3rd International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2016, ... comparing to conventional diesel combustion due to the EGR effect.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
UG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ&3(6( 6HSWHPEHU.LWDN\XVKX-DSDQ
(IIHFWRI:DWHU,QMHFWLRQLQWR([KDXVW0DQLIROGRQ'LHVHO(QJLQH &RPEXVWLRQDQG(PLVVLRQV 01RXUDE +NRVDNDD$OL.$EGHO5DKPDQE0%DG\E b
a Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Energy Resources Engineering Department, Egypt- Japan University of Science and Technology E-JUST, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
$EVWUDFW
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI&3(6( Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016
Keywords:'LHVHO(QJLQH :DWHULQMHFWLRQ &RPEXVWLRQFRQWURO (PLVVLRQV ([KDXVWJDVUHFLUFXODWLRQ
1RPHQFODWXUH $+55 $7'&
$SSDUHQW+HDWUHOHDVHUDWH $IWHU7RS'HDG&HQWHU
,9& ,92
,QWDNH9DOYH&ORVH ,QWDNH9DOYH2SHQ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[ E-mail address:PRKDPHGIDUDJ#HMXVWHGXHJ
1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CPESE 2016 doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.162
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
%'& &2 (*5 (9& (92 )3*$ +& ,0(3
%RWWRP'HDG&HQWHU &DUERQ0RQR[LGH ([KDXVW*DV5HFLUFXODWLRQ ([KDXVW9DOYH&ORVH ([KDXVW9DOYH2SHQ )LHOG3URJUDPPDEOH*DWH$UUD\ +\GURFDUERQ ,QGLFDWH0HDQ(IIHFWLYH3UHVVXUH
12[ 2+ 30 3SP 62, 99$ :,
179
1LWURJHQ2[LGHV +\GUR[\OJURXS 3DUWLFXODWH0DWWHU 3DUW3HU0LOOLRQ 6WDUWRI,QMHFWLRQ 9DULDEOH9DOYH$FWXDWLQJ ZDWHULQMHFWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
'LHVHO HQJLQHV DUH ZLGHO\ XVHG LQ WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ DQG SOD\ D PDMRU UROH LQ LQIOXHQFLQJIXHOHFRQRP\DVZHOODVFRQWULEXWHWRWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRIDLUSROOXWLRQVLJQL¿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±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À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
180
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
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
([SHULPHQWDO6HWXS
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
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
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
PP
6WURNH
PP
'LVSODFHPHQW
FP
&RPSUHVVLRQ5DWLR
&RPEXVWLRQ &KDPEHU
5HHQWUDQWW\SH
,QMHFWLRQ6\VWHP
&RPPRQ5DLO,QMHFWLRQ6\VWHP
,QMHFWLRQ1R]]OH
¶PPî
,QWDNH6\VWHP
6XSHUFKDUJHG
9DOYH7UDLQ
,QWDNH9DOYHVDQG2QH([KDXVW9DOYH
)LJ6FKHPDWLFGLDJUDPIRUH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSDQGPHDVXUHPHQWV
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV
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
7DEOH([SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV (QJLQHVSHHG>USP@ )XHO,QMHFWLRQTXDQWLW\>PJF\FOH@
)XHO,QMHFWLRQWLPLQJ>$7'&@
:DWHU,QMHFWLRQWLPLQJ>GHJ@62,
RR
:DWHU,QMHFWLRQDPRXQW>PJF\FOH@
DQG
,QWDNHDLUWHPS &RRODQWWHPS 2LOWHPS ,QWDNHYDOYHOLIW,92,9& ([KDXVWYDOYHOLIW(92(9& ([KDXVWYDOYHUHRSHQOLIW>PP@DQG(*5UDWLR >@ (TXLYDOHQFHUDWLRIRUWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOGLHVHO FRPEXVWLRQ
R& R& R& PPR%7'&R$%'& PP R%%'&R$7'& PP (*5 DQGPP (*5
181
182
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
E :DWHULQMHFWLRQWLPLQJRIR D :DWHULQMHFWLRQWLPLQJRIR R R )LJ:DWHULQMHFWRUUHIHUHQFHVLJQDODQGH[KDXVWYDOYHRSHQLQJDQGUHRSHQLQJIHHGEDFNDWGLIIHUHQWLQMHFWLRQWLPLQJ D E
