Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Addition on Swelling

Research Journal of Recent Sciences _________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 209-211 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci.

Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Addition on Swelling Resistance of Nitril Rubber Yasser Haider A.1, Al-Maamori Mohammed H.2 and Al-Mosawi Ali I.3 1,2 College of Engineering Materials, Babylon University, IRAQ 3 Technical Institute of Babylon, Babylon, IRAQ Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 29th July 2013, revised 20th February 2014, accepted 27th March 2014

Abstract A research aim to improving the swelling resistance of Nitril rubber NBR by insertion a various amounts of Polyvinyl chloride PVC,(30% ,50% and 70% ) respectively, at curing condition (temperature 170 ºC, pressure 90 bar during 20 min) that leads to create a new polymer morphology of polymer blend. Swelling resistance in the oil and distilled water exponentially improved with increasing PVC content in blend, weather resistance and thermal stability of NBR is also developed with PVC addition due to PVC have higher glass transition temperature which 87 ºC than NBR which is -15 ºC. Keywords: Nitril rubber, Polyvinyl chloride, swelling resistance.

Introduction Composites have been developed to meet several industrial requirements, such as the need for easier processing and broadening the range of properties, either by varying the type, relative content or the morphology of each component1. Nowadays, considerable research interest is focused on new polymeric materials obtained by blending two or more polymers. The major feature of such process is that the intermediate properties are in some cases better than those exhibited by either of the single components2. In addition, some modifications in terms of processing characteristics, durability and cost can be achieved via polymer blending3. Typical ingredients include crosslinking agents (also called curatives), reinforcements, anti-degradants, process aids, extenders, and specialty additives, such as tackifiers, blowing agents, and colorants4. Blends have been developed to meet several industrial requirements such as the need for easier pro the properties range, either by varying the type, relative amounts or morphology of each component5. These materials can be prepared so as, for example, to combine their high mechanical strength to a better dimensional stability and thermal resistance6. In recent years, the blends of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been widely used in industry. Major applications of these blends include conveyor belt covers, cable jackets, hose cover linings, gaskets, footwear and cellular products. It is worth noting that NBR acts as a permanent plasticizer for PVC in applications such as wire and cable insulation in which PVC improves the chemical resistance, thermal ageing and abrasion resistance of NBR7.

Material and Methods Materials: Nitril rubber, of Polyvinyl chloride PVC.

International Science Congress Association

The Batch: The batch was prepared from Nitril rubber with addition of some of materials (such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur, Antioxidant, Carbon black. etc), Polyvinyl chloride PVC with as a weight percentages (30 ,50 and 70)%wt. Percentages of materials shown in Table-1. Table-1 the materials content in the master batch Materials The content pphr % PVC 0 , 30 , 50 , 70 NBR 100 , 70 , 50 , 30 Carbon black 660 40 MBTS 0.7 Sulfur 1.5 Zinc oxide 3 Stearic acid 1 Swelling test: The test conducted according to ASTM D 47198, there are many applications of PVC/NBR blend specially in seals, gaskets, hoses and others. so that performing of swelling test is very essential to specified changing of material performance in a various chemical liquids. This test including immersion PVC/NBR blend specimens in engine oil and distilled water at room temperature then measuring the change in volume, weight and hardness weekly during one month . This test include immersion of PVC/NBR blend specimens in 80 ml of engine oil and distilled water then observed the changing in volume, Hardness and weight.

Results and Discussion Figure -1 and figure -2 indicate to the changing in volume that increased at first and second weeks, the increase was higher than at third and fourth weeks, that result due to reaching to saturation level. Swelling occurrence was not instantaneous. It is caused by the diffusion/absorption of liquid hydrocarbon or 209

Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 209-211 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci. water, or both, into the specimens. The time of swelling depended upon oil viscosity, element thickness, temperature and salinity8. Figure-3 and figure-4 showed increasing in the weight during immersion period which due to entry of hydrocarbon and water molecules in the sample that caused swelling occurrence. By increasing PVC content in NBR the swelling rate was decreased that due to decreasing in Carbon black which presents in NBR that attracts Hydrocarbon and water molecules and cause changing in volume and weight. As the results showed that the addition of 70% PVC caused less value of swelling rate than other addition percentage of PVC 9. The results of swelling rate for immersion in engine oil are higher than in distiller water because of Hydrocarbons chemical nature assist to increasing swelling rate.

