Effective usage of quality management tools in workshop phase of value engineering studies. 1.Sherif Attya Ahmed, 2.Diaa Eldin Ibrahim, 3.Laila M. khodeir. 1.
Effective usage of quality management tools in workshop phase of value engineering studies 1.Sherif Attya Ahmed, 2.Diaa Eldin Ibrahim, 3.Laila M. khodeir 1. Total quality department manager of Engineering Affairs in Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Smart Village, Egypt 2. Assoc. Professor in Architecture Section - Ain Shams University 3. Assoc. Professor in Architecture Section - Ain Shams University -
Abstract The research depend on two factors, that are value engineering (VE) and quality management tools (QMTs), because during value engineering methodology implement on new project, the teamwork of VE study has many of collected data that need to be analyzed, evaluated in order to get alternatives and decisions. The research recommends list of (QMTs) that will help VE teamwork on data collection & analysis and take the best desertions in all steps of VE study phases and especially in workshop phase. The research will Define VE methodology; clarify the major phases of implementation then Define the recommended QMTs and explain the usage of QMTs in workshop phase of VE studies. The research will insure from helpful of QMTs in VE by questionnaire, the questionnaire samples selected to involve the main VE study parties (design consultants, general contractors and owner). Finally after analyses of questionnaire answers the research find QMTs (PARETO diagram, Quality model, Fish bon diagram, Affinity diagram and Brainstorming) will help the VE teamwork on data collection & analysis and take the best desertions in all steps of workshop phase.
1. Introduction With the increasing of complexity in the contemporary projects, for its investment nature, the modern management approaches become mandatory to achieve its goals in terms of time, quality and cost. Management in businesses and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives by using available resources efficiently and effectively. The Project management process mainly, has five groups of activity, which are Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling and Closing. 1
Quality as par the standard (ISO 8402), is group of features and characteristics of the product that appear its ability to satisfy the needs described or implied for the client. (Eicher & makil, 1993) Quality Management concept is based on documenting, monitoring, analyzing and improving management processes in organizations. The requirement of quality managements can be achieved by applying known effective quality management tools (QMTs), which will be present in the research progress. (Ibid) Value Engineering is one of the most effective methodologies that works on improving three main areas, which are building efficiency, quality and enhancing life cycle costs of the project. Accordingly, the research will take the usage of recommended QMTs in workshop phase and find tools that help the teamwork of VE in data analysis and decision-making. 1-1 Research Problem During (value engineering, VE) studies, especially in workshop phase, the VE team has many of collected data that need to be analyzed, evaluated in order to get creative alternatives and effective decisions. To get the most of VE collaborative effort, the research recommends list of (quality management tools, (QMTs) that will help the team to make optimal decision. 1-2 Research Question Do usage of QMTs will help VE team in workshop phase? 1-3 Aim of the Research The research aim is to harness QMTs in workshop phase of the value engineering studies, in intention of improving value engineering team recommendations. Accordingly, certain QMTs have been proposed to enhance workshop outputs, in terms of data analysis, creativity, evaluation and decision-making. 1-4 Research Methodology Research follows the literature review method in identifying VE methodology, and QMTs concepts and its usages. Research follows the analytical review method in usages of recommending QMTs in deferent steps of workshop phase of VE studies. The surveying approach will be follow to assure the opinion of all VE parties, and the efficiency of usages of the recommended QMTs in workshop phase. 2
2. literature review The research will define VE methodology and clarify the historical background of it; in addition, VE phases, and will define recommended QMTs that will be used in the workshop phase of VE studies. 2-1 Definition of Value Engineering VE has several definitions, some of these definitions are: - VE is a systematic approach to solve problems, it succeeded in the most developed countries of the world, and the secret of its success is the ability to identify unnecessary costs with improves both of quality and of performance. (ALYOUSSFY A.,2006) - VE is an organized creative approach aims to search for cost, which does not serve neither the quality objectives, utilization, durability nor appearance. (Dell A.,1982) 2-2 Historical Background of value engineering methodology: The origins of VE go back to the USA during the Second World War, when there was shortage of skilled labor, raw materials and spare parts. Lawrence Miles, an employee in procurement at the General Electric Company, focused on item’s function, which helped to identify substitutions that could reduce costs, and improve the product, or both. The first Organization was created to develop the concept of VE in 1959 and called (SAVE) in USA. CHARLES B.THEWAY developed the methodology of VE by using FAST diagram tool in 1964. (ALYOUSSFY A., 2009) After the success of VE methodology, many societies around the word interested in the dissemination of this concept, like Japan in 1970, and then in Europe in 1975, and in Saudi Arabia in 1987 and in Egypt in 1998. (VE workshop, 2008) 2-3 Value engineering methodology: VE study has three main phases, preparation phase, workshop phase and application & follow-up. Each phase’s output is the input for the next phase, the following figure no. (1) Shows the main steps for each phases. 1- Study preparation - Teamwork selection - Coordination - Preparation of initial
information.