3.1. Effect of water injection at different timing and different EGR ratio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
183
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
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
D
E
F G
)LJ(IIHFWRIZDWHULQMHFWLRQWLPLQJDQG(*5UDWLR D F\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHDQG$+55 E FRPEXVWLRQSKDVLQJ&$DQG&$ F ,0(3 G 6RRWDQG12[HPLVVLRQV
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
184
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
DQG R )RU (*5 UDWLR WKH VRRW HPLVVLRQV DUH JUHDWO\ LQFUHDVHG KRZHYHU ZLWK ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ VRRW FRQFHQWUDWLRQGHFUHDVHGZLWKDQGIRUZDWHULQMHFWLRQWLPLQJRIRDQGRFRPSDULQJWR(*5 FDVHZLWKRXWZDWHULQMHFWLRQ7KHUHGXFWLRQLQVRRWHPLVVLRQVZLWKZDWHULQMHFWLRQFRPSDULQJWR(*5ZLWKRXWZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ UHWXUQV WR GLOXWLRQ DQG FKHPLFDO HIIHFWV DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU VRRW UHGXFWLRQ $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKLV LQMHFWLRQ VWUDWHJ\VKRZVDQHIIHFWLYHZD\WRUHGXFHERWKRIVRRWDQG12[HPLVVLRQV 3.2. Effect of water injection with CA50 control 7KH SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQ VKRZV WKDW ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ LQ H[KDXVW PDQLIROG LV HIIHFWLYH IRU VRRW DQG 12[ UHGXFWLRQ KRZHYHU WKHPDLQGLVDGYDQWDJHLVWKHUHGXFWLRQLQWKH,0(3,QWKLVVHFWLRQFRPEXVWLRQSKDVLQJFRQWUROLVDSSOLHG WR FRQWURO WKH &$ ZKLFK LV GHILQHG DV WKH FUDQN DQJOH DW ZKLFK WKH RI WKH WRWDO KHDW UHOHDVHG GXULQJ WKH FRPEXVWLRQSURFHVV7RFRQWUROWKH&$DWGHVLUHGYDOXHWKH&$LVFDOFXODWHGDWWKHHQJLQHFRQWUROSURJUDPIRU HDFKF\FOHDQGWKHVWDUWRILQMHFWLRQRIWKHIXHOLQMHFWRULVDGMXVWHGDFFRUGLQJO\7KHUHIRUHWKHIXHOVWDUWRILQMHFWLRQ WLPLQJLVFKDQJHGFRQWLQXRXVO\WRNHHSWKH&$DWIL[HGYDOXH,QWKLVVWXG\&$IRUDOOWKHWHVWHGFRQGLWLRQVLV IL[HGDWR$7'&DVVKRZQLQILJ E WU\LQJWRLQFUHDVHWKH,0(3IRUZDWHULQMHFWLRQFRPSDULQJWRFRQYHQWLRQDO GLHVHOFRPEXVWLRQ$OVRWKHZDWHULQMHFWLRQTXDQWLW\LVIL[HGDWWKLVVHFWLRQDWPJF\FOH&\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHDQG $+55LVVKRZQLQILJ D :DWHULQMHFWLRQFRQGLWLRQVKDYHDOPRVWVLPLODUF\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHDV(*5ZLWKRXW ZDWHULQMHFWLRQZKLOHWKHF\OLQGHU SUHVVXUHIRU(*5ZLWKZDWHULQMHFWLRQLVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRI(*5ZLWKRXW ZDWHULQMHFWLRQ7KHFRPEXVWLRQWLPLQJYDULHGZLWKWKHWHVWHGFRQGLWLRQDVWKHIXHOLQMHFWLRQWLPLQJLVYDULHGIURP F\FOHWRF\FOHWRIL[WKH&$DWR $7'&DVVKRZQLQILJ E 7KHFRPEXVWLRQGXUDWLRQIURP&$WR&$ HTXDOVWRRRDQGRIRUFRQYHQWLRQDOGLHVHO(*5DQG(*5)RUZDWHULQMHFWLRQWKHGXUDWLRQ IURP&$WR&$ HTXDOVWRRDQGRIRU(*5DQGHTXDOWRRDQGRIRU(*5)LJXUH F VKRZV LPSURYHPHQW IRU ,0(3 DIWHU DSSO\LQJ &$ FRQWURO FRPSDULQJ WR ZLWKRXW &$ FRQWURO $SSO\LQJ &$ FRQWURO WR (*5 ZLWK ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ DFKLHYHV DOPRVW WKH VDPH YDOXH IRU WKH VDPH FRQGLWLRQ ZLWKRXW &$ FRQWURO 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI ,0(3 E\ WKH &$ LV FOHDU DW WKH FRQGLWLRQ ZLWKRXW (*5 FRQYHQWLRQDOGLHVHOFRPEXVWLRQ $WWKHFRQGLWLRQVRI(*5UDWLRRIZLWKZDWHULQMHFWLRQVWKHLPSURYHPHQWRI ,0(3E\&$FRQWUROLVDOVRREVHUYHG)LJXUH G VKRZVDOPRVWWKHVDPHWUHQGVLQ12[DQGVRRWHPLVVLRQVZLWK WKRVHLQWKHFDVHZLWKRXW&$FRQWUROVKRZQLQILJ G &$FRQWUROGRHVQRWLQIOXHQFHWKHHIIHFWVRI(*5DQG ZDWHULQMHFWLRQRQHPLVVLRQV 3.3. Effect of different water injection quantity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
