 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on number of leaves and percentage of seed germination of Jatropha seedlings Percentage of seed No of leaves germination Treatments DAS DAS 15 30 45 60 75 15 2.0
a
3.7
a
T2
2.0
a
4.0
a
5.7
T3
2.0
a
3.7
a
6.7
T4
2.0
a
4.0
a
9.0
2.0
a
4.0
a
T6
2.0
a
4.0
a
T7
2.0
a
3.0
a
2.0
a
4.0
a
2.0
a
4.0
a
2.0
a
4.0
a
T11
2.0
a
4.0
a
11.7
T12
2.0
a
3.3
a
5.0
T1
T5
T8 T9 T10
6.3
cd d
cd
abc
8.7
bc
12.00
de
8.0
de
10.70
de
57.00
8.0
de
11.70
de
42.00
8.0
de
12.30
de
69.00
e
d
74.00
c
9.3
b-e
10.0
bcd
10.0
ab
11.0
11.0
ab
11.7
10.0
ab
9.0
abc
8.7
bc a
d
abc ab
10.3 9.7 8.7
a-d
b-e
cde
13.0 7.0
a
e
13.00
51.00
11.70
de
77.00
11.70
de
61.00
b
65.00
24.00
i
h j
b g f
29.00
a
e
70.00
19.00
c
72.00
29.30
a
79.00
a
10.00
e
40.00
k
d
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
Page
evident. The maximum root length was recorded in vermicomposted teak litter + mycorrhizal consortia followed by simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia which is statistically on par with each other treatments. The influence of the treatments could be noticed even from 30 DAP. The maximum root length of 56.13 cm was recorded in 75 DAP. The root fresh weight of Casuarina was also influenced, when subjected to application of T1 - teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia and T3 – simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia. It could be seen that the T1 and T3 induced root fresh weight of 8.32 g. This was followed by T5 - coffee vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia. The maximum root fresh weight recorded at 75 DAP. Control recorded the lower value of 6.44 g. There was no significant difference among all other treatments. T1 - teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T2 - albizia litter vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T3 – simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T4 - pungam vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T5 – coffee pulp vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T6 - mycorrhizal consortia only, T8 - albizia litter vermicompost and T10-pungam vermicompost were recorded higher (3.19 g) root dry weight followed by T9 - simaruba vermicompost and T11 – coffee pulp vermicompost. T9 and T11 were statistically on par with each other. Control recorded 2.49 g of root dry weight. Maximum root dry weight was registered at 75 DAP.
54
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 5 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on shoot fresh and dry weight (g) of Casuarina seedlings Shoot fresh weight (g) Treatments T1
15 a 1.07
T2
1.09
a
0.98
a
0.97
a
0.93
a
0.93
a
0.91
a
0.87
a
0.87
a
0.84
a
0.84
a
0.80
a
T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Shoot dry weight (g)
DAS 30 a 3.93 3.81
a
3.77
ab
3.37
ab
3.61
ab
3.36
ab
3.27
ab
3.28
ab
3.07 3.46
b
ab
3.07
b
1.21
c
45 a 5.81 5.33
ab
5.29
ab
5.56
ab
5.70
ab
5.35
ab
5.29
ab
5.23
ab
5.33
ab
5.06 5.11
b
ab
4.14
c
60 a 8.18 7.66
abc
8.03
ab
7.35
bc
7.30
c
7.52
bc
7.48
bc
75 abc 10.57 10.24
b-e
10.80 10.58 9.86
ab
abc
de
10.39
a-d
10.82
ab
c
10.99
7.41
bc
e
7.35
bc
7.26
7.24
c
7.19
c
9.60 9.97
a
cde
10.62
abc
8.76
f
15 a 0.81 0.69
ab
0.61
abc
0.64
abc
0.71
ab
0.67
ab
0.66
ab
0.66
ab
0.51 0.52