Figure-3 Changing in weight weekly during immersion in engine oil

Figure-1 Changing in volume during the immersion in engine oil

Figure-4 Changing in weight weekly during immersion in distilled water

Conclusion The blend with 50% and 70 % PVC content have a stiffer structure than the blend with 30% and 0% PVC content. The blend with the higher amount of PVC is more suitable and resist to attack of oil and distilled water in swelling test .

References

Figure-2 Changing in volume during immersion in distiller water


1.

Al-Mosawi Ali I., Al-Maamori Mohammad H. and ALMayalee Khalidah H., Spectroscopic Studies of Polyester – Carbon Black Composites , Research Journal of Material Sciences , 1(2), 10-14 (2013)

2.

Manoj N.R. and De P.P., A n Investigation of the Chemical Interaction in Blends of Poly (vinyl chloride )

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Research Journal of Recent Sciences ______________________________________________________________ ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 3(ISC-2013), 209-211 (2014) Res. J. Recent. Sci.

3.

4.

5.

and Rubber During Processing, Polymer, 39, 733–741 (1998)

6.

Wu S., Polymer Interface and Adhesion, Marcel Dekker, New York (1982)

Ramesh P. and De S.K., Carboxylated nitrile rubber as a reactive compatibilizer for immiscible blends of poly(vinyl chloride) and epoxidized natural rubber, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 50, 1369-1377 (1993)

7.

Ciesielski Andrew., An introduction to rubber technology, 1st edition, Rapra technology limited, (2000)

8.

Mao X.D., Xu S.A. and Wu C.F., Dynamic Mechanical Properties of EPDM Rubber Blends, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 47(2), 209-214 (2008)

9.

Ahmed Khalil., Nizami S.S., Raza N.Z. and Shirin Khaula., Cure Characteristics, Mechanical and Swelling Properties of Marble Sludge Filled EPDM Modified Chloroprene Rubber Blends, Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2, 90-97 (2012)

Al-Maamori Mohammad H., Al-Mosawi Ali I., Saadon Laith M., Effect of physical additives of shells powder on mechanical properties of natural rubber, International Journal of Technical Research and Applications ,1(3), 3133 (2013) DeMarco R.D., Woods M.E. and Arnold L.F., Processing of Powdered PVC-NBR Polyblend Compounds, Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 45(4), 1111-1124 (1972)


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Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Chemical Engineering Volume 13 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2013 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861

Fire Retardants for Civil Structures By Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Ali A. Al-Zubadi, Mohammad H. Al-Maamori & Najah M. Al-Maimuri Babylon University, Iraq

Abstract - Aluminum hydroxide as a coating layer of (4mm) thickness was used to increase the fire retardancy for advanced composite material consist of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) reinforced by carbon fibers .The resultant composite was exposed to a direct gas torch flame with flame exposure intervals 10,15,20mm, and study the range of resistance of retardant material layer to the flames and protected the substrate . The Method of measuring the surface temperature opposite to the flame was used to determined the heat transferred to composite material.

Keywords : fire retardancy, advanced composite, inorganic retardants. GJRE-C Classification : FOR Code: 291499p, 030299

Fire Retardants for Civil Structures

Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of :

© 2013. Ali I. Al-Mosawi, Ali A. Al-Zubadi, Mohammad H. Al-Maamori & Najah M. Al-Maimuri. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Fire Retardants for Civil Structures Ali I. Al-Mosawi α, Ali A. Al-Zubadi σ, Mohammad H. Al-Maamori ρ & Najah M. Al-Maimuri Ѡ

A

I.

