Electric Vehicles Charged with Residential's Roof Solar ... - IEEE Xplore

7 downloads 0 Views 435KB Size Report
Electric Vehicles Charged with Residential's Roof. Solar Photovoltaic System: A Case Study in Ottawa. Michela Longo1, Wahiba Yaïci2, Federica Foiadelli1.
6th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV

6DQ'LHJR&$86$1RY

(OHFWULF9HKLFOHV&KDUJHGZLWK5HVLGHQWLDO¶V5RRI 6RODU3KRWRYROWDLF6\VWHP$&DVH6WXG\LQ2WWDZD 0LFKHOD/RQJR:DKLEDN:KNP@ ǻSOC 6WDWH RI &KDUJH FRQVLGHULQJ ILQDO SOCI  DQG LQLWLDO YDOXH SOCL  8SSHU4XDUWLOHREWDLQHGWR39HQHUJ\ 4X 0HGLDQREWDLQHGWR39HQHUJ\ 4P /RZ4XDUWLOHREWDLQHGWR39HQHUJ\ 4O 9HKLFOHIXHOOHGRQO\JDVROLQH 9* 9HKLFOHIXHOOHGRQO\GLHVHO 9'

,,

,1752'8&7,21

,Q UHFHQW WLPHV FOLPDWH FKDQJH KDV EHFRPH RQH RI WKH FULWLFDOLVVXHVDIIHFWLQJDOODVSHFWVRIWKHQDWXUDOHQYLURQPHQW $OWKRXJKFDXVHGE\ERWKQDWXUDOSURFHVVHVDQGDQWKURSRJHQLF DFWLYLWLHV FXUUHQW VFLHQWLILF VWXGLHV KDYH SURYHG WKDW JOREDO ZDUPLQJLVODUJHO\DWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHODWWHU±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ƒ&$FFRUGLQJWR WKH,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO3DQHORQ&OLPDWH&KDQJHWKLVLVEDVHG RQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKDW ƒ& LV WKH PD[LPXP DOORZDEOH HPLVVLRQV WKUHVKROG DIWHU ZKLFK LUUHYHUVLEOH FOLPDWH KDUP ZRXOGKDYHRFFXUUHG$OOHIIRUWVPXVWWKHUHIRUHEHRQGHFNWR GHWHUPLQHGO\ EHJLQ WR ORZHU *+* HPLVVLRQV LQ RUGHU WR SUHYHQW XQVXVWDLQDEOH FOLPDWH FRQGLWLRQV IURP RFFXUULQJ > @

‹,((( ,&5(5$



6th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV

$SDUW IURP WKHVH LPSUHVVLYH DFKLHYHPHQWV LWV UHJXODWLRQV DUHSRLVHGWRHQVXUHWKDWE\YHKLFOHVDQGOLJKWWUXFNVZLOO HPLWOHVV*+*VWKDQWKHLUYHUVLRQV6LPLODUO\*+* HPLVVLRQVIURPKHDY\GXW\YHKLFOHVPDQXIDFWXUHGLQZLOO UHGXFH E\  EDVHG RQ WKH UHJXODWLRQV¶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

,&5(5$

7KLVSDSHUDLPVWRGLVFXVVWKHXVHRI(9VXVLQJWRWDOJUHHQ HQHUJ\ ORFDWHG DW KRPH ,Q WKLV ZRUN D SKRWRYROWDLF 39  FKDUJLQJV\VWHPKDVEHHQDQDO\VHG)LUVWWKHHVWLPDWLRQRIWKH SURGXFWLRQIURPD39V\VWHPORFDWHGRQKRPH¶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ϴϬϬ ϳϬϬ

tĂƐƚĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƐ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ

ϲϬϬ

/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞƐ

KϮ ĞƋ͘΀DƚŽŶ΁

&DQDGD¶V RLO DQG JDV VHFWRU LV WKH KLJKHVW JHQHUDWRU RI *+*V 7KLV LV IROORZHG FORVHO\ E\ WKH WUDQVSRUW VHFWRU LQ   PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHV ZHUH UHJLVWHUHG LQ WKH FRXQWU\ 7KHUHIRUH WR UHDOLVWLFDOO\ UHGXFH HPLVVLRQV &DQDGD ZRXOG QHHG WR OLPLW HPLVVLRQV IURP WKHVH  PLOOLRQ YHKLFOHV %XW ZLWK WKLV ODWHVW DJUHHPHQW WKH &DQDGLDQ *RYHUQPHQW KDV PDGHDFRPPLWPHQWWRDOLJQLWVSURYLQFHVDQGWHUULWRULHVLQD ELGWRDFKLHYHLWVSURPLVH,WKRSHVWRGRWKLVE\IRUPXODWLQJD IUDPHZRUNIRUWDFNOLQJFOLPDWHFKDQJHIXUWKHUWRZKLFKLWKDV DOUHDG\ PDGH D VLJQLILFDQW LQYHVWPHQW LQWR FOHDQ WHFKQRORJ\ DQGLQQRYDWLRQ )LJXUHVDQG  3DUDGR[LFDOO\LWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHVDPHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVHFWRU PLJKW DOVR SUHVHQW DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU D VSHHG\ GH FDUERQL]DWLRQ 6WDWLVWLFV LQGLFDWH WKDW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ LV UHVSRQVLEOHIRURIJOREDO*+*HPLVVLRQV+RZHYHUWKHUH DUH QXPHURXV RSWLRQV IRU YLDEOH FOHDQ WHFKQRORJ\ LQFOXGLQJ WKH SOXJLQ HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV 3(9V  7KHUH DUH LQGHHG PDQ\ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG VWUDWHJLHV ZKLFK UHGXFH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ HPLVVLRQV VXFK DV SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ YHKLFOH OLJKW ZHLJKLQJ VWDUWVWRS WUDLQV LPSURYHG HQJLQH WHFKQRORJ\ IXHO VXEVWLWXWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQLPSURYHPHQWK\GURJHQSRZHUWR JDV DQG QDWXUDO JDV KHDY\ IOHHWV 7KLV ZRUN KRZHYHU FRQFHQWUDWHVRQ(OHFWULF9HKLFOHV (9 DGRSWLRQ&HUWDLQO\WKH HIIHFWLYH PLWLJDWLRQ RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH ZLOO QHFHVVLWDWH DOO FRXQWULHV DFWLQJ WRJHWKHU WRZDUGV WKLV FRPPRQ JRDO ,W LV H[SHFWHG WKDW &DQDGD ZLOO FRQVLVWHQWO\ DGYDQFH RQ LWV &RSHQKDJHQ DQG 3DULV $JUHHPHQW WDUJHWVSURPLVHV ,W LV QRWHZRUWK\ WKDW WKH &DQDGLDQ *RYHUQPHQW LV ZRUNLQJ VHFWRU E\VHFWRUWRUHJXODWH*+*HPLVVLRQV,WLVDOVRVLJQLILFDQWWKDW LWKDVPDGHUHJXODWLRQVWRJRYHUQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDQGHOHFWULFLW\ ZKLFK DUH LWV WZR ODUJHVW JHQHUDWRUV RI HPLVVLRQV ,QGHHG &DQDGDLVVWUHQJWKHQLQJLWVSRVLWLRQDVDZRUOGOHDGHULQFOHDQ HOHFWULFLW\ JHQHUDWLRQ E\ SLRQHHULQJ WKH EDQQLQJ RI FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI FRDOILUHG HOHFWULFLW\ XQLWV LQ VSLWH RI EHLQJ D PDMRUFRDOXVHU>@

SRZHUJHQHUDWLRQ HJUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHV±5(6V ZLWK WKHFKDUJLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUH>@