abc
ab
1.68
ab
1.72
ab
abc
1.68
ab
1.73
ab
1.53
abc
1.58
abc
1.74
bc
0.37
1.68
1.54
abc
0.47
DAS 45 a 2.16
30 a 1.76
1.44
c
a
bc
1.31
c
2.03
a
2.15
a
2.15
a
2.19
a
2.15
a
2.11
a
2.20
a
2.15
a
2.16
a
2.17
a
1.70
b
60 a 2.77
75 a 3.64
2.65
a
2.71
a
3.62
2.80
a
3.64
a
2.71
a
3.68
a
2.78
a
3.56
2.67
a
3.35
2.55
a
3.28
2.76
a
3.54
2.65
a
3.58
2.62
a
2.52
a
3.34
3.56
bc
ab
abc bc c
abc ab
abc
2.80
d
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 6 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on shoot fresh and dry weight (g) of Casuarina seedlings Shoot fresh weight (g) Treatments T1
15 a 1.07
T2
1.09
a
3.81
T3
0.98
a
0.97
a
T5
0.93
a
T6
0.93
a
0.91
a
T8
0.87
a
T9
0.87
a
3.07
0.84
a
0.84
a
0.80
a
T4
T7
T10 T11 T12
Shoot dry weight (g)
DAS 30 a 3.93
45 a 5.81
60 a 8.18
a
5.33
ab
7.66
3.77
ab
5.29
ab
8.03
3.37
ab
5.56
ab
3.61
ab
5.70
ab
7.30
3.36
ab
5.35
ab
3.27
ab
5.29
ab
3.28
ab
5.23
ab
7.26
b
5.33
ab
3.46
ab
3.07
b
1.21
c
5.06 5.11
b
ab
4.14
c
75 abc 10.57
abc
10.24
ab
10.80
7.35
bc
10.58
b-e
0.69
ab
abc
c
9.86
7.52
bc
10.39
7.48
bc
de a-d
10.82
ab
c
10.99
7.41
bc
9.60
7.35
bc
7.24
c
7.19
c
9.97
a
e
cde
10.62
15 a 0.81
abc
8.76
f
30 a 1.76
DAS 45 a 2.16
60 a 2.77
75 a 3.64
ab
1.68
ab
2.03
a
2.65
a
3.34
0.61
abc
1.68
ab
2.15
a
2.71
a
3.62
0.64
abc
1.72
ab
3.64
a
3.68
a
2.15
2.80
a
abc
2.19
a
2.71
a
1.68
ab
2.15
a
2.78
a
3.56
1.73
ab
3.35
3.28
0.71
1.54
0.67
ab
0.66
ab
0.66
ab
0.51
abc
0.52
abc
0.47
0.37
c
ab
a
ab
bc
bc
abc
2.11
a
2.67
a
1.53
abc
2.20
a
2.55
a
1.58
abc
2.15
a
2.76
a
3.54
2.16
a
2.65
a
3.58
2.17
a
2.62
a
2.52
a
1.74 1.44
a
bc
1.31
c
1.70
b
3.56
bc c
abc ab
abc
2.80
d
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
Page
Total dry matter was greatest in teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (8.32 g) and simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (8.3 g). Both were statistically on par with each other. This could also be observed at 60 and 75 DAP. The total dry matter production progressively increased upto 75 DAP. The control recorded lowest value of (6.44 g) Table 2. T1 - teak litter vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T2 - albizia litter vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T6 - mycorrhizal consortia only and T9 –simaruba vermicompost treatments were recorded highest collar diameter. These treatments were statistically on par with each other. This could also be observed at 60 and 75 DAP. The collar diameter progressively increased upto 75 DAP. The control recorded the lowest value of 0.51 g Table 2. .The maximum number of needles of 89.7 per plant was produced when plants were treated with teak vermicompost+ mycorrhizal consortia, which is significantly superior to the rest. In case of 75 DAP number of needles per plant was more in teak vermicompost+ mycorrhizal consortia. The least number was found to be in control 72.0 g. In the present study, the maximum nodule number (10.0) was registered when subjected to T3 - simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T4 - pungam vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia followed by T1 - teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia (9.7). This treatment was significantly superior to the others. The maximum nodule number recorded at 75 DAP.