Introduction

fire retardant coating or paint is intended to delay ignition and reduce the surface burning rate of a combustible wood, cellulosic fiber or cellular plastic building material for a short period of time. It may be applied as a thick protective covering by trowel or as a fire-retardant paint by brush, spray, or roller. The reduction of burning rate usually depends on the applied thickness1. In the case of a fire-retardant paint exposed to fire, the paint may intumesce, forming an insulating blanket which retards surface ignition and reduces the burning rate of the combustible material on the coated side. Fire-retardant coatings will effectively reduce the burning rate of a combustible surface for a period of about10-15 minutes. Their use is particularly applicable in very low hazard occupancies not requiring sprinkler protection, where occupancy is not likely to change and the only hazard is that of exposed, interior finish materials 2. Fire retardants commonly divided into four major groups: Inorganic FRs, Organ phosphorus FRs, Nitrogen-containing FRs and Halogenated organic FRs 3. Inorganic flame retardants make up a large part of the market encompassing various aluminum, nitrogen, phosphorous, and boron compounds4. These widely used low cost materials have been around for centuries, proven to be effective flame retardants in fibers in clothing and fillers for textiles. The majority of these inorganic flame retardants work by diluting both the condensed and vapor phase of the polymer with non-flammable salts, acids and by-products such as water and alumina (Al2O3)5 . Figure-1 shows the mode action for inorganic FRS.

Authors α Ѡ : Technical Institute-Babylon, Iraq. E-mail : [email protected] Authors σ ρ : Materials Engineering College, Babylon University, Iraq.

9

Figure 1 : Mode of action for inorganic FRs Polymeric plastic combustion occurs in the vapor phase. When a plastic is exposed to increased temperatures, the plastic undergoes pyrolysis. Potentially combustible vapors are slowly released at first. Since many polymers are substituted, the increase in surrounding temperatures can cause variations in connectivity among the monomer units 6. Often, these variations in connectivity result in an overall weakening of the polymer structure and can encourage the release of more vapors and liquids, both flammable and nonflammable. As the heat source persists, the temperature of the polymer increases steadily7. II.

Materials and Method

a) Materials Used

Aluminum hydroxide with particle size (1µ). Matrix material: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), this resin was supplied by Huntsman Advanced Materials (Switzerland) GmbH. Reinforcing material: Woven roving (0 º - 45º) carbon fibers was used as a reinforcing material, the company supplied these fibers is Hyfil lt, UK .

b) Preparation of Test Specimens

Specimen of thermal erosion test have a square shape, with dimensions (100×100×10mm).These Specimens consist of two layers: Fire retardant material layer with (4mm) thickness, and composite material layer with (6mm) thickness.

c) Thermal Erosion Test

Gas torch flame with temperature (2000ºC) was used in this test. The system (contains fire retardant material and composite material) was exposed to this flame under different exposure intervals (10 ,15, 20mm). Surface temperature method used here to calculate the amount of heat transmitted through fire retardant material and composite material. A transformation card (AD) which called Thermal monitoring and recording © 2013 Global Journals Inc. (US)

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( C D ) Volume XIII Issue vII Version I

Keywords : fire retardancy, advanced composite, inorganic retardants.

Year 2013

Abstract - Aluminum hydroxide as a coating layer of (4mm) thickness was used to increase the fire retardancy for advanced composite material consist of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) reinforced by carbon fibers .The resultant composite was exposed to a direct gas torch flame with flame exposure intervals 10,15,20mm, and study the range of resistance of retardant material layer to the flames and protected the substrate . The Method of measuring the surface temperature opposite to the flame was used to determined the heat transferred to composite material.


system (Figure-2) was used to observed and saved temperatures with time (in seconds) .

The improvement in flame retardancy will increased with increased exposed interval to (15mm) as shown in Figure-3 Curve.2. As a result, when the exposed interval to flame increased to (15mm), the time necessary to break down of fire retardant layer will increase and the combustion gaseous will reduced and there will be a less plastic to burn due to water of hydration and protected glassy coating layer comes from Aluminum hydroxide 10 .