2- Work shop - Data collection - Functions analyses - Creativity & ideas
3- Application & follow up - Application plan - Execution follow up
generation
- Preparing action plan
- Evaluation & selection - Searching & development. - Proposals Presentation.
Figure no. (1): The VE study phases and its steps Source: SALEM H., 2006 3
2-3-1 Phase one: Study Preparation Study Preparation phase aims to form the team, collect the required data, and prepare the study equipment & tools; which will be used in the next phases. (OSHAIESH S., 1997) The following figure no. (2) Shows the steps for first phase.
Frist phase (Study Preparation) 1
2
Team selection
• Team members experience • Number of team members • Team responsibilities
3 Preliminary
Coordinate
4
data collection
• Acquaintance between team members • Distribution of responsibilities • Review the scope of work
• Initial costs of the project • Preparation of project documents
Time schedule
• Pre. Schedule • pre. Study objectives • Study the potential obstacles • Provide woke tools • Determine the outsourcing
Figure no. (2): The most important steps at study preparation phase Source: VE workshop, 2008
2-3-2 Phase Two: Workshop Workshop phase aims to activate the collaborative work between the team members in order to generate creative ideas to be evaluated as solutions and proposals to increase the quality and eliminate unnecessary cost, it consists of six steps. (ALYOUSSFY A., 2009) The following figure no. (3) Shows the steps for the Workshop phase.
Second phase (work shop) 1
2
3
4
5
6
Data collection
Functions analysis
Idea generation
Evaluation & selection
Development
Presentation the proposals
• Data sources • Data collection • Cost analysis • Areas analysis • Energy analysis • determined the scope of work • Pre. Design evaluation
• Identify the project functions • Classification of project functions • FAST diagram
•creativity and innovation •Brainstorming •Classification of ideas
• Initial examination of ideas • Determine the criteria for ideas evaluation • Evaluate ideas • Choose the best of ideas
• Advantages and disadvantages of proposals • Total cost of proposals • QBS • final design evaluation • Report for proposals of VE study
Figure no. (3): The steps of Workshop phase Source: VE workshop, 2008
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• Acceptance of value management council
2-3-3 Phase three: Implementation & Follow up After the approval of the study proposals by Value Management Council, the proposals will be present to the owner or beneficiary to persuade them. (KHWATER A., 2004) The objectives of this phase are as the following: - Develop practical action plan to ensure the implementation of the recommendations and alternatives of the VE study. (Value management, 2014)
- Follow up and monitoring the implementation of approved action
plane for recommendations and alternatives. - Write a report about lessons learnt of VE study phases. (ALYOUSSFY A.,2009)
2-4 Definitions of the recommended QMTs The research will define recommended QMTs that will be use in the workshop phase in order to help the teamwork in data analysis and decision-making. 2-4-1 PARETO Diagram: Pareto Diagram based on the concept of (80-20), which means that 80% of the problem, is been caused by 20% of the reasons or items. (Web site, Quality tools, 2015) PARETO diagram consists of four axes as following: (PARITO diagram, 2016, Internet)
- The left vertical axe is the frequency of occurrence, but it can
alternatively represent cost or another important unit of measurements. - The right vertical axe is the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of measure. - The horizontal axe is reasons or items. - The cumulative function is a concave function. PARETO Diagram usage: (Improvement studies, Pareto diagram, 2007) - Divides the big problem into smaller parts, which can be easily analysis. - Facilitates to identify important causes of the problem. - Clarifies the improvement areas, which will be focus in. - Helps for guidance of optimal use of available resources. - Helps for taking the problem solving decisions based on facts.