55
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 7 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on shoot and root length (cm) of Casuarina seedlings Shoot length (cm) Treatments T1
15 a 5.33
T2
4.43
a
27.20
ab
41.23
T3
4.80
a
26.30
ab
T4
4.66
a
26.56
ab
T5
5.33
a
24.06
b
T6
4.50
a
20.66
c
4.43
a
20.40
c
T8
4.06
a
17.76
c
38.20
T9
4.00
a
18.13
c
35.16
T10
3.36
a
20.43
c
T11
3.60
a
20.33
c
T12
3.33
a
17.86
c
26.90
T7
Root length (cm)
DAS 30 a 28.46
45 a 42.63
60 a 57.36
75 a 67.50
15 a 4.10
30 a 19.23
ab
56.06
a
61.40
b
3.83
a
17.70
40.86
abc
56.70
a
64.06
b
3.30
a
18.03
39.86
abc
56.53
a
63.30
b
3.50
a
15.90
40.76
abc
54.53
a
60.73
b
3.63
a
16.53
37.63
cd
50.96
b
61.70
b
3.36
a
38.36
bc
48.80
bc
61.53
b
3.06
a
bcd
49.40
bc
63.23
b
3.30
a
de
47.90
bcd
28.03
a
48.16
ab
51.93
44.83
bc
27.86
44.60
bc
54.00
a-d
26.33
ab
47.00
ab
53.86
d
26.43
ab
46.53
abc
52.86
bc
14.16 15.13
cd
43.80
52.30
bc
44.93
bc
52.20
bc
c
50.96
15.76
26.46
16.30
bcd
23.46
61.90
3.13
a
45.43
d
61.63
b
3.83
a
38.63
e
45.20
c
3.20
a
11.13
abc
ab
27.23
a
bc
ab
cd
bcd
a
f
abc
a
3.50
47.06
53.86
a
b
e
a
27.93
b
33.13
75 a 56.13
bcd
62.93
32.23
60 a 48.63
abc
cd
e
DAS 45 a 28.60
43.80
cd
24.40
bc
41.43
de
52.03
bc
23.83
bc
40.43
ef
51.60
bc
c
38.10
f
43.40
14.86
cd
15.03
cd e
22.03
c
d
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 8 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on root fresh and dry weight (g) of Casuarina seedlings Root fresh weight (g) Treatments T1
15 a 0.98
T2
0.87
ab
2.82
T3
0.85
ab
2.82
0.85
ab
2.21
c
4.23
a
T5
0.83
ab
2.20
c
4.02
b
T6
0.84
ab
2.03
cd
3.64
de
T7
0.82
ab
2.02
cd
3.84
T8
0.77
bc
1.96
d
T9
0.87
ab
1.57
e
1.55
e
1.45
e
1.39
e
T4
T10 T11 T12
0.75
bc
0.75
bc
0.61
c
30 a 3.03
DAS 45 ab 4.15
Root dry weight (g)
60 a 6.59
a
4.19
ab
6.48
b
4.11
ab
75 a 8.32
a
8.07
6.03
bc
8.30
6.03
bc
6.02
bc
8.12 7.89
6.11
b
6.13
b
3.54
e
6.42
a
3.61
e
5.84
c
7.83
3.82 3.72
cd
cde
3.12
f
6.04
bc
5.53
d
5.29
e
30 a 0.84
DAS 45 a 1.09
60 a 2.11
75 a 3.19
bc
0.21
a
0.84
a
1.09
a
2.11
a
3.16
a
a
0.21
a
0.84
a
1.08
a
2.10
a
3.17
a
0.21
a
0.85
a
1.08
a
2.11
a
3.16
a
b
0.21
a
0.85
a
1.08
a
2.12
a
3.16
a
cd
3.17
a
7.67
c
15 a 0.21
ef
0.20
a
0.84
a
1.08
a
2.11
a
7.28
g
0.23
a
0.81
a
1.08
a
2.11
a
2.51
7.23
g
0.22
a
0.85
a
1.08
a
2.10
a
3.17
de
0.23
a
0.85
a
1.07
a
2.10
a
2.83
0.21
a
0.84
a
1.07
a
1.77
a
3.17
0.21
a
0.81
a
1.08
a
1.77
a
2.83
0.19
a
0.77
a
1.00
a
1.43
b
2.49
7.59 7.67
f
ef
6.44
h
b a
ab a
ab b
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
Page
3.1.3. Impact of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on mycorrhizal infection in jatropha and casuarina seedlings A comparison of the mean value of all treatments of Jatropha seedlings were registered significant values for VAM infection. T7 - Teak vermicompost had registered higher value of 99.0 per cent among all other treatments, followed by pungam vermicompost. T1 - teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T9 - simaruba shell vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia and T12 - control were statistically on par with each other. Also, T5 - coffee vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia and T11 - coffee vermicompost were statistically on par with each other. The results of VAM infection in casuarina seedlings are presented in Table 3. A comparison of the mean