Year 2013

Thermal Monitoring and Recording System

Global Journal of Researches in Engineering ( C D ) Volume XIII Issuev vII Version I

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Figure 2 : Thermal monitoring and recording system III.

temperatures that prevents flame propagation ,It also releases water of hydration from its chemical structure . Therefore, the substrate (composite material) will protect and the fire spread will decrease 9.

Figure-3 Curve.3 represents the thermal erosion test for composite material with retardant surface layer at exposed interval (20 mm),where this increment in exposed interval will rise the time of break down for Aluminum hydroxide layer and substrate composite material 11 . From figures , the better results obtained with large exposed interval (20 mm).

Results and Discussion

Figure-3 Curve.1 represents the thermal erosion test for composite material with retardant surface layer at exposed interval (10mm), the temperature of the opposite surface to the torch begins to increase with increasing the time of exposition to the flame 8. Aluminum hydroxide will form a glassy char at high

IV.

Conclusions

Flame resistance of composite material will enhanced with addition retardant layer from Aluminum hydroxide. The resistance to flame spread will increased with increasing of exposed interval. The flame retardancy is increased as the flame temperature is decreased.

Figure 3 : Thermal Erosion Test

References Références Referencias 1.

2.

Hatakeyama Tatsuko and Hatakeyama Hyoe, Thermal Properties of Green Polymers and Bio composites , Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.,(2005). Joshua L. Jurs, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration ,Air Traffic

© 2013

Global Journals Inc. (US)

Organization Operations Planning ,Office of Aviation Research and Development Washington, DC ,Final Report, April (2007). 3. Al-Mosawi Ali I., Rijab Mustafa A., Salaman Ali J., Alwash Naser A. and Aziz Naglaa S., Flammability behavior of composite mixed with retardant agents, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 186, 129-131 (2012).


Sravanthi Durganala., Synthesis of non-halogenated flame retardants for polyurethane foams, M.Sc thesis, The School of Engineering, University of Dayton, (2011). 5. Lyon Richard E. and Janssens Marc L. Polymer flammability, final report, Southwest Research Institute, May (2005). 6. Al-Mosawi Ali I. , Study using of antimony trioxide material as a flame retardant material , M.Sc. Thesis, Engineering College, Babylon University, Iraq (2003). 7. Cody C. A., Diablo L., Darlington R. K., Inorganic Chemistry, 18 (6), 1572–1576 (1979). 8. Al-Maamori Mohammed., Al-Mosawi Ali. , Hashim Abbass., Flame Retardancy Enhancement of Hybrid Composite Material by Using Inorganic Retardants, Materials Sciences and Applications, 2(8), 11341138 (2011). 9. Sameer S. Rahatekar, Mauro Zammarano, Szabolcs Matko, Krzysztof K. Koziol ,Alan H. Windle, Marc Nyden, Takashi Kashiwagi, Jeffrey W. Gilman , Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95, 870–879 (2010). 10. Kashiwagi T., Danyus R., Liu M., Zammarano M., and Shields J.R., Enhancement of char formation of polymer Nano composites using a catalyst , Polymer Degradation and Stability , 94, 2028-2035 (2009). 11. Al-Mosawi Ali I., Formation hybrid flame retardant and its effect on thermal resistance of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite, Academic research international, 3(2), (2012).

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Topclass Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences 1(1) pp.1-4, 26 March, 2014 Available online at http://www.topclassglobaljournals.org ©2014 Topclass Global Journals Submitted 13/06/13

Accepted 22/10/13

Full Length Research Article

Increasing inhibition flame resistance for PVC composite by using 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O - Sb2O3 mixture Ali I. Al-Mosawi1, Ali A. Al-Zubadi2 and Mohammad H. Al-Maamori2 1

Technical Institute-Babylon, Iraq Materials Engineering College, Babylon University, Iraq