ϱϬϬ

ƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ

ϰϬϬ

ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ

ϯϬϬ

dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ

ϮϬϬ ϭϬϬ

KŝůĂŶĚŐĂƐ Ϭ



zĞĂƌƐ

)LJ *+*E\HFRQRPLFVHFWRULQ&DQDGD WR  ϮϬϬ ϭϴϬ

KƚŚĞƌ

ϭϲϬ

&ƌĞŝŐŚƚĂǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƌĂŝůĂŶĚŵĂƌŝŶĞ

ϭϰϬ

KϮ ĞƋ͘΀DƚŽŶ΁

&RQVLGHULQJ WKDW FRXQWULHV KDYH GLIIHULQJ VHFWRUV FRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHLUUHVSHFWLYH*+*HPLVVLRQSURILOHVHDFKLV H[SHFWHG WR IXOILO LWV FRPPLWPHQW E\ HPSOR\LQJ GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV &DQDGD ZKLFK VLJQHG LWV IRUPDO FRPPLWPHQW LQ $SULOPXVWVRPHKRZUHGXFH*+*VE\EHORZ OHYHOV E\  DQG WKLV WUDQVODWHV WR UHGXFLQJ HPLVVLRQV EHWZHHQ±PHJDWRQQHVIURPSURMHFWHGOHYHOV

6DQ'LHJR&$86$1RY

ϭϮϬ

&ƌĞŝŐŚƚƚƌƵĐŬƐ

ϭϬϬ

WĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌĂǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͕ďƵƐ͕ƌĂŝůĂŶĚŵŽƚŽƌĐLJ

ϴϬ ϲϬ

WĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌůŝŐŚƚƚƌƵĐŬƐ

ϰϬ ϮϬ

WĂƐƐĞŶŐĞƌĐĂƌƐ Ϭ zĞĂƌƐ



)LJ 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQVHFWRU*+*LQ&DQDGD WR 

,,, 396ƒ@



0RQWK













 





















           



)LJ 0DLQHIIHFWVSORWIRUHQHUJ\LQGLIIHUHQW6FHQDULRV

 7KH GDWD FKDUDFWHULVHG ZLWK WKH YDOXHV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH , KDYH EHHQ SURFHVVHG XVLQJ 0LQLWDE VRIWZDUH LQ RUGHU WR HVWLPDWHWKHHOHFWULFLW\SURGXFWLRQRIDSKRWRYROWDLFV\VWHPLQ GLIIHUHQWPRQWKV7KH\KDYHEHHQFKDUDFWHULVHGXVLQJWKHER[ SORWJUDSKDVVKRZQLQ)LJ  

,&5(5$

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



6th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV 7$%/(,,

)RU HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV WKUHH W\SHV RI YHKLFOHV KDYH EHHQ DVVXPHG WKDW LV VPDOO PHGLXPVL]HG DQG ODUJH 7KH FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIHDFKYHKLFOHW\SHDUHVKRZQEHORZ

,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR FRQVLGHU WKDW WKH HQHUJ\ WKDW PXVW EH SURYLGHGWRDYHKLFOHGHSHQGVRQWKH6WDWHRI&KDUJH ǻSOC  7KH HQHUJ\ UHTXLUHG Ereq  IRU HDFK W\SH RI (9 LV FRPSXWHG XVLQJ   

 ZKHUH Cbattery LV WKH W\SLFDO YDOXH RI EDWWHU\ FDSDFLW\ RI WKH HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV DQG ǻSOC LV WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH VWDWHV RI FKDUJH SOCISOCL  ZKLFK FDQ EH GHULYHG IURP WKH XVHUV SDWWHUQV &RQVLGHULQJ WKDW HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV DUH UHFKDUJHG DW QLJKW E\ WKH   PRUQLQJ WKH YDOXH RI 62& ZLOO EH HTXDO WR EXWLQWKLVFDVHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVRIǻ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t  VXSSOLHG IURP WKH FKDUJLQJ VWDWLRQ DQG WKH HIIHFWLYH SRZHU Pe  DFFXPXODWHG LQ WKH FDU EDWWHULHVLVFRPSXWHGDVVHHQLQ   

ZKHUHWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHFKDUJLQJV\VWHP Ș LVDVVXPHGWR EHHTXDOWR&RQVLGHULQJWKHXSSHUTXDUWLOH 4X PHGLDQ 4P  DQG WKH ORZHU TXDUWLOH 4O  LW LV SRVVLEOH WR REVHUYH WKH XVH RI UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ )LJ  7KH WUDYHO GLVWDQFH ZLWK WKH WKUHHGLIIHUHQWYHKLFOHVEDVHGRQWKHILQDOVWDWHRIFKDUJHRIWKH EDWWHU\LVVKRZQLQ7DEOH   