value of all treatments of casuarina seedlings were registered significant values for VAM infection. The root samples from T1 - teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia, T3 - simaruba vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia and T6 - mycorrhizal consortia were registered highest VAM infection (21.3%) and the degree of infection was lowest (11.66%) in casuarina seedlings due to T4 - pungam vermicompst + mycorrhizal consortia, T7 - teak vermicompost and T8 - albizia vermicompost. They were statistically on par with each other.
56
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
Table 9 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on dry matter (g) and collar diameter (cm) of Casuarina seedlings Dry matter (g) Treatments T1
15 a 1.02
T2
0.90
T3
a
0.82
c
30 a 2.60 2.52
a
2.52
a
2.57
a
DAS 45 a 3.25 3.12
a
3.23
a
3.23
a
Collar diameter (cm) 60 a 4.88 4.76
a
4.81
a
4.91
a
75 a 6.83 6.50
b
6.79
a
6.80
a
15 a 0.19 0.19
a
0.18
a
0.18
a
30 a 0.29 0.27
ab
0.27
ab
0.37
a
0.36
a
0.85
a
0.92
a
2.39
b
3.27
a
4.83
a
6.84
a
0.17
a
0.27
ab
T6
0.87
a
2.52
a
3.23
a
4.89
a
6.73
a
0.18
a
0.27
ab
0.37
T7
0.89
a
2.54
a
3.19
b
4.78
a
5.86
c
0.19
a
0.27
ab
0.88
a
2.38
b
3.28
a
4.65
a
6.45
b
0.19
a
0.25
b
T9
0.74
b
2.43
b
3.22
a
4.86
a
6.37
b
0.17
a
0.24
b
T10
0.73
b
2.58
a
3.23
a
4.42
a
6.75
a
0.17
a
0.25
ab
0.32
0.68
b
2.25
b
3.25
a
4.39
b
6.39
b
0.16
a
0.27
ab
2.70
b
0.16
a
T4 T5
T8
T11 T12
0.56
c
2.08
c
3.95
c
5.29
c
0.25
0.24
b
DAS 45 a 0.37
b
0.35
ab
0.35
ab
60 a 0.46
75 a 0.56
0.44
a
0.45
a
0.53
ab
0.46
a
0.54
ab
0.54
ab
0.56
a
0.46
a
a
0.43
a
0.56
0.35
ab
0.43
a
0.54
ab
0.34
ab
0.44
a
0.52
ab
0.36
ab
0.46
a
0.56
bc
0.45
a
0.54
ab
0.44
a
0.55
ab
0.43
a
0.51
0.35
ab
0.30
c
a
a
b
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Table 10 Effect of application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on needle number and nodule number of Casuarina seedlings Needle number Treatments
Nodule number
T1 T2
17.0
bcd
27.0
a
47.0
b
76.3
bcd
93.7
ab
0.3
a
1.0
a
2.0
ab
8.7
a
7.7
T3
23.3
ab
26.3
ab
34.7
de
82.7
b
93.3
ab
1.0
a
1.3
a
2.0
ab
9.3
a
10.0
a
T4
22.7
abc
25.7
ab
35.0
de
79.7
bc
86.7
cd
0.3
a
1.0
a
1.7
ab
9.0
a
10.0
a
T5
22.3
abc
27.3
a
40.0
cd
79.0
bc
83.7
cde
0.7
a
0.7
a
1.7
ab
5.7
b
8.3
a
T6
23.7
ab
26.0
ab
45.3
bc
78.7
bc
89.0
bc
0.7
a
1.0
a
1.3
ab
3.7
b
8.7
a
T7
21.0
abc
21.3
abc
33.7
de
79.7
bc
88.7
bc
0.7
a
1.3
a
1.3
ab
4.3
b
5.3
T8
24.7
a
26.0
ab
33.7
de
76.7
bcd
82.0
def
1.0
a
1.7
a
1.0
b
3.7
b
3.7
c
22.0
abc
27.0
a
33.3
de
73.09
74.7
g
0.7
a
1.3
a
T10
17.7
abc
19.7
bc
30.0
ef
74.3
cd
77.7
efg
0.3
a
1.3
a
1.0
T11
15.7
cd
16.7
cd
37.0
d
70.3
d
76.3
fg
0.3
a
1.0
a
10.7
d
12.7
d
25.7
f
61.7
e
72.0
g
0.3
a
0.7
a
T12
60 a 89.7
cd
75 a 99.3
15 a 1.3
30 a 2.3
DAS 45 a 3.7
15 abc 19.0
T9
30 ab 25.3
DAS 45 a 62.0
75 a 9.7 ab
bc
4.7
b
5.0
c
b
3.3
b
3.7
c
1.3
ab
3.0
b
3.3
c
1.3
ab
3.0
b
3.3
c
1.7
ab
60 a 8.7
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
www.discovery.org.in © 2013 Discovery Publication. All Rights Reserved
Page