2

******************************************************************************************************************************* Abstract A Physical mixture from 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O - Sb2O3 was used to increase inhibition to flame for PVC composite. A coating layer of (4mm) thickness from 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O was first used, it was tested by Oxyacetylene torch flame with flame exposure intervals 10, 20 mm, to find out the extent of resistance to the spread of flame. Thereafter, 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O was mixed with (10,15,20,25,30)%wt. Sb2O3 in order to form a flame retardant compound, since it has the ability to raise the efficiency of composite material for flame retardancy. This new material was also exposed to the same conditions of the first test inhibitor. The best results were obtained with large exposed interval and mixture 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O -30% Sb2O3. Key words: Fire inhibition, PVC composite, Inorganic Retardants ******************************************************************************************************************************* INTRODUCTION Flame retardants are used in plastics because they increase the material’s resistance to ignition, and once ignition occurs they slow down the rate of flame spread. A combustible plastic material does not become noncombustible by incorporation of a flame-retardant additive. However, the flame-retardant polymer resists ignition for a longer time, takes more time to burn and generates less heat compared to the unmodified plastic (Babrauskas et al., 1988). The benefits of flame-retardant plastics were demonstrated by comparing commercial products with and without flame retardants. Use of flame retardants allows time to react and contain a fire until extinguishing media are available. Traditionally, either halogenated compounds with antimony trioxide as a synergist or phosphorus compounds have been used to flame retard thermoplastic materials. Inorganic compounds with high water content such as magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate (ATH) are also used. The addition of low-molecular-weight compounds that either act as fillers or plasticize the polymer degrades mechanical properties and appearance. Processing can also become more complicated especially in the production of complex or very thin parts (Davenport et al., 1999). Fire retardants are commonly divided into four major groups: Inorganic FRs, Organo phosphorus FRs, Nitrogencontaining FRs and Halogenated organic FRs. Inorganic flame retardants make up a large part of the market encompassing various aluminum, nitrogen, phosphorous and boron compounds. These widely used low cost materials have been around for centuries, proven to be effective flame retardants in fibers in clothing and fillers for textiles. The majority of these inorganic flame retardants work by diluting both the condensed and vapor phase of the polymer with non-flammable salts, acids and by-products such as water and alumina (Al2O3) (Al-Mosawi et al., 2012).

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Al-Mosawi et al., 2014,..Topcls. J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 1(1)2

Figure 1. Thermal monitoring and recording system

PVC is one of the most versatile thermoplastic materials regarding process ability and range of applications. It can be processed in rigid or plasticized form, but special stabilizers are needed to boost its thermal stability and allow it to survive the processing requirements. Rigid PVC burns with charring and the flame extinguishes immediately upon removal of the ignition source. Plasticized PVC however, because of the high level of combustible plasticizers can continue to burn with a smoky flame. During the decomposition of PVC, hydrogen chloride is eliminated at temperatures between 200 and 300°C. This produces conjugated double bonds in the carbon chain while elimination of water and cyclic reactions form a char residue. Gas phase reactions through the elimination of HCl and charring are the main mechanisms of flame retardancy in PVC. Aliphatics, aromatics and condensed aromatics are by-products of PVC pyrolysis and along with HCl contribute significantly to smoke during PVC combustion (Price et al., 2000). Many additives have been used to cost-effectively retard flame PVC and these include antimony trioxide, alumina trihydrate, zinc borate, chlorinated paraffins and phosphate esters. Antimony tri-oxide is very effective in flame-retarding PVC because it acts as a synergist for the halogen contained in the polymer (57 percent chlorine). Phosphate esters are also very effective as they replace part of the combustible plasticizers and act both as flame retardant and plasticizer components of the formulation. Antimony trioxide is usually the most costeffective option; phosphate esters are the choice when transparency or special smoke requirements must be

met. Zinc borate is a very useful coadditive along with antimony trioxide in PVC formulations because it reduces smoke and afterglow-both common side effects of high levels of antimony trioxide (Le Bras et al., 1998).

