Effects of Different Salinity Levels on Growth, Yield ...

Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 7, No.3 2011

Effects of Different Salinity Levels on Growth, Yield and Physiology on Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) Susan A.M. Dura1, Mahmud A. Duwayri2 and Miloudi M. Nachit3

ABSTRACT Comparing the effects of salinity on durum wheat cultivars differing in their salt tolerance is of interest to physiologists investigating traits associated with adaptation to saline conditions and to breeders to develop cultivars for salt infected areas.This study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity on germination percentage, seedling growth, yield components, and physiological traits of two improved durum wheat cultivars (Triticum turgidum var. durum) developed by ICARDA durum breeding program namely, Belikh2 and Omrabi5. Plants were grown in greenhouse in sand cultures and irrigated with Hoagland's solution. Six salinity treatments were imposed by NaCl to the base nutrient solution. The treatments were 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mM NaCl, along with a control treatment. Germination percentage and seedling growth were tested for both cultivars at the same mentioned treatments using a growth chamber. Germination percentage, seedling growth, vegetative growth, grain production, exclusion of Na+ and Cl-, and K+/Na+ ratio were higher in Belikh2 than Omrabi5 at 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl treatments. All seedlings of Omrabi5 did not survive more than 250 mM NaCl treatments whereas, Belikh2 survived indicating a high degree of salt tolerance. Therefore, these concentrations; 250 and 300 mM NaCl could be used efficiently to discriminate salt-tolerant varieties. These results showed that salinity tolerance in Belikh2 is largely attributable to the maintenance of higher K+ /Na+ ratio, and less Na + and Cl- accumulation. Keywords: Durum Wheat, K+ /Na+ Ratio, NaCl, Salinity, Salt Tolerance.

INTRODUCTION

irrigation practices, improper drainage, and high evaporation (Abd Alrahman et al., 2005), and the

Salinity is one of the most serious environmental

problem becomes more acute due to uses of uncultivable

stresses that threaten crop yields, and soil fertility in

saline/sodic soils to fulfill the demand of the increasing

irrigated areas of arid and semi-arid regions in the world

population all over the world (Munns, 2002).

(Mohammed et al., 1998). This problem in these areas

Genetic improvement has not been highly successful

may be a result of limited water availability, unsuitable

in improving grain yield under saline conditions. One reason may be that the genetic variability for this trait in

1

National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE)/Biotechnology unit 2 Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 3 Biodiversity and Integrated Gene Management Program, ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria. Corresponding author: Susan A.M. Dura, [email protected], telephone 0096265345519 Received on 19/12/2010 and Accepted for Publication on 4/10/2011.

the genetic pool being used by wheat breeders is low (Wyn Jones and Gorham, 1991); or it may be that not enough attention is being given to the salinity resistance per se without confounding with drought tolerance in wheat improvement programs. Concerning the effect of salt stress on wheat plant

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© 2011 DAR Publishers/University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved.

Effects of Different…

Susan A.M. Dura, Mahmud A. Duwayri and Miloudi M. Nachit

growth and development, it inhibited germination and

Mediterranean dryland

conditions

(Nachit, 1998).

seedling growth (Almansouri, et al., 2001), reduced

Omrabi5 is released in Jordan, Turkey, Algeria, Iran, and

grain yields (Maas and Poss, 1989) by accelerating apex

Iraq for commercial production; it combines drought

development (Grieve et al., 1992; Katerji et al., 2005),

tolerance with high and stable yields. Belikh2 is released

shortening the spiklelet development, reducing number

in Algeria, Lebanon and Syria, it was bred at ICARDA

of spikelets per spike (Frank et al., 1987), kernels per

(Crane/Stork) and developed for rainfed areas. It is early

spike, and the number of spike tillers (Maas and Grieve,

heading and maturing and shows good protein quality

1990; Katerji et al., 2005) by acting on different

for pasta processing.

parameters in relation to water uptake and ion accumulation.

