According to the results, applications of various chemical matters had a limited effect on breaking dormancy. While germination rate was 7.75% in seeds without ...
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (2): 181-183, 2001 ® Asian Network for Scientific Information 2001
Effects of Some Applications on Germination Rate of Gelemen Clover Seeds Gathered from Natural Vegetation in Samsun Ibrahim A y d i n and Ferat Uzun University of Ondokuz M a y i s , Faculty of A g r i c u l t u r e , Department o f A g r o n o m y , 5 5 1 3 9 Kurupelit/ S a m s u n / Turkey Abstract: This study w a s carried o u t to determine t h e reasons for d o r m a n c y of Gelemen clover seeds existing in C a m p u s area of t h e University of O n d o k u z M a y i s located in Kurupelit area of S a m s u n , T u r k e y
and the w a y s of
overcoming these reasons. The study w a s conducted under laboratory conditions. To got over d o r m a n c y , various chemicial matters s u c h as Gibberellic acid (GA), K N 0
3
and H S 0 2
were used. The other m e t h o d s used to break
4
d o r m a n c y w e r e to sandpaper the seed for a k n o w n period, to keep the seeds in airproof plastic b a g , to rub the seeds w i t h sand, precooling, preheating, leaving the seeds for olding
and application of hot water.
A c c o r d i n g to the results, applications of various chemical matters had a limited effect on breaking d o r m a n c y . While g e r m i n a t i o n rate w a s 7 . 7 5 % in seeds w i t h o u t any application, this rate rose to a level of 1 6 % in seeds applied to various chemical matters.
In this study, the highest germination rate w a s obtained f r o m the application of
sandpaper. Application of rubbing w i t h sand followed this application w i t h
a germination rate of 6 1 . 2 5 % . Leaving
the seed to get old naturally, keeping t h e seeds in a airproof plastic bag, p r e c o o l i n g , preheating and application of hot w a t e r had no effect on germination rate.
Key words: Gelemen clover, d o r m a n c y , g e r m i n a t i o n
Introduction
applications
In many countries of the w o r l d , the most important source
and abraded. The researchers determined germination rates
of r o u g h a g e d o m e s t i c a t e d animals need are n a t u r a l p a s t u r e
to be
and grassland ( A n o n y m o u s ,
Taylarson
(1985)
application
of H S 0
1999).
T h e r e are t w o r e a s o n s f o r s e e d d o r m a n c y . T h e f i r s t i s t h a t
t o 6 0 ° C for t w o hours, H S 0 2
87.0,
for 30 minutes
4
8 5 . 4 and 6 6 . 7 % respectively. H o r o w i t z and stated
2
that
mechanic
decreased
4
abrade
and
seed dormancy in medic.
embrio can not get ripen physicially and the second is that
M u j i c a and Rumi ( 1 9 9 3 ) c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y to break seed
bark
dormancy
of
seeds
is
impermeable to
dormancy of embrio
water and
oxigen.
The
highest
disappear w i t h the effect of natural
g r o w i n g time (SaSsoz,
H S0
1990).
2
of
lotus
and
rate,
to
stated
that
sandpaper
and
rate
have dormant seeds can regenerate themselves w i t h their
store
the in
(1991) stated that K N 0
3
application did not
was
obtained
by
H S0 2
4
application
for
10
to
15
minutes.
seeds of previous years even if they can not produce any seeds. In m a n y plants, germination period of d o r m a n t seeds
S i n g h e t al.
can be t w o , three even sometimes more than this. Although
seeds o f lentil m e c h a n i c a b r a d e and H S 0
t h e y are annual, s o m e plants
a bad effect on u n d o r m a n t seeds.
( 1 9 8 5 ) f o u n d t h a t to break seed d o r m a n c y in 2
resemble perennial plant in
( M a n g a e t al.,
get
to
have any effect on germination and the highest germination
t e r m s of c o n t i n u i t y of plant live. Because, t h e plants w h i c h
grassland vegetation
to
for 2 0 t o 3 0 minutes w e r e the best applications.
4
G a z z e r i a e t al.
The case of seed d o r m a n c y is an important advantage in
tennuis
germination
According
1995).
to
some
researchers,
4
high
application had and
low
heat
Althougth dormancy characteristics have an advantage for
a p p l i c a t i o n s , b o i l i n g w a t e r a p p l i c a t i o n are u s e f u l t o break
annual plants prevailing in grassland v e g e t a t i o n ,
seed
unwanted
characteristic
f o r a g e s . For t h a t r e a s o n ,
with
regard
to
break d o r m a n c y ,
dormant
seeds.
chemical
some operations
Main
treatments
treatment, mostly GA,
ones
of
(Kevseroolu, KN0
are
1990).
and H S 0
3
2
In
1991).
physical As
e t al.,
1990;
Paramathma
e t al.,
this
study,
the
effects
of
chemicals
and
some other
clover the seeds of w h i c h have high seed dormancy.
and
chemical
Materials and Methods
are u s e d .