EXPERIMENTAL 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O - Sb2O3 was used as a fire retardant. Composite was prepared from PVC reinforcing by - 45º( )0º carbon-Kevlar fibers. Specimen of thermal erosion test has a square shape, with dimensions (100×100×10mm). These Specimens consist of two layers: Fire retardant material layer with (4mm) thickness and composite material layer with (6mm) thickness. Oxyacetylene torch Flame with temperature (3000ºC) was used in this test. The system (containing fire retardant material and composite material) was exposed to this flame under different exposure intervals (10, 20 mm). Surface temperature method was used here to calculate the amount of heat transmitted through fire retardant material and composite material. A transformation card (AD) called Thermal monitoring and recording system (Figure 1) was used to observe and save temperatures with time (in seconds). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 2 represents the thermal erosion test for composite material with retardant surface layer exposed

Al-Mosawi et al., 2014..Topcls. J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 1(1)3

1 80

Surface Temperature ,ºC

1 60 1 40 1 20 1 00 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O 80

2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O – 10%Sb 2O3 O – 2ZnO.3B O .3.5H

60

15%Sb 2O3 2O – 2ZnO.3B 2O3.3.5H 20%Sb2O 3 2ZnO.3B 2O3.3.5H2O – 25%Sb 2ZnO.3B O .3.5H O – 2O3

2

40

2

3

3

2

2

30%Sb2O3

20 0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 1 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time, sec

Figure 2. Exposed Interval (10 mm)

180

Surface Temperature ,ºC

160 140 120 100 80

2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O – 10%Sb 2O3 2ZnO.3B 2O3.3.5H2O – 15%Sb 2O3 2O – 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H 20%Sb 2O3 O – 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H 2

60 40 20

25%Sb 2O3 2ZnO.3B 2O3.3.5H2O – 30%Sb2O3

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Time, sec

Figure 3. Exposed Interval (20 mm)

at interval (10mm), the temperature of the opposite surface to the torch begins to increase with increasing time of exposition to the flame. 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O will form a glassy char at high temperatures that prevents flame propagation, it also releases water of hydration from its chemical structure. Therefore the substrate (composite material) will be protected from fire and the

fire spread will decrease (Al-Mosawi et al., 2013). This process of flame retardancy will be increased by the addition of Sb2O3 to 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O where the latest compound is a synergist with this oxide. So the combined ingredient will have better flame resistance than would separate materials. When it was added, that is (10% Sb2O3) to 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O, the phase

Al-Mosawi et al., 2014..Topcls. J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 1(1)4

transformations happened in internal structure of this oxide with which 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O enhanced flame retardancy of composite materials and this retardant action increased with increased Sb2O3 content to (20,30)%wt. (Al-Mosawi 2012). The improvement in flame retardancy will increase with increased exposed interval to (20mm) as shown in Figure 3. As a result, when the exposed interval to flame increased to (20mm), the time necessary to break down the fire retardant layer will increase and the combustion gaseous will reduce. In this case, there will be a less plastic to burn due to water hydration and protected glassy coating layer from 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O, this protection will improve with the addition of (15,20, 25 and 30) %wt. This process will increase the time of break down for 2ZnO.3B2O3.3.5H2O - Sb2O3 layer and substrate composite material (Sameer et al., 2010). From figures, the better results obtained with large exposed interval and large percentage from protective layer is Sb2O3 (30%)wt. CONCLUSION Flame resistance of composite material is enhanced with the addition of retardant layer from zinc borate and this action will improve when antimony trioxide is added to zinc borate with different percentages and forming hybrid retardant material. The mixing ratio of 3:1 (zinc borate: antimony trioxide) is the optimum mixing ratio obtaining the best result because after this percentage the retardant layer was broken easily.