Case study for PARETO diagram: PARETO diagram has applied in VE study for building MB4 in technology park- Egypt in 2010 to analyze the cost items of the electrical works, as shown in Fig. no.(4)
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100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
59
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
21
20 10
20 10
5
IT network
Lighting system
5
0
Total accumulated percentages
Percentages of cost items
Percentages of cost items of electrical works
10 0
Supply UPS
Supply Generator
Elevator & fair system
Items of electrical works Figure no. (4): PARETO diagram Source: Improvement studies, VE, 2010
PARETO diagram used in the workshop phase during data collection step for identify those top items (20%) that controlling cost (80%). 2-4-2 Quality Model (Star Model) Quality Model or star model is an evaluation toll that is based on identifying the quality key items (evaluation criteria) then the evaluation and to make a comparison between two items by identifying some of the criteria’s were define from development team, and make a comparison and evaluation between two items before and after the development. (Work shop, VE, 2008) Case study for Quality Model: Quality Model has applied in VE study for building MB1 in the technology park- Egypt in 2010, the VE team worked on evaluating the HVAC system, before and after the design development. Figure no. (5) Showing the quality model components and the evaluations of HVAC system designs.
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System efficiency
Evaluation points
The desired situation
10 9 8
Quality model key
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7
9
10
Flexibility of use
3 4
Waste area
5 6
7
Safety
Life cycle
8
9 10
Equipment
9
10
Safety
8
Cooling efficiency under what conditions The impact of air conditioning system on the building safety
1 7
life cycle of machine
System efficiency
2
6
Life cycle
3
5
supply
4
4
Mechanical - Electrical - Civil Time of suppling & manufacturing
Current situation
5
3
Equip.
6
2
Weight - Dimensions
Maintenance
7
1
Value
Value
1
Criteria definitions The possibility of Flexibility achieving the process of air-conditioning in of use any possible area Spare parts + skilled Mainten. labor
2
Criteria
Criteria
Supply
Figure no. (5): Quality Model components and HVAC design evaluations Source: Improvement studies, Quality Model, 2010
VE team used the Quality Model in both of data collection and search and development steps to evaluate the pre-design and developed design for HVAC system. 2-4-3 Fish Bone Diagram Fish bone diagram based on the analysis of specific problem to reach to its reasons or anticipate potential problems. Fish Bone Diagram benefits: (Web site, Quality tools, 2015) - Identifying or expect the causes of the main problem. - All concerned parties to analyze the problem and detecting potential problems. - Increase knowledge of the details of the production process or service and determines data collection scope.
Case study for Fish bone diagram: The fish bone has applied in VE study for building MB4 in technology park- Egypt in 2010, since VE team studied the expected problems of executing and supplying the UPS. Figure no. (6) Shows Fish bone diagram.
