Effetti della solarizzazione sulle caratteristiche chimiche del terreno........................... ..... Germination stimulants: state of the art after the Third International ..... Ruso J., Sukno S., DomÃnguez-Giménez J., Melero-Vara J.M., Fernández-MartÃnez J.,.
UNIVERSITÁ DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN “PRODUTTIVITÁ DELLE PIANTE COLTIVATE” Curriculum “Biologia delle specie mediterranee” XVIII ciclo: 2002-2005
LONGO ANGELA MARIA GRAZIA
EFFETTI DELLA SOLARIZZAZIONE SUL CONTROLLO DI OROBANCHE spp. E SUL COMPORTAMENTO AGRONOMICO DI ALCUNE LEGUMINOSE DA GRANELLA E DEL POMODORO COLTIVATO IN AMBIENTE PROTETTO
Dissertazione finale
TUTOR: Chiar.mo prof. Giuseppe Restuccia
COORDINATORE: Chiar.mo prof. Giuseppe Restuccia
Indice
Indice PRESENTAZIONE
Parte monografica 1
LA SOLARIZZAZIONE DEL TERRENO .........................................................................................1 1.1
Solarizzazione in ambiente mediterraneo .........................................................................2 1.1.1 Ambiente climatico della Sicilia..................................................................................3 1.1.2 Ambiente pedologico della Sicilia...............................................................................6
1.2
Modalità di esecuzione della solarizzazione .....................................................................7
1.3
Modifiche indotte dalla solarizzazione sul regime termico del suolo ..............................8 1.3.1 Influenza della preparazione del terreno......................................................................9 1.3.2 Influenza della durata del trattamento..........................................................................9 1.3.3 Influenza delle caratteristiche dei film...................................................................... 11
1.4
Modifiche indotte dalla solarizzazione sul regime idrico del suolo .............................. 15
1.5
Effetti della solarizzazione sulle caratteristiche chimiche del terreno........................... 18
1.6
Effetti della solarizzazione sulle caratteristiche microbiologiche del terreno............... 19
1.7
Effetti della solarizzazione sulla composizione dell’aria tellurica ................................ 20
1.8
Effetti della solarizzazione sulla flora infestante ........................................................... 21
1.9
Effetti della solarizzazione sull’accrescimento e sul comportamento produttivo delle piante coltivate ......................................................................................................................... 25
1.10 Effetti residuali della solarizzazione............................................................................... 29 2
SOLARIZZAZIONE E CONTROLLO DI OROBANCHE SPP. ........................................................ 31 2.1
Inquadramento botanico ................................................................................................. 31 2.1.1 Orobanche crenata Forsk. ........................................................................................ 32 2.1.2 Orobanche ramosa L. ............................................................................................... 33
2.2
Fasi del rapporto di parassitismo .................................................................................... 35
2.3
Effetti dell’infestazione di orobanche sulla produzione................................................ 38
Indice
2.4
Metodi di lotta finora consigliati per il controllo delle Orobanche SPP....................... 39 2.4.1 Metodi di lotta agronomici........................................................................................ 41 2.4.2 Metodi di lotta chimica ............................................................................................. 42 2.4.3 Metodi di lotta biologica ........................................................................................... 43 2.4.4 Lotta biotecnologica.................................................................................................. 44 2.4.5 Lotta integrata............................................................................................................ 45
3
4
NOTIZIE GENERALI SULLE LEGUMIOSE DA GRANELLA ....................................................... 46 3.1
Origine, diffusione ed importanza economica ............................................................... 46
3.2
Fisiologia dello sviluppo e meccanismo riproduttivo.................................................... 49
3.3
Esigenze colturali............................................................................................................ 63
3.4
Tecniche Agronomiche .................................................................................................. 72
3.5
Controllo delle infestanti e delle Orobanche.................................................................. 78
NOTIZIE GENERALI SUL POMODORO ..................................................................................... 85 4.1
Origine, diffusione ed importanza economica ............................................................... 85
4.2
Fisiologia dello sviluppo e meccanismo riproduttivo.................................................... 88
4.3
Esigenze colturali e tecniche agronomiche.................................................................... 90
4.4
Problematiche agronomiche in ambiente protetto ......................................................... 96
5
SCOPO DEL LAVORO................................................................................................................. 99
6
MATERIALI E METODI............................................................................................................ 100 6.1
Solarizzazione e controllo di O. crenata...................................................................... 100 6.1.1 Località e schema sperimentale .............................................................................. 100 6.1.2 Solarizzazione e semina della coltura..................................................................... 100 6.1.3 Raccolta dati sperimentali ....................................................................................... 101
6.2
Effetti residuali della solarizzazione............................................................................. 102 6.2.1 Località e schema sperimentale .............................................................................. 102 6.2.2 Solarizzazione e semina della coltura..................................................................... 102 6.2.3 Raccolta dati sperimentali ....................................................................................... 103
6.3
Solarizzazione e controllo di O. ramosa ...................................................................... 104
Indice
6.3.1 Località e schema sperimentale .............................................................................. 104 6.3.2 Solarizzazione e trapianto della coltura .................................................................. 104 6.3.3 Raccolta dati sperimentali ....................................................................................... 105 6.4 7
Analisi statistica dei dati ............................................................................................... 105
RISULTATI E DISCUSSIONE .................................................................................................... 106 7.1
Solarizzazione e controllo di O. crenata...................................................................... 106 7.1.1 Effetti della solarizzazione sulla temperatura del suolo ......................................... 106 7.1.2 Effetti della solarizzazione sulle proprietà chimiche del suolo.............................. 107 7.1.3 Effetti della solarizzazione sull’inerbimento della coltura..................................... 108 7.1.4 Effetti della solarizzazione sull’infestazione di O. crenata.................................... 109 7.1.5 Effetti della solarizzazione sulla nodulazione radicale........................................... 110 7.1.6 Effetti della solarizzazione su accrescimento, sviluppo e produzione della coltura111
7.2
Effetti residuali della solarizzazione............................................................................. 115
7.3
Solarizzazione e controllo di O. ramosa ...................................................................... 117 7.3.1 Effetti della solarizzazione sulla temperatura del suolo ......................................... 117 7.3.2 Effetti della solarizzazione sulla germinabilità e vitalità dei semi di Orobanche ramosa .................................................................................................................. 119 7.3.3 Effetti della solarizzazione sull’infestazione di O. ramosa.................................... 120 7.3.4 Effetti della solarizzazione sull’accrescimento, sviluppo e produzione della coltura .. .................................................................................................................. 122
8
CONCLUSIONI ......................................................................................................................... 124 BIBLIOGRAFIA
APPENDICE FOTOGRAFICA
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