References Al-Mosawi AI (2013). Flammability of polypropylene based composite mixed with inorganic retardants, Academic Research International 4(3)104-107. Al-Mosawi AI, Mustafa AR, Ali JS, Naser AA, Naglaa SA (2012). Flammability behavior of composite mixed with retardant agents. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 186:129-131. Al-Mosawi AI (2012). Formation hybrid flame retardant and its effect on thermal resistance of araldite resin composite, Academic research international, 3(2) 66-69 Babrauskas V, Harris RH, Gann RG, Levin BC, Lee BT, Peacock RD, Paabo M, Twilley W, Yoklavich MF, Clark HM (1988). Fire Hazard Comparison of Fire Retarded and Non-Fire-Retarded Products. NBS Special Publication P 749. Davenport RE, Fink U, Ishikawa Y (1999). Flame Retardants, SRI International. Pp 1-20 Le Bras M, Camino G, Bourbigot S, Delobel R (eds) (1998). Fire Retardancy of Polymers - The Use of Intumescence, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Price D, Anthony G, Carty P (2000). Polymer Combustion, Condensed Phase Pyrolysis and Smoke Formation. In Horrocks AR, Price D, eds., Fire Retardant Materials, CRC Press Sameer SR, Mauro Z, Szabolcs M, Krzysztof KK, Alan HW, Marc N, Takashi K, Jeffrey WG (2010). Effect of carbon nanotubes and montmorillonite on the flammability of epoxy nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95: 870–879

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Mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber reinforced by Polyvinyl chloride particles Mohammed H.Al-Maamori1 ,Ali I. Al-Mosawi2 Haider A. Yasser3 and Zuher Jabbar4 1,3,4 College of Engineering Materials, Babylon University ,IRAQ 2 Technical Institute-Babylon, Babylon ,IRAQ 2 [email protected]

Abstract: Polyvinyl chloride particles(PVC) with various volume fraction (30 ,50 and 70% ) was used to enhance the mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR). It is worth noting that after reinforcing NBR with PVC particles, tensile strength and elongation will decrease with adding PVC and continuo decreased with increasing of PVC content, while compression strength will increase with increasing PVC content. Keywords: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber, Polyvinyl chloride , Mechanical properties .

‫ ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬-‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺭﻟﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴل‬ ‫ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺠﺒﺎﺭ‬.‫ﺩ‬

‫ﺤﻴﺩﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﻴﺎﺴﺭ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻭﺭﻱ‬.‫ﺩ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬


‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺍﺕ‬


‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ [email protected]

‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬

‫( ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬%70،50،30) ‫( ﺒﻜﺴﺭ ﻭﺯﻨﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻉ‬PVC) ‫ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬

‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺭﻟﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴل – ﺒﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺭﻟﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴل – ﺒﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬، ‫ﺒﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺴﻭﻑ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬، ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬ .‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬ . ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺒﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻴل ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺍﻴﺩ‬، ‫ ﻤﻁﺎﻁ ﺃﻜﺭﻟﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴل – ﺒﻴﻭﺘﺎﺩﻴﻥ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬

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Introduction Nowadays, considerable research interest is focused on new polymeric materials obtained by blending two or more polymers . The major feature of such process is that the intermediate properties are in some cases better than those exhibited by either of the single components [1]. In addition, some modifications in terms of processing characteristics, durability and cost can be achieved via polymer blending [2]. Blends have been developed to meet several industrial requirements such as the need for easier properties range, either by varying the type, relative amounts or morphology of each component [3]. These materials can be prepared so as, for example, to combine their high mechanical strength to a better dimensional stability and thermal resistance [4]. In recent years, the blends of acryloAcrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber -butadiene rubber (NBR) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been widely used in industry . Major applications of these blends include conveyor belt covers, cable jackets, hose cover linings, gaskets, footwear and cellular products . It is worth noting that NBR acts as a permanent plasticizer for PVC in applications such as wire and cable insulation in which PVC improves the chemical resistance, thermal ageing and abrasion resistance of NBR [5].

Materials and Experiment Materials: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber (NBR), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) . The Batch: The batch was prepared from Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber with addition of some of materials (such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, sulfur, Antioxidant, Carbon black.etc), Polyvinyl chloride PVC with as a weight percentages (30 ,50 and 70)%wt. as given in Table1 . Table 1: The materials weight fraction% in the master batch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Materials PVC NBR Carbon black 660 MBTS Sulfur Zinc oxide Stearic acid

Weight fraction% 0 , 30 , 50 & 70 100 , 70 , 50 & 30 40 0.7 1.5 3 1

Preparation of tests samples: Preparing samples of compression strength test was done according to ASTM D 1229 specifications. Samples of tensile test were prepared according to ASTM D412-88 standards. Determination of Mechanical properties of rubber: After fabrication the samples were subjected to tensile stresses using Monsanto T10 tensometer shown in Fig.1 232

was used to measuring of tensile strength . Compression strength was determined by using compression instrument shown in Fig.2 .