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Measurements
Equipment
Labors Lack of loyalty
Lack of meas. tools
Lack of maintenance tools
Bad salaries
No Preventive maintenance
Lack of experience Lack of training
No meas. Schedule
Over load
Lack of technical expertise
New system
Long time Expensive
The difficulty of execute and supply UPS
Non-availability of Spare parts
wither
New technic
Discomfort site
New machines Weakness communications No manuals
Poor ventilation system
Another langue
Shipping
Operation
Environments
Figure no. (6): fish bone diagram Source: Improvement studies, VE, 2010
VE team used the fish bone diagram in the idea generation step; to analyze the probability and reasons of a specific problem that may happen. That in order to create ideas to avoid those reasons. 2-4-4 Affinity Diagram Affinity Diagram aim to organize and link a set of ideas in groups, usually it is coming after brainstorming sessions. (R. S. Naagarazan, 2009)
Case study for Affinity Diagram: Affinity Diagram has applied in VE study for building MB1 in technology park- Egypt in 2010, it created after brainstorming sessions for developing of HVAC system design. Figure no. (7) Show Affinity Diagram. Architect and Structural design ideas
Electro mechanical design ideas
Use central HVAC system use HVAC system (water cooler) works by cool air
use a uniform temperature room use HVAC system (water cooler) works by Natural Gas
Sild window
separate the service areas for training areas
Dependence on natural light Put cafeteria in roof
Design surface without beams in the Structural
Area for sale the training tools
Parking area in under ground
use external walls insulated
Figure No. (7): Affinity diagram after established Source: Improvement studies, Affinity diagram, 2010
VE team used the affinity diagram in Creation and idea generation step to classify the relevant ideas in groups.
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2-4-5 Brain Storming Brain storming sessions depends on the free of thinking; to generate many of the ideas about specific topic or problem. (ALOUSSFY, 2009) The success of Brainstorming sessions depend on implementation of four basic principles: assessment after completion of ideas generation, free thinking without restriction, Quantitative before qualitative, Building on the ideas of others or develop of the traditional and repeated ideas. (Web site, Total quality management, 2015)
VE team is using Brain storming sessions in Creation and idea generation step for generation of the ideas by Scientific and collective manner. 2-5 Recommended usage of QMTs during VE workshop Phase: According to the understanding of the VE goals at workshop phase and based on the inputs that VE team has in each step, the research has recommended the suitable QMTs. The recommendation was to get the most effective usage of each in order to achieve the aimed outputs. In the following, table no. (1) The research is summarizing the major inputs and outputs of VE workshop phase steps and the related tools, which usually used addition to the recommended QMTs in each step: Table No. (1): The inputs and outputs of VE workshop phase Source: Work shop, VE, 2008
Data collection
Steps Parties involved Step input - Team leader - Pre. scope of work - Team coordinator - Pre. objective of study - Team members - Customer - Specialized requirement people - Schedules - Project drawings - BOQ - codes and specifications - data source selection
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Step output - Final scope of study - Project areas analysis - Depreciation energy distribution - Pre. design evaluation
Tools - Cost analysis form - Areas analysis form - Depreciation distribution model - QMTs: Quality model Pareto diagram Brain Storming
Evaluation and selection
Creativity and ideas generation
Functions analysis
Steps Parties involved Step input - Team leader - scope of work - Team - goals of study coordinator - Customer - Team members requirements - Schedule - Project drawings - BOQ - codes and specifications - Depreciation distribution model - Quality model - Pareto diagram - Team leader - Depreciation distribution - Team model coordinator - Team members - Quality model - Pareto diagram - Pre design evaluation - Determine of project functions - Functions classification - Team leader - Ideas and alternatives of - Team VE study coordinator - Team members - Customers’ requirements - Study goals
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Step output - Determine of project functions - Functions classification - Draw FAST diagram
Tools FAST diagram
- Ideas and - QMTs: alternatives of VE Brain study storming Fish bon diagram Affinity diagram
- Initial - Evaluation of examination of ideas form ideas - Evaluation Criteria ideas - Evaluation of ideas - Choose the best ideas - Advantages and disadvantages of ideas
Proposals presentation
Searching & development
Steps Parties involved Step input - Team leader - the best ideas - Team - Customers’ coordinator requirements - Team members - Study goals - Advantages and disadvantages of ideas
- Team leader - Value council - owner
- Final report for VE study options - Customers’ requirements - Study goals
Step output Tools - Options of VE - Quality bias study selection, QBS - Advantages and - QMTs: disadvantages Quality model Drawings - LCC - Quality bias selection, QBS - Final design evaluation - Final report for VE study - Action plan for VE study options ----
3. Questionnaire: The purpose of questionnaire is to collect precisely; VE stakeholder’s opinion about using QMTs at workshop phase. The questionnaire designed to include three questions, first question is to assure the experiences of the selected sample about VE practices. Second question is to check the awareness about the usage of the recommended QMTs in any of VE workshop steps. Third question is to investigate their opinion about how effective is the usage of the recommended tools in the deferent workshop steps. The questionnaire samples carefully selected, to involve the main VE study parties. Therefore, it has distributed to deferent categories including design consultants, general contractors and owner. In addition, the distribution was for three deferent entities (A-B-C) for each category. 3-1 Questionnaire design The questionnaire is consisting of two pages, the first page contains the searcher’s identity, the main goals of the questionnaire, Value engineering and QMTs identifications. The second page has contained three questions as following: 1) Do you use any of the research’s recommended QMTs in VE? 2) Do you apply any of the recommended QMTs in steps of workshops phase? 3) From your previous experience and recommended QMTs, what is your opinion of using QMTs in each of VE workshop phase steps?