Over the last few years, the interest in using microbes and earthworms as an ecologically sound system for manure management has increased tremendously. The ability of some earthworm species to consume a wide range of organic residues such as sewage sludge, animal wastes, crop residues and industrial refuse has been well established. In order to study the efficacy of vermicompost from various substrates, experiments were carried out and the results of the experiments are discussed hereunder .Coffee pulp vermicompost application recorded the highest total dry matter production in Jatropha and was superior to rest of the treatments . This could be due to the richness of applied vermicompost with nutrients and indole acetic acid which is evidenced from the nutritional analyses of composts. There are reports that certain metabolites produced by earthworms could be responsible for plant growth (Gavrilov, 1962 and Nielson, 1965). Wilson and Carlile (1989) reported better growth of tomatoes, lettuce and pepper in vermicomposted duck wastes than in unprocessed wastes. Domniguez et al. (1997) also reported that vermicastings are rich in humus which contains essential plant nutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, beneficial microorganisms, antibiotics, enzymes etc., that are available for long term nutritional needs for plant growth. Karmegam et al. (1999) reported that germination efficiency of green gram was greater in vermicompost medium. Hidalgo et al. (1999) reported that 95 percentage germination was observed in cucumber when the seeds were sown
57
4. DISCUSSION
Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
Page
with soil mixture and vermicompost. Coffee pulp vermicompost recorded maximum value for all growth indices, like collar diameter, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, shoot fresh weight, percentage of seed germination, number of leaves, root fresh weight and root dry weight. Earthworm casting contain humic substances that could influence plant growth via physiological effects (Muscolo et al., 1999). Sivasubramanian (1999) has reported that the introduction of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae alone and with cowdung and mulch effectively increase the vegetative growth of marigold and chrysanthemum through plant height, number of leaves, number of laterals produced and leaf area. Sivasubramanian and Ganesh Kumar (2000) have reported that spraying vermiwash had a very positive Figure 1 effect on the plant height of vanilla. Harti et al. (2001) Effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia on dry matter production (g) of Jatropha seedings reported that the worm extract contained hydroxyindole carboxylic acid (Table 4 to 11), (Figure 1). The findings of current study are in confirmation with the findings of Gopi (2002) who reported that application of vermicompost (1:1:1) as soil mixtures significantly increased the growth and biomass productivity of forest seedlings such as Tectona grandis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Simarouba glauca, Pongamia pinnata and Delonix regia. Vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia recorded maximum total dry matter production in casuarina. This could be due to the richness of applied vermicompost with nutrients and other metabolites. The combined application of mycorrhizal consortia and teak vermicompost recorded higher values for all growth parameters. Padmaja et al. (1998) reported that vermiwash contained an average concentration of 200 ppm nitrogen, 70 ppm phosphorus and 1000 ppm potassium as well as other elements which could attribute to