Fig.1: Monsanto T10 tensometer

Fig.2: Compression instrument

Results and Discussion As results shown ,tensile strength decreased as PVC fraction increased , due to PVC restricting of NBR molecular chains flexibility, and increases the spaces between them for that the crosslink reduces and causes the decreasing in Tensile strength value[6], as shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3 : The relationship between tensile strength and PVC weight fraction% Elongation also decreased with increasing of PVC fraction for same reason. The large part of stress will apply directly on the main molecular chains specially on the bonds (C-C), (C-H) and(C-CL), while few amounts of stress will applied on (C-S) and (S-S) bonds. In pure NBR the stress applied at first to the Crosslink and coils when (S-S) 233

and (C-S) are broken .The coils are comb-out the stress will transferred wholly to the molecular chains and reaching to fracture of (C-C) and (C-H) bonds for that the Elongation will decreases[7], as shown in Fig.4. Fig.5 represent relationship between PVC weight fraction and compression strength . Compression set property increased with increasing PVC weight fraction in Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber due to that the thermoplastic polymers subjected to a permanent deformation higher than elastic deformation after removing the load on it , it is opposite of an elastomeric materials [8].

Fig.4: The relationship between Elongation and PVC weight fraction%

Fig.5: The relationship between PVC weight fraction% and compression strength

Conclusion 1. Tensile strength decrease with increasing PVC weight fraction due to the tensile strength of thermoplastic materials lower than in elastomeric . also PVC restricts the molecular chains flexibility of NBR so the stress will transferred directly to main chains . 234

2. Compression property increase with increasing PVC weight fraction in Nitril Rubber due to that the thermoplastic polymers exhibit a permanent deformation higher than elastic deformation .

References 1. Saowaroj Chuayjuljit, Aopeau Imvittaya, Nuchanat NA-Ranong and Pranut Potiyaraj “Effects of Particle Size and Amount of Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate on Curing Characteristics and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber” , Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals. 12(1), pp. 51-57, 2002. 2. Ghosh, P. and Chakrabati, A. “Conducting Carbon Black Filled EPDM Vulcanizates: Assessment of Dependence of Physical and Mechanical Properties and Conducting Character on Variation of Filler Loading” , Eur. Polym. J. 36(5) pp. 1043-10542000. 3. Potiyaraj, P., Panchaipech P. and Chuayjuljit, S. “Using Water Hyacinth Fiber as a Filler in Natural Rubber” , J. Sci. Res.Chula. Univ. 26(1) pp. 11-18 2001. 4. Jatuporn Sridee “Rheological properties of natural rubber latex” ,M.Sc thesis , Suranaree University of Technology ,2006 . 5. C.A. Harper “Handbook of plastics, Elastomer and composite” ,McGraw-Hill, Handbook 2004 6. Hussain J. M. Alalkawi, Zainab K. Hantoosh, and Raad H. Majid “The tensile and fatigue properties of vulcanized natural rubber under ambiant temperatures”, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, 3(2), December 2010 , 16-24 7. Azizan Ahmad , Dahlan Hj. Mohd, and Ibrahim Abdullah “Mechanical Properties of Filled NR/LLDPE Blends ”, Iranian Polymer Journal,13 (3), 2004, 173-178 . 8. Sedigheh Soltani, Ghasem Naderi, and Mir Hamid Reza Ghoreishy “Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Short Nylon Fibre Reinforced NR/SBR Composites: Optimization of Interfacial Bonding Agent” , Iranian Polymer Journal ,19(11), 2010, 853-861

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