The following, table no. (2) Shows the questionnaire table design. 11
Table No. (2): questionnaire table design Source: researcher, 2016 1) Consultant of architectural design ( ) Corporation 2) Executive contractor ( ) type 3) Owner ( ) Questions Answer 1- Do you use any of the Yes ( ) No ( ) research’s recommended QMTs in VE? Note: - If your answer is (yes), please answer the second question. - If you use recommended QMTs, please answer the second question by (Yes or No). Quality Management Tools, QMTs Workshop steps Pareto Quality Affinity Fish Brain Other Diagram Model Diagram Bone Storming tools 1)Data collection 2- Do you 2)Functions apply any of analysis recommended 3)Creativity and QMTs in steps ideas generation of workshops 4) Evaluation and phase in VE? selection 5)Searching and development 6)Proposals presentation Opinions or benefits of using recommended QMTs Workshop steps Pareto Quality Affinity Fish Brain Other Diagram Model Diagram Bone Storming tools 3- What is your 1) Data collection opinion of using QMTs 2)Functions in each of VE analysis 3)Creativity and workshop ideas generation phase steps? 4)Evaluation and selection 5) Searching and development 6) Proposals presentation Notes: - From your previous experience and recommended QMTs please answer question three by write your opinions or suggest benefits for using of the QMTs
Then the nine specialists answered the questionnaire, the research
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analyzed the questionnaire answers and calculate the average of percentages of their answers and summarized the percentages in following table no. (3). Table No. (3): average of percentages of questionnaire answers Source: researcher, 2016
Questions 1- Do you use any of the research’s recommended QMTs in VE? Workshop steps
Answer Yes (100%)
No (0)
Quality Management Tools, QMTs Pareto Quality Affinity Fish Brain Other Diagram Model Diagram Bone Storming tools
Yes Yes Yes (22%) (100%) (100%) No No (0) No (0) (78%) Yes (0) Yes (0) Yes (0) 2) Functions No No No 2- Do you apply analysis (100%) (100%) (100%) any of recommended 3) Creativity and Yes Yes (0) Yes (22%) QMTs in steps No (100%) ideas No of workshops (100%) No (0) generation (78%) phase in VE? Yes Yes (0) Yes (0) 4) Evaluation (45%) No No No and selection (100%) (100%) (56%) Yes (0) Yes Yes (0) 5) Searching and No (100%) No development (100%) No (0) (100%) Yes (0) Yes (0) Yes (0) 6) Proposals No No No presentation (100%) (100%) (100%)
1) Data collection
Workshop steps
Yes (0) Yes (0) Yes (0) No No No (100%) (100%) (100%) Yes (0) Yes No (67%) (100%) No (33%) Yes Yes (88%) (100%) No No (0) (22%)
Yes (0) No (100%) Yes (0) No (100%)
Yes (0) Yes Yes (0) No (22%) No (100%) No (78%) (100%) Yes (0) Yes No (67%) (100%) No (33%) Yes (0) Yes (0) No No (100%) (100%)
Yes (0) No (100%) Yes (0) No (100%)
Opinions or benefits of using recommended QMTs - Pareto diagram: (data analysis – desertion 1) Data making) collection - Quality mode: (evaluation - desertion making) 2) Functions - Brain Storming: (idea generation - desertion analysis making) 3- What is your - Pareto diagram: (data analysis – desertion opinion of using 3) Creativity and making) QMTs in each ideas - Quality mode: (evaluation - desertion making) of VE workshop generation - Brain Storming: (idea generation - desertion phase steps? making) 4) Evaluation - Pareto diagram: (data analysis) and selection 5) Searching and - Brain Storming: (idea generation - desertion development making) 6) Proposals --presentation 13