185
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
JUDGXDOO\GHFUHDVHGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIZDWHULQMHFWHGDPRXQW6RRWFRQFHQWUDWLRQUHGXFHGZLWK DQGIRUPJPJPJDQGPJUHVSHFWLYHO\FRPSDULQJWR(*5ZLWKRXWZDWHULQMHFWLRQ
D
E
F
G
)LJ(IIHFWRI&$FRQWUROZDWHULQMHFWLRQRQ D F\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHDQG$+55 E FRPEXVWLRQSKDVLQJ&$DQG&$ F ,0(3ZLWK &$FRQWURODQGZLWKRXW&$FRQWURO G 6RRWDQG12[HPLVVLRQV
186
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
D
E
F
G
)LJ(IIHFWRIGLIIHUHQWZDWHULQMHFWLRQTXDQWLW\RQ D F\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHDQG$+55 E FRPEXVWLRQSKDVLQJ&$DQG&$ F ,0(3 G 6RRWDQG12[HPLVVLRQV
&RQFOXVLRQV ,QWKLVH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\WKHHIIHFWRIZDWHULQMHFWLRQLQH[KDXVWPDQLIROGRQFRPEXVWLRQDQGHPLVVLRQVRIWKH VLQJOH F\OLQGHU GLHVHO HQJLQH ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHG DW GLIIHUHQW ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ WLPLQJ (*5 UDWLR DQG ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ TXDQWLW\UHJDUGLQJHQJLQHFRPEXVWLRQDQGHPLVVLRQV7KHUHVXOWVFDQEHVXPPDUL]HGDVIROORZLQJ x &\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHLVGHFUHDVHGE\DQGIRUDQG(*5UDWLRUHVSHFWLYHO\%\DSSO\LQJ ZDWHULQMHFWLRQDWWKHVDPH(*5UDWLRF\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHLVLQFUHDVHGE\LQDYHUDJHFRPSDULQJWR(*5 ZLWKRXWZDWHULQMHFWLRQ7KHLQFUHDVHLQF\OLQGHUSUHVVXUHLVDUHVXOWRIWKHLQWURGXFLQJZDWHUYDSRUL]HGE\ XVLQJWKHHQWKDOS\RIH[KDXVWJDV x 7KH SHDN RI SUHPL[HG FRPEXVWLRQ SKDVH DW DSSDUHQW KHDW UHOHDVH UDWH $+55 LV VOLJKWO\ LQFUHDVHG ZLWK ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ FRPSDULQJ WR (*5 ZLWKRXW ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ $OVR LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ DPRXQW OHDGVWRORQJHULJQLWLRQGHOD\LQPRVWRIWKHWHVWHGFRQGLWLRQV x 7KH,0(3LVGHFUHDVHGE\DQGZLWK(*5DQG(*5FRPSDULQJWRWKDWRIFRQYHQWLRQDO GLHVHO FRPEXVWLRQ :LWK ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ WKH ,0(3 LV LQFUHDVHG E\ DQG IRU ZDWHU LQMHFWLRQ
M. Nour et al. / Energy Procedia 100 (2016) 178 – 187
x x x x
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± >@ &KULVWHQVHQ0-RKDQVVRQ%+RPRJHQHRXVFKDUJHFRPSUHVVLRQLJQLWLRQZLWKZDWHULQMHFWLRQ6$(6SHFLDO3XEOLFDWLRQV >@ ;DYLHU7$ODLQ06DPLXU56([SHULPHQWDOVWXG\RILQOHWPDQLIROGZDWHULQMHFWLRQRQFRPEXVWLRQDQGHPLVVLRQVRIDQDXWRPRWLYHGLUHFW LQMHFWLRQ'LHVHOHQJLQH(QHUJ\ >@ 0 $EX=DLG 3HUIRUPDQFH RI VLQJOH F\OLQGHU GLUHFW LQMHFWLRQ 'LHVHO HQJLQH XVLQJ ZDWHU IXHO HPXOVLRQV (QHUJ\ &RQYHUVLRQ DQG 0DQDJHPHQW ± >@ 0D;=KDQJ)+DQ.=KX=/LX@ %HGIRUG)5XWODQG&'LWWULFK35DDE$:LUEHOHLW)(IIHFWVRIGLUHFWZDWHULQMHFWLRQRQ',GLHVHOHQJLQHFRPEXVWLRQ6$(SDSHU 2FW >@ 6XEUDPDQLDQ .$ $ FRPSDULVRQ RI ZDWHU±GLHVHO HPXOVLRQ DQG WLPHG LQMHFWLRQ RI ZDWHU LQWR WKH LQWDNH PDQLIROG RI D GLHVHO HQJLQH IRU VLPXOWDQHRXVFRQWURORI12DQGVPRNHHPLVVLRQV(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW)HE > @ *KRMHO-+RQQHU\'$O.KDOHHIL.3HUIRUPDQFHHPLVVLRQVDQGKHDWUHOHDVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGLUHFWLQMHFWLRQGLHVHOHQJLQHRSHUDWLQJRQ GLHVHORLOHPXOVLRQ$SSOLHG7KHUPDO(QJLQHHULQJ'HF >@ $ODKPHU$@ $UPDV2%DOOHVWHURV50DUWRV)- $JXGHOR-5&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHSROOXWDQWHPLVVLRQVXVLQJZDWHUHPXOVLILHG IXHO)XHO0D\ >@ .DGRWD7