4
(Seong
applications on g e r m i n a t i o n rate w e r e e x a m i n e d in G e l e m e n
are a p p l i e d t o t h e
them
dormancy
1991).
of
g e r m i n a t i o n rate of u s e d seeds in
cultivation of forages should be high (Acikgoz, To
it is an
cultivation
Seeds
of
Gelemen
clover
were
obtained
from
natural
Beyond this, other m e t h o d s used to break seed d o r m a n c y
grassland of O M U in June,
are to s t o r e s e e d s f o r a g i v e n p e r i o d ( n a t u r a l g r o w i n g t i m e ) ,
germination
mechanical abrade, preheating or cooling and application of
determination w a s carried out 14 m o n t h s after harvest for
hot water (Sehirali,
seeds
1997).
of
the
seeds
were
determined.
natural g r o w i n g time and four m o n t h s after
Under laboratory c o n d i t i o n s , germination rates of t h e seeds
s t u a t e d in Black Sea region of
Turkey (Genckan, 1 9 8 3 ) . Gelemen clover w h i c h is the plant
exposed
of w e t and
d e t e r m i n e d w i t h e n u m e r a t i o n s m a d e 1 0 days later.
good
p r o d u c t i v e soils is very p r o d u c t i v e and
quality.
The characteristic
of the
plant
have
limiting
its
As
to
chemical
chemical
and
some
applications,
3
other
different
applications
gibberellic acide (25, 50 and
generally seed d o r m a n c y . Due to the fact that researches
of K N 0
conducted
different periods (15, 30 and 45 minutes).
break
seed
dormancy
are
limited,
it
is
3
and H S 0 2
4
were
concentrations
u s a g e in field c u l t i v a t i o n of f o r a g e is t h a t its seeds h a v e to
The
harvest for the other applications.
Gelemen clover, as understood f r o m this w o r d , derives from G e l e m e n area of S a m s u n
left to
rate
1 9 9 9 . After being harvested,
of
100 ppm.) and 3 proportions
( 0 . 1 , 0.5 and
1%) w e r e a p p l i e d f o r 3
benefited f r o m researches conducted on other plant seeds
Other
as well. Tomer and Maguire ( 1 9 8 9 ) subjected alfalfa seeds
minutes), to store in airproof plastic bag, sand application,
which
precolding (7 days in 3 to 4 ° C ) preheating (7 days in 3 0 ° C )
had
a
germination
rate
44.5%
for
control
181
applications
were
to
sandpaper
(1,
5
and
10
Aydìn and Uzun: Gelemen clover, dormancy, germination Table 1 : Treatment
T h e e f f e c t s of s o m e c h e m i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s on g e r m i n a t i o n Dose Time Germination T r e a t . Dose Time (ppm) (min.) rate (%) (min.) (%) 15 1 0 . 0 0 (e-i) 15 25 30 1 1 . 0 0 (d-f) 0.1 30 45 1 4 . 5 0 (ab) 45 15 8 . 0 0 (l-k) KNO3 15 50 30 9 . 0 0 (f-j) 0.5 30 45 1 2 . 0 0 (c-e) 45 15 1 1 . 0 0 (d-f) 15 100 30 1 1 . 5 0 (de) 1,0 30 45 1 2 . 0 0 (c-e) 45 7 . 7 5 (Jk) - 2.05 CV = % 1 0 . 5 0
Gibbe rellic acid (GA)
Control LSD 0 . 0 1
rates of G e l e m e n c l o v e r (ITrifolium meneghinianum Clem.) seeds Germination rate (%)
Treat.
1 0 . 5 0 (e-h) 1 1 . 5 0 (de) 1 6 . 0 0 (a) 8 . 2 5 (l-k) 9 . 0 0 (f-j) 13.00(b-d) 1 4 . 0 0 (a-c) 1 4 . 5 0 (ab) 1 4 . 0 0 (a-c)
Dose (%) 0.1
H S 2
4
0.5
1.0
Time (min.)