3-2 Analysis graphs for questionnaire and table no.4 The following graph shows the number of answers of question (1) for research questionnaire. Answers on Question no.1 3.5 3
3
3
3
2.5
2 1.5 1 0.5 0
0 Consultant of architectural design
0
0
Executive contractor
NO
Owner
YES
Figure No. (8): Graph shown the answers of question (1) for questionnaire Source: research questionnaire, 2016
The following graph shows the average of ratio of answers (YES) of question (2) for research questionnaire.
Figure No. (9): Graph shown the answers of question (2) for questionnaire Source: research questionnaire, 2016
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4. Findings: Throw definitions of VE, QMTs and analysis of questionnaire; researcher fined the following: - By using, the QMTs during workshop phase will help the VE teamwork in data collection and data analysis, get the optimal decisions. - The answer on research question is Summaries in the following table no. (4). Table No. (4): usage of quality tools in workshop steps. Source: researcher, 2016
Ser.
QMTs
1
PARETO Diagram
2
Quality Model
3
Fish Bone Diagram
4
Affinity Diagram
5
Brain Storming
Workshop steps
Tools usage
1. Analyzing the project item’s costs. 2. Focusing on the highest project item’s Data collection influence of the project total cost. 3. Participation for achieving the goals of VE studies. 1. Design evaluation for the current - Data situation based on customer collection requirements. - Searching & 2. Comparing of more than one design to development reach the optimal decision in design. 1- Identification of operating systems and design’s problems. Creativity and 2- Identifying the problem causes of idea generation operating systems. 3- Expecting the future problems. 1. Collection of ideas in an orderly manner. Creativity and 2. Classify the relevant ideas. idea generation 3. Helps in create a proposal consists of group of ideas. - Data collection 1. Organizing the generation of ideas - Function process. analysis 2. Encouraging innovation and - Creativity and development process and restriction idea generation
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5. Results - The research aim to identify the quality tools and to harness Quality management tools in workshop phase of value engineering studies, in intention of improving value engineering team recommendations. - VE identifies the functions of the product or service, and creating value of product functions, and perform product functions with the lowest possible costs. - VE aims to save money, improve the quality and to achieve higher Performance. - The phases of VE are: study preparation phase, workshop phase and Application & follow up phase. - Workshop phase is important phase in VE study and aims to activate teamwork at all steps of this stage, in the following steps: data collection, functions analysis, creativity & ideas generation, evaluation & selection, searching& development and proposal presentation. - Quality tools helps VE teamwork on data collection & analysis and take the best desertions in all steps of workshop phase. - The quality tools used in workshop phase are PARETO diagram, Quality model, Fish bon diagram, Affinity diagram and Brain storming. - Table no.5 summaries the most important tools used in workshop phase in VE studies: Table No. (5): Tools used in workshop phase Source: researcher, 2016
Ser.