Seed Germination and Seedling Growth For each cultivar, 350 hand-selected seeds of uniform

Salinity tolerance in cereals is associated with the +

capacity to restrict the rate of Na entry into the shoots

size were surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite

+

for 15 min and then rinsed with sterile deionized water for

+

three times (each time for 5 minutes) under a laminar air-

(Gorham et al., 1990; Munns and James, 2003). For the

flow cabinet. These seeds were then transferred to sterile

(Munns, 2002). In wheat, there is variation for leaf Na +

concentrations and for selectivity of K

over Na

+

Petri dishes (10 seeds per Petri dish) containing two

Na that does enter shoots of cereals, it accumulates +

mainly in old leaves, while of K is transported to young

Whatman No. 1 filter paper moistened with 10 ml of

leaves (Yeo and Flowers, 1984; Wolf et al., 1991). The

Hoagland solution NaCl (control). NaCl was used in six

+

+

K /Na ratio has been considered as an index of salt

concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 mM. Four

tolerance and shows higher values in tolerant genotypes

replicates of 50 seeds were used in each treatment. In order

than in the susceptible ones (Dvorak and Gorham, 1992).

to avoid water losses, edges of Petri dishes were tightly

The present study was, therefore, undertaken in order

sealed with an impermeable colourless parafilm. Seeds

to compare the effects of salt stress gradually induced by

were allowed to germinate in a growth chamber at 25 °C

increasing

growth,

under a 12 h photoperiod (120 µmol m-2 s-1) fluorescent;

development and agronomic and physiological responses

germination percentages were recorded after 6 days using

in two durum wheat cultivars contrasting in their salt

radicle extrusion (≥ 2 mm long) as a criterion. Seedling

tolerance.

growth was determined by measuring coleoptile length,

concentration

of

NaCl

on

seminal root number and length, and seedling height after 6 days of germination.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Germplasm Two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum)

Growth and Osmotic Potential

cultivars differing in their salt tolerance were used in this

Seeds of the two durum wheat cultivars were

work. Seeds were obtained from the International Centre

germinated using peat moss trays. After 10 days at two

for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA;

leaves stage, seedlings were transferred into each pot at a

Aleppo, Syria). The Omrabi5 durum cultivar is a cross

rate of three equidistantly spread seedlings per pot.

between the landrace Haurani and the improved cultivar

Seedlings were watered initially with tap water, then

Jori-C69; Omrabi5 and Belikh2 were developed for the

quarter

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strength

Hoagland

nutrient

solution

was


introduced two days after transplanting and increased to

content of these plant samples were measured using a

full strength at three weeks after transplanting. The

flame photometer (Genway PFP7). For determining

salinity concentration was increased stepwise in aliquots

chloride in leaves the procedure recommended by Piper

of 50 mM every day until the required concentration was

(1947) was followed using dry ashing with calcium

reached. Salinity treatments were begun 14 days after

oxide. The ashed samples were extracted with hot water

the start of the experiment. The experiment was

and the chloride in the extract is titrated with standard

conducted in a glasshouse using plastic pots filled with

silver nitrate.

washed sandy soil, each containing 10 kg soil (dry wt. basis). The salinity treatments

were 0.2 (control), 50,

Statistical Analysis

100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mM NaCl supplemented in

The experiment was set in split plot design with 4

Hoagland nutrient solution, tap water was used. A total

replicates. Salt concentrations were the main plots, and

of 28 pots were used for each genotype with four

genotypes were the sub-plots. Collected data were

replicates for each treatment.

subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS

At maturity the plants were harvested and data for

program (SAS, 1999). Probability of significance was

plant height, biological yield per plant, grain yield per

used to indicate significant treatments and interaction

plant, productive tiller number per plant, spikelets number

effects and means were separated according to a Duncan's

per spike, seeds number per spike, and a hundred-kernel

Multiple Range Test at 0.05 levels of probability.

weight were recorded on plant basis. All the above parameters were measured with three sample plants per