significant increase in the plant biomass. Current findings are in accordance with Gopi (2002) who reported that application of vermicompost (1:1:1) as soil mixtures significantly increase the growth and biomass productivity of a few selected seedlings. Application of vermicast extract significantly increased the shoot length and shoot fresh weight of Aloe vera (Vijayananthan, 2003). In case of clonal multiplication studies, cuttings of teak, hibiscus and cladodes of casuarina soaked in vermicast extract was found superior by increasing the shoot and root length, shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight and nodule number. This could be due to presence of indole acetic acid and gibbrellic acid in vermicast extract and vermiwash. These growth regulators might have promoted early root induction and better growth (Vijayananthan, 2003). Similar to above reports, application of vermicompost enhanced growth of casuarina and Jatropha seedlings. From the above discussions, it is apparent that even though vermicomposts from various substrates along with mycorrhizal mixture enhanced seedling growth, the effect was more pronounced when coffee pulp compost was used for growing Jatropha seedlings. On the contrary, the growth of Casuarina seedlings was equally promoted by all kinds of vermicompost. Still the highest drymatter production in Casuarina was achieved due to combined introduction of teak vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia. Henceforth, of various vermicomposts tested for their growth promoting activity, vermicompost obtained out of coffee pulp and teak vermicompost + mycorrhizal consortia can be used to produce quality Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings respectively.
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Table 11 Examination of mycorrhizal infection in roots Jatropha seedlings Mean value Casuarina seedlings Mean value c a T1 50.3 T1 21.0 e a T5 11.0 T3 21.33 d b T6 31.0 T4 11.0 a a T7 99.0 T6 21.33 c b T9 51.0 T7 12.0 b b T10 71.33 T8 11.67 e T11 11.0 c T12 51.66 In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT
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5. CONCLUSION Vermicompost obtained by composting teak litter and coffee pulp along with mycorrhizal consortia has significantly increased the growth and biomass of Jatropha seedlings. The highest drymatter production in Casuarina was achieved due to combined introduction of teak vermicompost and mycorrhizal consortia.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH The effect of vermicompost along with mycorrhizal consortia on growth of seedlings such as Jatropha and casuarina was studied. Coffee pulp and teak vermicompost were found to promote Jatropha and casuarina seedlings very effectively.
FUTURE ISSUES Application of microbial consortia on Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings growth parameter were assessed. The growth performance of Jatropha and Casuarina at field level using these microbial consortia will be analysed.
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Kiruba et al. Effect of Vermicompost and Mycorrhizal Consortia on growth of Jatropha and Casuarina seedlings, Indian Journal of Science, 2013, 6(16), 50-59, http://www.discovery.org.in/ijs.htm
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