,&5(5$

ǻSOC = 0.8

ǻSOC = 0.5

ǻSOC = 0.2

EVVPDOO







EVPHGLXP







EVODUJH







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x 9* 9HKLFOH IXHOOHG E\ JDVROLQH ZKHUH WKH YDOXH RI HPLVVLRQVIRU&2LVHTXDOWRJNP x 9'9HKLFOHIXHOOHGE\GLHVHOZKHUHWKHYDOXHRIHPLVVLRQV IRU&2LVHTXDOWRJNP x 93+(9 9HKLFOH IXHOOHG E\  JDVROLQH DQG  HOHFWULF SRZHUDQGLQWKLVFDVHXVLQJ5(67KHYDOXHRIHPLVVLRQV IRU&2LVHTXDOWRDERXWJNP x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ϰϬϬϬϬ





7UDYHOGLVWDQFH>NP@

7\SHRIYHKLFOHV

ϯϱϬϬϬ

ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽĨKϮ ΀ŐͬŬŵ΁



75$9(/',67$1&(86,1*',))(5(176,=(2)(96



x EVVPDOO,WFDQGULYHIRUNPWKHEDWWHU\UDWHGFDSDFLW\LV RIN:K7KHPD[LPXPVSHHGLVNPK x EVPHGLXP,WFDQGULYHIRUNPWKHEDWWHU\UDWHGFDSDFLW\ LVRIN:K7KHPD[LPXPVSHHGLVNPK x EVODUJH,WFDQGULYHIRUNPWKHEDWWHU\UDWHGFDSDFLW\LV RIN:K7KHPD[LPXPVSHHGLVNPK

6DQ'LHJR&$86$1RY

KϮͺ'ĂƐŽůŝŶĞ

KϮͺŝĞƐĞů

KϮͺW,s

ϯϬϬϬϬ ϮϱϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬ ϱϬϬϬ Ϭ

dLJƉĞŽĨǀĞŚŝĐůĞƐ



)LJ (PLVVLRQRI&2 JNP IRUGLIIHUHQWYHKLFOHV



6th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV

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~V,VUDHO*XDPiQ&DUORV/XLV9DUJDV$OYHUWR 5tRV 9LOODFRUWD 5XEpQ 1RJDOHV 3RUWHUR ³6RODU 0DQDJHU $FTXLVLWLRQ 7UHDWPHQW DQG ,VRODWHG 3KRWRYROWDLF 6\VWHP ,QIRUPDWLRQ 9LVXDOL]DWLRQ &ORXG 3ODWIRUP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK 9ROXPH,VVXH3DJHV >@ $KPDG +DPLGL /XNH :HEHU $GHO 1DVLUL ³(9 FKDUJLQJ VWDWLRQ LQWHJUDWLQJ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ DQG VHFRQGOLIH EDWWHU\´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV ,&5(5$ 2FW0DGULG 6SDLQ  >@ +DNDQ 6XYDN .HPDO (UúDQ ³6LPXODWLRQ RI D SKRWRYROWDLF SDQHO VXSSRUWHG UHDO WLPH K\EULG HOHFWULF YHKLFOH´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV ,&5(5$ SS±2FW0LOZDXNHH :,86$  >@ $WKDQDVLRV * 6DULJLDQQLGLV 6S\ULGRQ $ 6WDWKLV $QWRQLRV * .ODGDV ³3HUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQRI0337WHFKQLTXHVIRU39DUUD\LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWR (OHFWULF 9HKLFOH URRI´  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 5HVHDUFK DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV ,&5(5$  SS   1RY3DOHUPR ,WDO\  >@ (QYLURQPHQW&DQDGD³&DQDGD¶V*UHHQKRXVH*DV,QYHQWRU\, $YDLODEOH RQOLQHKWWSVZZZHFJFFDJHVJKJDFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  >@ (QYLURQPHQW&DQDGD³&DQDGD¶V(PLVVLRQV7UHQGV´$YDLODEOH RQOLQHKWWSVHFJFFDJHVJKJ ($%$'''(75B(SGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  >@ (QYLURQPHQW&DQDGD³&DQDGD¶V*UHHQKRXVH*DV,QYHQWRU\´$YDLODEOH RQOLQHKWWSZZZHFJFFDJHVJKJ DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  >@ (QYLURQPHQWDQG&OLPDWH&KDQJH&DQDGD³&DQDGLDQ(QYLURQPHQWDO 6XVWDLQDELOLW\,QGLFDWRUV*UHHQKRXVH*DV(PLVVLRQV´$YDLODEOHRQOLQH KWWSVZZZHFJFFDLQGLFDWHXUVLQGLFDWRUV)%%&$( &'%'')$*+*(PLVVLRQVB(1SGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH   >@ (QYLURQPHQW&DQDGD³1DWLRQDO,QYHQWRU\5HSRUW *UHHQKRXVH*DV6RXUFHVDQG6LQNVLQ&DQDGD±([HFXWLYH6XPPDU\´ $YDLODEOHRQOLQHKWWSVZZZHFJFFDJHV JKJGHIDXOWDVS"ODQJ (Q Q )&HV DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH   >@ (QYLURQPHQWDQG&OLPDWH&KDQJH&DQDGD  ³&DQDGLDQ (QYLURQPHQWDO6XVWDLQDELOLW\,QGLFDWRUV*UHHQKRXVH*DV(PLVVLRQV $YDLODEOHRQOLQHZZZHFJFFDLQGLFDWHXUV LQGLFDWRUVGHIDXOWDVS"ODQJ HQ Q )%)( DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH   >@ *RYHUQPHQWRI&DQDGD³&DQDGD¶V:D\)RUZDUGRQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH 7KH3DULV$JUHHPHQW´$YDLODEOHRQOLQH