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

genotype and four replicates (pot) per treatment. We have

Seed Germination and Seedling Growth

opted

Seed

for

screening

under

controlled

conditions

germination

percentage

was

significantly

(greenhouse) to have repeatable results; as in the field

reduced in response to increased NaCl stress in

screening land heterogeneity is usually very high.

comparison to control solution in both cultivars (Figure 1). Germination percentages declined sharply with 200,

Mineral Content

and 250. At these NaCl concentrations, differences among

Approximately, 0.25 g dry and ground plant material

the genotypes were significant. Belikh2 had germination

from leaves, from each replicate (pot) was placed in a

percentages higher than 50% even with the 200 mM NaCl

digestion tube and 3.0 ml of the digestion mixture

treatment, while Omrabi5 had lower germination

(H2SO4–salicylic acid) was added. After mixing, the tube

percentages with the same NaCl treatment (Figure 1). No

was allowed to stand for 2 h and was then placed into a

germination occurred at the highest external osmotic

heating block and heated for 2 h at 100 °C. After

potential induced by 300 mM NaCl concentration in

cooling, 3 ml aliquots of HClO4 were added. The

Omrabi5 while the germination percentage was 10% in

contents of the tube were thoroughly mixed. Then the

Belikh2; 300 mM is 50% of salt in the sea.

tube was placed in the block and heated to 220 °C. The

Table 1 shows for both genotypes, seminal root

digestion was complete in about 5 h. The cooled-clear

number, seminal root length, coleoptile length, and total

digest was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water, and

seedling length which decreased in response to increased

aliquots were taken for analyses. Potassium and sodium

concentrations of NaCl with a drastic effect at the highest

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NaCl concentration (300 mM). Using 250, 300 mM NaCl

1990; Lin and Kao, 1995; Prakash and Prathapasenan,

concentration had a significant depressive effect on

1988) or directly by affecting the structural organization

seminal root number, seminal root length, coleoptile

or synthesis of proteins in germinating embryo

length, and total seedling length of both cultivars.

(Ramagopal, 1990). Moreover, little or no correlation

According to Dodd and Donovan (1999), salt stress

has been found between genotypic differences in

could reduce germination and seedling growth either by

germination and later growth in salinity (Ashraf and

limiting water absorption by the seeds, by affecting the

McNeilly, 1998; Francois et al., 1986; Kingsbury and

mobilization of stored reserves (Bouaziz and Hicks,

Epstein, 1984).

Belikh 2

Omrabi 5

Germination percentage

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Control

50

100

150

200

250

300

NaCl concentration mM

Figure 1: Effect of salinity on germination percentage of two durum wheat cultivars (Omrabi5 and Belikh2). All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level according to Duncan Multiple Range Test.

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Table 1: Effect of salinity on seminal root number, seminal root length, coleoptile length, and total seedling length of two durum wheat cultivars (Omrabi5 and Belikh2). Seminal root

Seminal root length

Coleoptile length

Total seedling

number

(cm)

(cm)

length (cm)

Salinity level

Omrab i5

Control

4.7 a A

50 mM

Belikh2

Omrabi

Belikh2

5

Omrabi 5

Belikh2

Omrabi5

Belikh 2

5.2 aA

8.8 aA

7.3 aA

2.6 aA

2.3 aA

12.8 aA

10.5 aA

4.5 aA

4.8 abA

6.7 bA

6.5 aA

2.4 abA

2.8 aA

11.2 bA

9.4 aA

100 mM

3.8 aA

4.2 bcA

5.1 cA

3.9 bA

2.2 bcA

2.3 aA

8.4 cA

5.7 bA

150 mM

3.7 aA

3.6 cdA

3.1 dA

2.6 bcA

2.0 cdA

2.2 aA

4.5 dA

3.9 cA

200 mM

1.9 bA

2.9 dA

1.4 eA

1.6 cdA

0.8 eB

1.6 bA

3.3 eA

2.9 cdA

250 mM

0.0 cB

0.9 eA

0.1 fB

0.7 edA

0.2 fB

0.8 cA

0.2 fB

1.3 dA

300 mM

0.0 cA

0.3 eA

0.0 fA

0.3 eA

0.0 fA

0.4 dA

0.0 fB

0.8 dA

z

y

All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level according to Duncan Multiple Range Test. z Values followed by different small letter in column represent significant difference of treatment levels within cultivar at 5% level. y Values followed by different capital letter in row represent significant difference among cultivars at 5% level.