Work shop steps
1
Data collection
2
Functions analysis
3
Creativity and ideas generation
4 5
Evaluation and selection Searching and development
-
Quality management & Value Tools Cost Analysis Model Areas Analysis Model Depreciation Distribution Model Brain storming Quality Model Pareto Diagram FAST Diagram Brain storming Fish bon diagram Affinity diagram
- Evaluation by “SUM+5” method - QBS - Quality Model
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6. References: Ref. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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References data Affinity diagram established in VE study for administrative building (outsourcing center) in Technology Park in MAADI - The project was implemented in 2010 ALYOUSSFY A., value management (concept & method) ,2006, 4th edition , Riyad ALYOUSSFY A., value management (concept & method) ,2009, 5th edition , Riyad Dell A. ; Value Engineering in construction Industry, 3rd edition, 1982 , New York Eicher L. D. & Makil R., ISO (9000) quality management systems, 1993, USA fish bone diagram was created during the application of the (6-SIGMA) project in Heliopolis Company for sports ware in 2007 ISO 9000 (2014) , International Standers for Organization [Internet] , USA, Available From: [Accessed 11 October 2014 , at [10:43] L. D. Miles, 1998, Techniques of Value Analysis & Engineering, New York Luis Gomez-Mejia & David B. & Robert C., 2008 , Managing Human Resources , 3rd edition , New York. KHWATER ALY, Value Engineering Applications, 5th edition, 2004, Riyad. MOHSEN TAWFIK , Contemporary entrances in industrial management and production planning , 2010 , Dar Elnashr , Cairo OSHAIESH SALEH , value Engineering (Theory & Application) , 1st edition , 1997 , Riyad SALME HAMOD, value studies in management, industry, construction, 1st edition, 2006, Riyad. John M. Nicholas , 1990 , Managing Business and Engineering Projects: Concepts and Implementation, 2rd edition , USA. Management (2012) , Management [Internet] , Available From: [Accessed 20 February 2012 , at 16:25] Naagarazan R. S. & Arivalager A. A. , 2009 , Total Quality Management , India. Pareto diagram was established in VE study for administrative building (MB4) in Technology Park in MAADI - The project was implemented in 2010 PARITO diagram (2016) , [Internet] , Available From:< https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto > [Accessed 11 January 2016 , at 1:05] Quality model established in VE study for administrative building (MB1) in Technology Park in MAADI - The project was implemented in 2010 Quality Management Tools (2009) , Quality management tools [Internet] , Available From:< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/qmt> [Accessed 20 august 2009 , at 14:16] Quality Tools (2015) (QT) , Quality Tools [Internet] , kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Available From: [Accessed 10 February 2015 , at 10:30]
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Ref. No. 22
23 24 25
References data Quality (2015) , Entrance of total Quality Management [Internet] , Egypt Available From: < http://www.edarat.net/articles/quality> [Accessed 31 march 2015 , at 18:44] Total quality management (2015) , total quality management [Internet] , Available From:< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/total-quality-management > [Accessed 20 august 2015 , at 15:53] Value Engineering Workshop, registered by SAVE int. in no. (200603800),2008 Value management defecation , > http://www.saveinternational .com/VM< [Internet], [Accessed 10 December, 2014 , at 11:10]
7. Index of figures: Figures No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Title of figures
Page No.
The VE study phases and its steps The most important steps at study preparation phase The steps of Workshop phase PARETO diagram Quality Model components and HVAC design evaluations fish bone diagram Affinity diagram after established The answers of question (1) for questionnaire The answers of question (2) for questionnaire
3 4 4 6 7 8 8 14 14
8. Index of tables: Tables No.
Tables of figures
Page No.
1 2 3 4 5
The inputs and outputs of VE workshop phase Questionnaire table design Average of percentages of questionnaire answers usage of quality tools in workshop steps Tools used in workshop phase
8 11 12 14 15
9. Tables of Abbreviations: Abbreviations Details VE Value Engineering QMTs Quality Management Tools ISO International Organization for Standardization Ibid The same of last reference SAVE International society for the value engineering HVAC Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning BOQ Bill Of Quantity LCC Life Cycle Cost QBS Quality Base Selection
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