Germination rate (%)
15 30 45 15 30 45 15 30 45
10.00 9.00 10.50 8.00 7.75 6.25 8.75 7.25 8.50
(e-i) (f-j) (e-h) (l-k) (jk) (k) (g-j) (jk) (h-j)
Table 2: The e f f e c t s of s o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s on g e r m i n a t i o n rates of G e l e m e n c l o v e r ITrifolium meneghinianum Clem.) seeds Treatment Time G e r m i n a t i o n rate (%) Treatment Time Germination rate (%) Sand paper
To rub w i t h sand To d e t a i n in airproof p l a s t i c b ag Preceding (3 to 4 ° C ) Control LSD =7.25
1 min. 5 min. 10 min.
1 1 . 7 5 (e) 3 4 . 2 5 (c) 9 2 . 7 5 (a)
Preheating ( 3 0 ° C )
5 min. 10 min. 1 5 min. 1 5 min. 7 day
25.00 40.00 61.25 4.50 6.75 7.50
Treatment w i t h hot water 60°C
and
applications
of
hot
water
(at
40
and
40°C
(d) (c) (b) (e) (e) (e) C.V.= % 17.75
n n i
7 day 1 5 min. 30 min. 45 min.
60°C
for
45
15 30 45 16
Natural g r o w i n g time
germination
rate
together
6 . 7 5 (e) 8 . 5 0 (e) 9 . 5 0 (e) 8.25 8.25 8.50 11.25 9.50
min. min. min. mount
with
increasing
(e) (e) (e) (e) (e)
application
minutes). In sand application, it w a s provided to strach of
periods w a s an evidence that the bark of Gelemen clover
seeds by rubbing w i t h sand.
seed
For e a c h a p p l i c a t i o n 4 x 1 0 0 = 4 0 0 s e e d s w e r e p l a c e d i n p e t r i
researchers such as Tomer and Maguire (1979)
dishes and germinating seeds were counted for
10 days
and Taylarson (1985) Mujica and Rumi (1993) stated that
after
anlysed
using mechanic methods w a s very
applications.
Obtained
numbers
were
was very hard.
according to design of randomised plots. Differences among
seed d o r m a n c y .
applications w e r e assessed according to LSD test.
The
other
As the findings we obtained,
interesting
results
some
Horowitz
acceptable for breaking
obtained
from the
present
study w a s the germination rate of seeds w i t h no application
Results and Discussion
which
The germination rates of Gelemen clover seeds applied w i t h
level of
different chemical Germination
of
Gelemen
clover's
seeds
with
plastic
no
obtained from
highest
KN0
germination
application
3
rate
(0.1%
(16%)
for 4 5
14.50)
was
obtained 2
1.
minutes).
10.50)
was
from
25
ppm
dose
applied
obtained
from
0.1%
dose
2.
for 45
applied
for
3.
applied
to
break
seed
dormancy
were
Rumi
(1993)
other researchers that various chemical GA,
KNO3 o r H S 0 2
seed dormancy,
had
4
and
some
E.,1991.
Anonymous,
an important effect on breaking
According
johnsongrass
of
the
study
to
break
seed
Gençkan,
seeds
{Sorghum
(Table
2).
The
highest
S.,1983.
this
abrade
(61.25%).
Ziraat
Pars.)
by
In
with
sand
for
15
Ege Ü n v . ,
Ziraat
H o r o w i t z , M. and RB. Taylarson, 1 9 8 5 . Behaviour of hard
germination
(velvetleaf). Weed-Research,
followed
halepense
Yembitkileri Tarimi.
and
To
Univ.,
Z r y z a n o w s k i , A . V . Ulbrich, E. Voli
for
minutes.
Uludaö
1 9 9 1 . Study of dormancy overcome of
( 9 2 . 7 5 % ) was obtained from application of sandpapering 10
in
Fak., p p : 5 1 9 , Bornova-lzmir.
on germination rate of Gelemen clover seeds w e r e f o u n d to interesting
dormancy
Brasileria-de-Sementes. 1 3 : 1 , 2 1 - 2 4 , 7 ref.
matters is very limited. The effects of other applications, except the chemical ones, very
seed
p o t a s s i u m nitrate and sulfuric acid t r e a t m e n t s . Revista-
d o r m a n c y of Gelemen clover's seeds by appliying c h e m i c a l
be
break
1998. www.fao.org/statistic.html/
and R.A. Pitelli,
results
to
Yembitkileri.
G a z z i e r o , D.L.P., F.C.
it may be due that t h e y c o n d u c t e d their the
useful
Fak.,Tarla Bitkileri B ö l ü m ü , p p : 4 5 6 , Bursa.
matters such as
studies on other plant's seeds instead of Gelemen clover. to
not
was Açikgöz,
and
(92 to 9 3 % ) in seeds
Natural g r o w i n g t i m e (1 year) had no significant effect
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4
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9.50%.
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had a germination rate of 7 . 5 0 % could
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ref.
both applications, increasing
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