Plant height, Yield, and Yield Components

et al. (1987), Maas and Grieve (1990), and Katerji et al.

Plant height, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest

(2005). Belikh2, which produced 5.7 productive tillers

index were significantly reduced in response to

under nonsaline conditions, produced 4.7, 3.3, 2.7 and

increased concentration of NaCl in comparison to

2.0 productive tillers at 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM,

control solution in both cultivars (Table 2). The

respectively, and only 1.0 productive tiller at 250 and

biological yield per plant in Omrabi5 was decreased by

300 mM NaCl concentration. The percentage reduction

70, 81, and 100% at 150, 200, and 250 mM NaCl

was even greater for Omrabi5, where salinity reduced

concentrations,

corresponding

the average number of spikes from 4.3 in control plants

decreases in grain weight per plant were 92, 96, and

to 0.0 at 250 mM. The mean number of spikelets per

100%, respectively. Table 2 showed at 250 mM NaCl,

spike, number of kernels per spike, and weight of a

Omrabi5 was succumbed at this concentration, whereas

hundred kernel weight of Belikh2 at 250 mM NaCl

Belikh2 even at 300 mM NaCl concentration did give

concentration were 14.2, 12.7, and 0.9, respectively. For

biological and grain weight per plant although they were

Omrabi5, all mentioned characters were 0.0 at similar

decreased by 89 and 97%, respectively. In both cultivars,

NaCl concentration.

respectively;

the

the decreases in grain yield per plant with increased

Salt tolerance in Belikh2 as compared with Omrabi5,

salinity were due to significant decreases in the number

was evident in the present study by better maintenance

of spikes per plant, number of spikelets per spike,

of growth and grain production when exposed to 250

number of kernels per spike and mean kernel weight

and 300 mM NaCl treatments. For example, when grown

(Table 3). This in agreement with studies made by Frank

to maturity at 250 mM NaCl concentration, for Belikh2,

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the harvest index was reduced by 78%; whereas

effects of salt in the soil solutions, that causes

Omrabi5 did not produce any grain. However, at high

accelerated senescence due to leaf water deficit or

salt concentrations, the genotype Belikh2 tended to have

hormonal effects arising from root signals. Also, there

foliar salt-exertion by secreting small drop of salt on the

could be nutrient imbalances resulting in deficiencies or

tip of leaves whereas, the genotype Omrabi5 did not

excesses of other ions. Moreover, there could be toxic

show this phenomenon (Data not shown).

effects of salts on leaves, due to excessive salt build up

Growth and yield reduction could arise from a

in cytoplasm or cell wall (Sairam and Tyagi, 2004).

number of reasons, this could be impeded by the osmotic Table 2: Effect of salinity on plant height, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index of two durum wheat cultivars (Omrabi5and Belikh2). Plant height

Biological yield

Grains yield

Harvest index

(cm)

(gm)

(gm)

(%)

Salinity level Control

Omrabi5

Belikh2

67.8 a A

67.6 aA

z

y

Omrabi 5 8.1 aA

Belikh2

Omrabi5

Belikh2

9.8 aA

3.5 aA

3.9 aA

Omrabi

Belikh

5

2

0.49 aA

0.45 aA

50 mM 100 mM

64.2 aA 43.7 bA

61.9 bA 49.5 cA

6.3 bB 3.8 cB

8.2 bA 4.5 cbA

1.7 abB 0.9 bcB

3.0 bA 1.2 cA

0.32

0.40

abA

aA

0.30 bB

0.41 aA

150 mM

38.5 cA

40.2

2.4 cdB

3.0 cdA

0.3 cB

0.8 cA

0.12 cB

cdA 200 mM

21.4 dB

39.6 dA

.21 bA0

1.5 cdB

2.1 dA

.1 cB0

0.4 cA

0.10 cB

0.19 bA

250 mM

-

34.2 e

-

1.4 d

-

0.3 c

-

0.10 b

300 mM

-

32.8 e

-

1.1 d

-

0.1 c

-

0.06 b

All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level according to Duncan Multiple Range Test. z Values followed by different small letter in column represent significant difference of treatment levels within cultivar at 5% level. y Values followed by different capital letter in row represent significance among cultivars at 5% level. - Absent reading due to the death of plants during seedling stage.