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@

>@ >@

>@

>@

6DQ'LHJR&$86$1RY

KWWSFOLPDWHFKDQJHJFFDGHIDXOWDVS"ODQJ (Q Q  DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  2IILFHRIWKH3DUOLDPHQWDU\%XGJHW2IILFHU³&DQDGD¶V*UHHQKRXVH*DV (PLVVLRQV 'HYHORSPHQWV 3URVSHFWV DQG 5HGXFWLRQV´  $YDLODEOH RQ OLQH KWWSZZZSER GSEJFFDZHEGHIDXOWILOHV'RFXPHQWV5HSRUWV&OLPDWH&KDQJH3 %2B&OLPDWHB&KDQJHB(1SGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV &DQDGD 5HQHZDEOHV $YDLODEOH RQOLQH KWWSZZZQUFDQJFFDHQHUJ\UHQHZDEOHHOHFWULFLW\ DFFHVVHG RQ -XQH  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO HQHUJ\ DJHQF\ ³&2 (PLVVLRQV IURP )XHO &RPEXVWLRQ +LJKOLJKWV´  (GLWLRQ $YDLODEOH RQOLQH KWWSVZZZLHDRUJSXEOLFDWLRQV IUHHSXEOLFDWLRQVSXEOLFDWLRQ&2(PLVVLRQV)URP)XHO&RPEXVWLRQ+LJKOL JKWVSGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHQHUJ\DJHQF\³7HFKQRORJ\URDGPDSHOHFWULFDQGSOXJLQ K\EULG HOHFWULF YHKLFOHV´ 7HFKQLFDO UHSRUW  $YDLODEOH RQOLQH KWWSVZZZLHDRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVIUHHSXEOLFDWLRQVSXEOLFDWLRQ(9B3+( 9B5RDGPDSSGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  %UXFH3RZHU/33OXJ¶Q'ULYH3ROOXWLRQ3UREHDQG8QLYHUVLW\RI :DWHUORR³$FFHOHUDWLQJWKH'HSOR\PHQWRI3OXJ,Q(OHFWULF9HKLFOHVLQ &DQDGDDQG2QWDULR´$YDLODEOHRQOLQH KWWSZZZU\HUVRQFDFRQWHQWGDPFXHSGIVB(OHFWULF9HKLFOH5H SRUWB5SGI DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  )OHHWFDUPD³(OHFWULF9HKLFOHV6DOHVLQ&DQDGD0DUFK8SGDWH´ $YDLODEOHRQOLQHKWWSZZZIOHHWFDUPDFRPHYVDOHVFDQDGDT DFFHVVHGRQ-XQH  /LDQVKHQJ /LX )DQ[LQ .RQJ ;XH /LX