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Table 3: Effect of salinity on productive tiller number per plant, spikelet number per spike, seeds number per spike, and a hundred kernel weight of two durum wheat cultivars (Omrabi5 and Belikh2). Productive tillers /plant

Salinity level

Spikelets/spike

Omrabi 5

100-kernel weight

Kernels/spike

Belikh2

Omrabi5

Belikh2

Omrabi 5

Belikh2

(gm) Omrabi 5

Belikh2

Control

4.3 azAy

5.7 aA

14.4 aA

16.3 aA

43.8 aA

38.6 aA

3.0 aA

3.1 aA

50 mM

2.3 bB

4.7 bA

12.8 bB

16,0

28.3 bA

35.4 aA

2.6 abA

2.8 abA

27.5 bA

17.4 bA

2.2 bA

2.3 abA

25.5 bA

15.1 bA

1.0 cB

2.2 bA

25.0 bA

13.5 bA

0.8 cB

1.2 cA

abA 100 mM

1.0 cB

3.3 cA

12.1 bB

15.9 abA

150 mM

1.0 cB

2.7 dA

11.3 bB

15.3 abA

200 mM

1.0 cB

2.0 eA

10.3 bB

14.7 abA

250 mM

-

1.0 e

-

14.2 b

-

12.7 b

-

0.9 c

300 mM

-

1.0 e

-

14.0 b

-

7.8 b

-

0.9 c

All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level according to Duncan Multiple Range Test. z Values followed by different small letter in column represent significant difference of treatment levels within cultivar at 5% level. y Values followed by different capital letter in row represent significance among cultivars at 5% level. - Absent reading due to death of plants during seedling stage.

NaCl treatments; contrarily, Belikh2 did survive the

K+, Na+, and Cl- Concentrations and K+/Na+ Ratio +

+

The control treatment gave high K and low Na and

levels. At the same concentrations, the genotype Belikh2

Cl concentrations in the leaves and in both cultivars

tended to have lower Na+ and Cl-, and higher K+ and

Omrabi5 and Belikh2: K+ 0.84-0.53%, Na+ 0.41-0.68%,

K+/Na+ ratio with 200 mM NaCl concentration than

Cl-

Omrabi5. These results indicate that K+, Na+, and Cl-

-

1.3-1.2%,

respectively.

and

K+/Na+

However,

with

ratio

74.8-83.0%,

increases

salt

concentrations and their distributions may be important

-

concentrations K uptake decreased while Na and Cl

in terms of salt tolerance screening; however, it cannot

uptake increased rapidly (Table 4). The significant

be applied for all genotypes, as salt tolerance may have a

+

in +

+

+

-

close relationship with tissue tolerance.

differences obtained for K , Na , and Cl values could

Relative salinity tolerance was also related to restricted

not explain genotypic differences regularly. However, +

differences in tolerance can be seen clearly when the K ,

shoot Na+, and Cl- levels, in conjunction with maintenance

Na+, and Cl- values of Belikh2 are compared with those

of high shoot K+ concentrations. At high salinity, Belikh2

of Omrabi5 at the 250 and 300 mM NaCl treatments. All

accumulated significantly less shoot Na+, and Cl- than did

seedlings of Omrabi5 did not survive 250 and 300 mM

Omrabi5, resulting in a higher K+/Na+ ratio. Salinity

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tolerance among several species was associated with

excretion mechanisms. However, concentrations of Na+

exclusion of both Na+, and Cl- from shoot (Schachtman et

above 100 mM NaCl concentration usually start to inhibit

al. 1989; Colmer et al., 1995; Colmer et al., 2006). Storey

most enzymes as shown by Leopold and Willing (1984)

and Wyn Jones (1979) suggested that the capacity to

and when the tissue concentrations are over 100 mM, NaCl,

+

+

the compartmentation of Na+ in vacuoles will be induced.

maintain high shoot K /Na is an important element of salt tolerance, especially in species which lack foliar salt-

Table 4: Effect of salinity on Na+, K+ , and Cl- concentrations (percentage of dry weight) and K+/Na+ ratio in leaves of two durum wheat cultivars (Omrabi5, and Belikh2).

level

K+

Na+

Salinity

Omrab i5

Control

0.4 d A

50 mM 100 mM

y

Belikh2

Omrabi

K+/Na+ Belikh2

5

Omrabi 5

Cl-

Belikh2

Omrabi5

Belikh 2

0.7 cA

0.80 aA

0.53 aB

74.8 aA

83.0 aA

1.3 eA

1.2 eA

5.5 cA

2.8 cA

0.18 bB

0.50 aA

3.7 bB

22.5 bA

10.0 dA

4.2 deB

8.5 cB

4.7 cA

0.15 bB

0.49 aA

1.7 bB

13.3

14.4 cA

7.9 cdB

z

bcA 150 mM

14.6 bB

5.9 cA

0.14 bB

0.25 bA

1.0 bB

6.8 bcA

22.5 bA

12.4 cB

200 mM

21.7 Ab

11.0 bA

0.11

0.22 bA

0.5 bB

2.3 cA

31.3 aA

19.6 bB

bcB 250 mM

-

21.7 a

-

0.10 c

-

0.5 c

-

27.5 a

300 mM

-

24.3 a

-

0.09 c

-

0.3 c

-

30.6 a

All means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% probability level according to Duncan Multiple Range Test. z Values followed by different small letter in column represent significant difference of treatment levels within cultivar at 5% level. y Values followed by different capital letter in row represent significance among cultivars at 5% level. - Absent reading due to death of plants during seedling stage.

CONCLUSIONS

Future research to confirm the results under field

In this paper, we have documented differential

conditions is recommended and also identification of

growth, development, and agronomic and physiological

molecular markers as required to be used in Marker-

responses of Belikh2 and Omrabi5 durum wheat

assisted selection.

genotypes under various salinity levels. Differences in plant response and salinity tolerance between cultivars +

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

+

The authors are grateful to Prof. Rida Shibli who

were attributed largely to maintenance of higher K /Na +

-

provided us with helpful comments on the manuscript.

ratio, less Na , and Cl accumulation in shoots. These criteria might effectively be utilized in breeding programs to develop salt resistant durum wheat cultivars.

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‫‪Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 7, No.3 2011‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﻭ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻩ* ﻭﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻴﺭﻱ** ﻭﻤﻴﻠﻭﺩﻱ ﻨﺸﻴﻁ‬

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‫ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل ﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﻤﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻗﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﺸﺘﺎل ﺼﻨﻔﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﻠﻴﺦ‪ 2‬ﻭﺃﻡ ﺭﺒﻴﻊ‪ . 5‬ﺘﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺠﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺭﻤل‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻭ‪ 50‬ﻭ‪ 100‬ﻭ‪ 150‬ﻭ‪ 200‬ﻭ‪ 250‬ﻭ‪ 300‬ﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻭﻻﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺒﻠﻴﺦ‪ 2‬ﺘﺤﻤﻼ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﻡ ﺭﺒﻴﻊ ‪ 5‬ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻹﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺭﻱ ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻜل ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 200‬ﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻻﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺒﻠﻴﺦ‪ 2‬ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ‪ 250‬ﻭ‪300‬‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻲ ﻤﻭﻻﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺃﻡ ﺭﺒﻴﻊ‪ .5‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﺒﻠﻴﺦ‪ 2‬ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‪ ،‬ﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫*ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫** ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫*** ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪ 2010/12/19‬ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ ‪.2011/10/4‬‬

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